Download What is Narcolepsy

What is Narcolepsy?
Narcolepsy is a chronic neurological
disorder caused by the brain's inability to
regulate sleep-wake cycles normally. At
various times throughout the day, people
with narcolepsy experience fleeting urges
to sleep. If the urge becomes overwhelming,
patients fall asleep for periods lasting
from a few seconds to several minutes. In
rare cases, some people may remain asleep
for an hour or longer.
Narcoleptic sleep episodes can occur at any
time, and thus frequently prove profoundly
disabling. People may involuntarily fall
asleep while at work or at school, when
having a conversation, playing a game,
eating a meal, or, most dangerously, when
driving an automobile or operating other
types of potentially hazardous machinery.
In addition to daytime sleepiness, three
other major symptoms frequently
characterize narcolepsy: cataplexy, or the
sudden loss of voluntary muscle tone; vivid
hallucinations during sleep onset or upon
awakening; and brief episodes of total
paralysis at the beginning or end of sleep.
Contrary to common beliefs, people with
narcolepsy do not spend a substantially
greater proportion of their time asleep
during a 24-hour period than do normal
sleepers. In addition to daytime drowsiness
and involuntary sleep episodes, most
patients also experience frequent
awakenings during nighttime sleep. For
these reasons, narcolepsy is considered to
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be a disorder of the normal boundaries
between the sleeping and waking states.
For most adults, a normal night's sleep
lasts about 8 hours and is composed of four
to six separate sleep cycles. A sleep cycle
is defined by a segment of non-rapid eye
movement (NREM) sleep followed by a period
of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. The NREM
segment can be further divided into stages
according to the size and frequency of
brain waves. REM sleep, in contrast, is
accompanied by bursts of rapid eye movement
(hence the acronym REM sleep) along with
sharply heightened brain activity and
temporary paralysis of the muscles that
control posture and body movement. When
subjects are awakened from sleep, they
report that they were "having a dream" more
often if they had been in REM sleep than if
they had been in NREM sleep. Transitions
from NREM to REM sleep are governed by
interactions among groups of neurons (nerve
cells) in certain parts of the brain.
Scientists now believe that narcolepsy
results from disease processes affecting
brain mechanisms that regulate REM sleep.
For normal sleepers a typical sleep cycle
is about 100 - 110 minutes long, beginning
with NREM sleep and transitioning to REM
sleep after 80 - 100 minutes. But, people
with narcolepsy frequently enter REM sleep
within a few minutes of falling asleep.
Who Gets Narcolepsy?
Narcolepsy is not rare, but it is an
underrecognized and underdiagnosed
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condition. The disorder is estimated to
affect about one in every 2,000 Americans.
But the exact prevalence rate remains
uncerntain, and the disorder may affect a
larger segment of the population.
Narcolepsy appears throughout the world in
every racial and ethnic group, affecting
males and females equally. But prevalence
rates vary among populations. Compared to
the U.S. population, for example, the
prevalence rate is substantially lower in
Israel (about one per 500,000) and
considerably higher in Japan (about one per
600).
Most cases of narcolepsy are sporadic-that
is, the disorder occurs independently in
individuals without strong evidence of
being inherited. But familial clusters are
known to occur. Up to 10 percent of
patients diagnosed with narcolepsy with
cataplexy report having a close relative
with the same symptoms. Genetic factors
alone are not sufficient to cause
narcolepsy. Other factors-such as
infection, immune-system dysfunction,
trauma, hormonal changes, stress-may also
be present before the disease develops.
Thus, while close relatives of people with
narcolepsy have a statistically higher risk
of developing the disorder than do members
of the general population, that risk
remains low in comparison to diseases that
are purely genetic in origin.
* Obstructive sleep apnea is a temporary
cessation of breathing that occurs
repeatedly during sleep and is caused by a
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narrowing of the airway. Restless legs
syndrome is a neurological disorder
characterized by unpleasant sensationsburning, creeping, tugging-in the legs and
an uncontrollable urge to move when at rest
What are the Symptoms?
People with narcolepsy experience highly
individualized patterns of REM sleep
disturbances that tend to begin subtly and
may change dramatically over time. The most
common major symptom, other than excessive
daytime sleepiness (EDS), is cataplexy,
which occurs in about 70 percent of all
patients. Sleep paralysis and
hallucinations are somewhat less common.
Only 10 to 25 percent of patients, however,
display all four of these major symptoms
during the course of their illness.
Excessive daytime sleepiness
EDS, the symptom most consistently
experienced by almost all patients, is
usually the first to become clinically
apparent. Generally, EDS interferes with
normal activities on a daily basis, whether
or not patients have sufficient sleep at
night. People with EDS describe it as a
persistent sense of mental cloudiness, a
lack of energy, a depressed mood, or
extreme exhaustion. Many find that they
have great difficulty maintaining their
concentration while at school or work. Some
experience memory lapses. Many find it
nearly impossible to stay alert in passive
situations, as when listening to lectures
or watching television. People tend to
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awaken from such unavoidable sleeps feeling
refreshed and finding that their feelings
of drowsiness and fatigue subside for an
hour or two.
Involuntary sleep episodes are sometimes
very brief, lasting no more than seconds at
a time. As many as 40 percent of all people
with narcolepsy are prone to automatic
behavior during such "microsleeps." They
fall asleep for a few seconds while
performing a task but continue carrying it
through to completion without any apparent
interruption. During these episodes, people
are usually engaged in habitual,
essentially "second nature" activities such
as taking notes in class, typing, or
driving. They cannot recall their actions,
and their performance is almost always
impaired during a microsleep. Their
handwriting may, for example, degenerate
into an illegible scrawl, or they may store
items in bizarre locations and then forget
where they placed them. If an episode
occurs while driving, patients may get lost
or have an accident.
Cataplexy
Cataplexy is a sudden loss of muscle tone
that leads to feelings of weakness and a
loss of voluntary muscle control. Attacks
can occur at any time during the waking
period, with patients usually experiencing
their first episodes several weeks or
months after the onset of EDS. But in about
10 percent of all cases, cataplexy is the
first symptom to appear and can be
misdiagnosed as a manifestation of a
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seizure disorder. Cataplectic attacks vary
in duration and severity. The loss of
muscle tone can be barely perceptible,
involving no more than a momentary sense of
slight weakness in a limited number of
muscles, such as mild drooping of the
eyelids. The most severe attacks result in
a complete loss of tone in all voluntary
muscles, leading to total physical collapse
in which patients are unable to move,
speak, or keep their eyes open. But even
during the most severe episodes, people
remain fully conscious, a characteristic
that distinguishes cataplexy from seizure
disorders. Although cataplexy can occur
spontaneously, it is more often triggered
by sudden, strong emotions such as fear,
anger, stress, excitement, or humor.
Laughter is reportedly the most frequent
trigger.
The loss of muscle tone during a
cataplectic episode resembles the
interruption of muscle activity that
naturally occurs during REM sleep. A group
of neurons in the brainstem ceases activity
during REM sleep, inhibiting muscle
movement. Using an animal model, scientists
have recently learned that this same group
of neurons becomes inactive during
cataplectic attacks, a discovery that
provides a clue to at least one of the
neurological abnormalities contributing to
human narcoleptic symptoms.
Sleep paralysis
The temporary inability to move or speak
while falling asleep or waking up also
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parallels REM-induced inhibitions of
voluntary muscle activity. This natural
inhibition usually goes unnoticed by people
who experience normal sleep because it
occurs only when they are fully asleep and
entering the REM stage at the appropriate
time in the sleep cycle. Experiencing sleep
paralysis resembles undergoing a
cataplectic attack affecting the entire
body. As with cataplexy, people remain
fully conscious. Cataplexy and sleep
paralysis are frightening events,
especially when first experienced. Shocked
by suddenly being unable to move, many
patients fear that they may be permanently
paralyzed or even dying. However, even when
severe, cataplexy and sleep paralysis do
not result in permanent dysfunction. After
episodes end, people rapidly recover their
full capacity to move and speak.
Hallucinations
Hallucinations can accompany sleep
paralysis or can occur in isolation when
people are falling asleep or waking up.
Referred to as hypnagogic hallucinations
when accompanying sleep onset and as
hypnopompic hallucinations when occurring
during awakening, these delusional
experiences are unusually vivid and
frequently frightening. Most often, the
content is primarily visual, but any of the
other senses can be involved. These
hallucinations represent another intrusion
of an element of REM sleep-dreaming-into
the wakeful state.
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When Do Symptoms Appear?
In most cases, symptoms first appear when
people are between the ages of 10 and 25
but narcolepsy can become clinically
apparent at virtually any age. Many
patients first experience symptoms between
the ages of 35 and 45. A smaller number
initially manifest the disorder around the
ages of 50 to 55. Narcolepsy can also
develop early in life, probably more
frequently than is generally recognized.
For example, 3-year-old children have been
diagnosed with the disorder. Whatever the
age of onset, patients find that the
symptoms tend to get worse over the two to
three decades after the first symptoms
appear. Many older patients find that some
daytime symptoms decrease in severity after
age 60.
Narcoleptic symptoms, especially EDS, often
prove more severe when the disorder
develops early in life rather than during
the adult years. Experts have also begun to
recognize that narcolepsy sometimes
contributes to certain childhood behavioral
problems, such as attention-deficit
hyperactivity disorder, and must be
addressed before the behavioral problem can
be resolved. If left undiagnosed and
untreated, narcolepsy can pose special
problems for children and adolescents,
interfering with their psychological,
social, and cognitive development and
undermining their ability to succeed at
school. For some young people, feelings of
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low self-esteem due to poor academic
performance may persist into adulthood.
What Causes Narcolepsy?
The cause of narcolepsy remains unknown but
during the past decade, scientists have
made considerable progress in understanding
its pathogenesis and in identifying genes
strongly associated with the disorder.
Researchers have also discovered
abnormalities in various parts of the brain
involved in regulating REM sleep that
appear to contribute to symptom
development. Experts now believe it is
likely that-similar to many other complex,
chronic neurological diseases-narcolepsy
involves multiple factors interacting to
cause neurological dysfunction and REM
sleep disturbances.
A number of variant forms (alleles) of
genes located in a region of chromosome 6
known as the HLA complex have proved to be
strongly, although not invariably,
associated with narcolepsy. The HLA complex
comprises a large number of interrelated
genes that regulate key aspects of immunesystem function. The majority of people
diagnosed with narcolepsy are known to have
specific variants in certain HLA genes.
However, these variations are neither
necessary nor sufficient to cause the
disorder. Some people with narcolepsy do
not have the variant genes, while many
people in the general population without
narcolepsy do possess these variant genes.
Thus it appears that specific variations in
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HLA genes increase an individual's
predisposition to develop the disorderpossibly through a yet-undiscovered route
involving changes in immune-system
function-when other causative factors are
present.
Many other genes besides those making up
the HLA complex may contribute to the
development of narcolepsy. Groups of
neurons in several parts of the brainstem
and the central brain, including the
thalamus and hypothalamus, interact to
control sleep. Large numbers of genes on
different chromosomes control these
neurons' activities, any of which could
contribute to development of the disease.
Scientists studying narcolepsy in dogs have
identified a mutation in a gene on
chromosome 12 that appears to contribute to
the disorder. This mutated gene disrupts
the processing of a special class of
neurotransmitters called hypocretins (also
known as orexins) that are produced by
neurons located in the hypothalamus.
Neurotransmitters are special proteins that
neurons produce to communicate with each
other and to regulate biological processes.
The neurons that produce hypocretins are
active during wakefulness, and research
suggests that they keep the brain systems
needed for wakefulness from shutting down
unexpectedly. Mice born without functioning
hypocretin genes develop many symptoms of
narcolepsy.
Except in rare cases, narcolepsy in humans
is not associated with mutations of the
hypocretin gene. However, scientists have
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found that brains from humans with
narcolepsy often contain greatly reduced
numbers of hypocretin-producing neurons.
Certain HLA subtypes may increase
susceptibility to an immune attack on
hypocretin neurons in the hypothalamus,
leading to degeneration of neurons in the
hypocretin system. Other factors also may
interfere with proper functioning of this
system. The hypocretins regulate appetite
and feeding behavior in addition to
controlling sleep. Therefore, the loss of
hypocretin-producing neurons may explain
not only how narcolepsy develops in some
people, but also why people with narcolepsy
have higher rates of obesity compared to
the general population.
Other factors appear to play important
roles in the development of narcolepsy.
Some rare cases are known to result from
traumatic injuries to parts of the brain
involved in REM sleep or from tumor growth
and other disease processes in the same
regions. Infections, exposure to toxins,
dietary factors, stress, hormonal changes
such as those occurring during puberty or
menopause, and alterations in a person's
sleep schedule are just a few of the many
factors that may exert direct or indirect
effects on the brain, thereby possibly
contributing to disease development.
How is Narcolepsy Diagnosed?
Narcolepsy is not definitively diagnosed in
most patients until 10 to 15 years after
the first symptoms appear. This unusually
long lag-time is due to several factors,
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including the disorder's subtle onset and
the variability of symptoms. As important,
however, is the fact that the public is
largely unfamiliar with the disorder, as
are many health professionals. When
symptoms initially develop, people often do
not recognize that they are experiencing
the onset of a distinct neurological
disorder and thus fail to seek medical
treatment.
A clinical examination and exhaustive
medical history are essential for diagnosis
and treatment. However, none of the major
symptoms is exclusive to narcolepsy. EDSthe most common of all narcoleptic
symptoms-can result from a wide range of
medical conditions, including other sleep
disorders such as sleep apnea, various
viral or bacterial infections, mood
disorders such as depression, and painful
chronic illnesses such as congestive heart
failure and rheumatoid arthritis that
disrupt normal sleep patterns. Various
medications can also lead to EDS, as can
consumption of caffeine, alcohol, and
nicotine. Finally, sleep deprivation has
become one of the most common causes of EDS
among Americans.
This lack of specificity greatly increases
the difficulty of arriving at an accurate
diagnosis based on a consideration of
symptoms alone. Thus, a battery of
specialized tests, which can be performed
in a sleep disorders clinic, is usually
required before a diagnosis can be
established.
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Two tests in particular are considered
essential in confirming a diagnosis of
narcolepsy: the polysomnogram (PSG) and the
multiple sleep latency test (MSLT). The PSG
is an overnight test that takes continuous
multiple measurements while a patient is
asleep to document abnormalities in the
sleep cycle. It records heart and
respiratory rates, electrical activity in
the brain through electroencephalography
(EEG), and nerve activity in muscles
through electromyography (EMG). A PSG can
help reveal whether REM sleep occurs at
abnormal times in the sleep cycle and can
eliminate the possibility that an
individual's symptoms result from another
condition.
The MSLT is performed during the day to
measure a person's tendency to fall asleep
and to determine whether isolated elements
of REM sleep intrude at inappropriate times
during the waking hours. As part of the
test, an individual is asked to take four
or five short naps usually scheduled 2
hours apart over the course of a day. As
the name suggests, the sleep latency test
measures the amount of time it takes for a
person to fall asleep. Because sleep
latency periods are normally 10 minutes or
longer, a latency period of 5 minutes or
less is considered suggestive of
narcolepsy. The MSLT also measures heart
and respiratory rates, records nerve
activity in muscles, and pinpoints the
occurrence of abnormally timed REM episodes
through EEG recordings. If a person enters
REM sleep either at the beginning or within
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a few minutes of sleep onset during at
least two of the scheduled naps, this is
also considered a positive indication of
narcolepsy.
What Treatments are Available?
Narcolepsy cannot yet be cured. But EDS and
cataplexy, the most disabling symptoms of
the disorder, can be controlled in most
patients with drug treatment. Often the
treatment regimen is modified as symptoms
change.
For decades, doctors have used central
nervous system stimulants-amphetamines such
as methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine,
methamphetamine, and pemoline-to alleviate
EDS and reduce the incidence of sleep
attacks. For most patients these
medications are generally quite effective
at reducing daytime drowsiness and
improving levels of alertness. However,
they are associated with a wide array of
undesirable side effects so their use must
be carefully monitored. Common side effects
include irritability and nervousness,
shakiness, disturbances in heart rhythm,
stomach upset, nighttime sleep disruption,
and anorexia. Patients may also develop
tolerance with long-term use, leading to
the need for increased dosages to maintain
effectiveness. In addition, doctors should
be careful when prescribing these drugs and
patients should be careful using them
because the potential for abuse is high
with any amphetamine.
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In 1999, the FDA approved a new nonamphetamine wake-promoting drug called
modafinil for the treatment of EDS. In
clinical trials, modafinil proved to be
effective in alleviating EDS while
producing fewer, less serious side effects
that do ampehtmines. Headache is the most
commonly reported adverse effect. Long-term
use of modafinil does not appear to lead to
tolerance.
Two classes of antidepressant drugs have
proved effective in controlling cataplexy
in many patients: tricyclics (including
imipramine, desipramine, clomipramine, and
protriptyline) and selective serotonin
reuptake inhibitors (including fluoxetine
and sertraline). In general,
antidepressants produce fewer adverse
effects than do amphetamines. But
troublesome side effects still occur in
some patients, including impotence, high
blood pressure, and heart rhythm
irregularities.
On July 17, 2002, the FDA approved Xyrem
(sodium oxybate or gamma hydroxybutyrate,
also known as GHB) for treating people with
narcolepsy who experience episodes of
cataplexy. Due to safety concerns
associated with the use of this drug, the
distribution of Xyrem is tightly
restricted.
What Behavioral Strategies Help People Cope
With Symptoms?
None of the currently available medications
enables people with narcolepsy to
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consistently maintain a fully normal state
of alertness. Thus, drug therapy should be
supplemented by various behavioral
strategies according to the needs of the
individual patient.
To gain greater control over their
symptoms, many patients take short,
regularly scheduled naps at times when they
tend to feel sleepiest. Adults can often
negotiate with employers to modify their
work schedules so they can take naps when
necessary and perform their most demanding
tasks when they are most alert. The
Americans with Disabilities Act requires
employers to provide reasonable
accommodations for all employees with
disabilities. Children and adolescents with
narcolepsy can be similarly accommodated
through modifying class schedules and
informing school personnel of special
needs, including medication requirements
during the school day.
Improving the quality of nighttime sleep
can combat EDS and help relieve persistent
feelings of fatigue. Among the most
important common-sense measures patients
can take to enhance sleep quality are: (1)
maintaining a regular sleep schedule; (2)
avoiding alcohol and caffeine-containing
beverages for several hours before bedtime;
(3) avoiding smoking, especially at night;
(4) maintaining a comfortable, adequately
warmed bedroom environment; and (5)
engaging in relaxing activities such as a
warm bath before bedtime. Exercising for at
least 20 minutes per day at least 4 or 5
hours before bedtime also improves sleep
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quality and can help people with narcolepsy
avoid gaining excess weight.
Safety precautions, particularly when
driving, are of paramount importance for
all persons with narcolepsy. Although the
disorder, in itself, is not fatal, EDS and
cataplexy can lead to serious injury or
death if left uncontrolled. Suddenly
falling asleep or losing muscle control can
transform actions that are ordinarily safe,
such as walking down a long flight of
stairs, into hazards. People with untreated
narcoleptic symptoms are involved in
automobile accidents roughly 10 times more
frequently than the general population.
However, accident rates are normal among
patients who have received appropriate
medication.
Finally, patient support groups frequently
prove extremely beneficial because people
with narcolepsy may become socially
isolated due to embarrassment about their
symptoms. Many patients also attempt to
avoid experiencing strong emotions, since
humor, excitement, and other intense
feelings can trigger cataplectic attacks.
Moreover, because of the widespread lack of
public knowledge about the disorder, people
with narcolepsy are too often unfairly
judged to be lazy, unintelligent,
undisciplined, or unmotivated. Such
stigmatization often increases the tendency
toward self-imposed isolation. The empathy
and understanding that support groups offer
people can be crucial to their overall
sense of well-being and provide them with a
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network of social contacts who can offer
practical help and emotional support.
What Research is Being Done?
Within the Federal government, the National
Institute of Neurological Disorders and
Stroke (NINDS), a component of the National
Institutes of Health (NIH), has primary
responsibility for sponsoring research on
neurological disorders. As part of its
mission, the NINDS supports research on
narcolepsy and other sleep disorders with a
neurological basis through grants to major
medical institutions across the country.
Within the National Heart, Lung, and Blood
Institute, also a component of the NIH, the
National Center on Sleep Disorders Research
(NCSDR) coordinates Federal government
sleep research activities and shares
information with private and nonprofit
groups. NCSDR staff also promote doctoral
and postdoctoral training programs, and
educates the public and health care
professional about sleep disorders. For
more information, go to the NCSDR website
at
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/about/ncsdr/index.
htm.
NINDS-sponsored researchers are conducting
studies devoted to further clarifying the
wide range of genetic factors-both HLA
genes and non-HLA genes-that may cause
narcolepsy. Other scientists are conducting
investigations using animal models to
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identify neurotransmitters other than the
hypocretins that may contribute to disease
development. A greater understanding of the
complex genetic and biochemical bases of
narcolepsy will eventually lead to the
formulation of new therapies to control
symptoms and may lead to a cure.
Researchers are also investigating the
modes of action of wake-promoting compounds
to widen the range of available therapeutic
options.
Scientists have long suspected that
abnormal immunological processes may be an
important element in the cause of
narcolepsy, but until recently clear
evidence supporting this suspicion has been
lacking. NINDS-sponsored scientists have
recently uncovered evidence demonstrating
the presence of unusual, possibly
pathological, forms of immunological
activity in narcoleptic dogs. These
researchers are now investigating whether
drugs that suppress immunological processes
may interrupt the development of narcolepsy
in this animal model.
Recently there has been a growing awareness
that narcolepsy can develop during
childhood and may contribute to the
development of behavior disorders. A group
of NINDS-sponsored scientists is now
conducting a large epidemiological study to
determine the prevalence of narcolepsy in
children aged 2 to 14 years who have been
diagnosed with attention-deficit
hyperactivity disorder.
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Finally, the NINDS continues to support
investigations into the basic biology of
sleep, including the brain mechanisms
involved in generating and regulating REM
sleep. Scientists are now examining
physiological processes occurring in a
portion of the hindbrain called the
amygdala in order to uncover novel
biochemical processes underlying REM sleep.
A more comprehensive understanding of the
complex biology of sleep will undoubtedly
further clarify the pathological processes
that underlie narcolepsy and other sleep
disorders.
How Can I Help Research?
The NINDS contributes to the support of the
Human Brain and Spinal Fluid Resource
Center in Los Angeles. This bank supplies
investigators around the world with tissue
from patients with neurological and other
disorders. Tissue from individuals with
narcolepsy is needed to enable scientists
to study this disorder more intensely.
Center for Narcolepsy
Narcolepsy is a serious medical disorder
and a key to understanding other sleep
disorders.Narcolepsy is a disabling illness
affecting more than 1 in 2,000 Americans.
Most individuals with the disorder are not
diagnosed and are thus not treated. The
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disease is principally characterized by a
permanent and overwhelming feeling of
sleepiness and fatigue. Other symptoms
involve abnormalities of dreaming sleep,
such as dream-like hallucinations and
finding oneself physically weak or
paralyzed for a few seconds (see Symptoms).
Founded in the early 1970s by Dr. William
Dement, the Stanford University Sleep
Clinic was the first medical clinic ever
established to specialize in sleep
disorders. The clinic diagnoses and treats
patients who have difficulties falling
asleep or staying asleep at night, problems
with excessive daytime sleepiness or other
medical problems occurring during sleep.
The Stanford Center for Narcolepsy was
established in the 1980s as part of the
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral
Sciences. Today, it is the world leader in
narcolepsy research with more than 100
articles on narcolepsy to its name. The
Stanford Center for Narcolepsy was the
first to report that narcolepsy-cataplexy
is caused by hypocretin (orexin)
abnormalities in both animal models and
humans (see FAQ and publications).
Under the direction of Drs. Emmanuel Mignot
and Seiji Nishino, the Stanford Center for
Narcolepsy today treats several hundred
patients with the disorder each year, many
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of whom participate in various research
protocols. Other research protocols are
conducted in animal models of narcolespy.
We are always looking for volunteers in our
narcolepsy research studies. We are
presently recruiting narcoleptic patients
for genetic studies, drug clinical trials,
hypocretin measurement studies in the CSF
and functional MRI studies. If you are
interested in participating, you can
contact us either on our site's message
page or telephoning Ms. Mali Einen,
Research Coordinator at (650) 725-6512. The
first step will be to complete a Stanford
Sleep Inventory. You can either request a
copy of the Inventory from Ms. Einen,
download a .pdf version that you can mail
to us, or take the Inventory online. The
survey is long and can take up to an hour
to complete. Completing the survey does not
mean that you have been entered into one of
our studies. Please do not contact us in
regards to the online survey, it is meant
mainly as a convenience to our existing
study participants.
Symptoms
The main characteristic of narcolepsy is
excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), even
after adequate night time sleep. A person
with narcolepsy is likely to become drowsy
or to fall asleep, often at inappropriate
times and places. Daytime naps may occur
without warning and may be physically
irresistible. These naps can occur several
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times a day. They are typically refreshing,
but only for a few hours. Drowsiness may
persist for prolonged periods of time. In
addition, night time sleep may be
fragmented with frequent awakenings.
Four other "classic" symptoms of
narcolepsy, which may not occur in all
patients, are cataplexy, sleep paralysis,
hypnogogic hallucinations, and automatic
behavior. Cataplexy is an episodic
condition featuring loss of muscle
function, ranging from slight weakness
(such as limpness at the neck or knees,
sagging facial muscles, or inability to
speak clearly) to complete body collapse.
Episodes may be triggered by sudden
emotional reactions such as laughter,
anger, surprise, or fear, and may last from
a few seconds to several minutes. The
person remains conscious throughout the
episode. Sleep paralysis is the temporary
inability to talk or move when waking (or
less often, falling asleep). It may last a
few seconds to minutes. This is often
frightening but is not dangerous.
Hypnagogic hallucinations are vivid, often
frightening, dreamlike experiences that
occur while dozing, falling asleep and/or
while awakening. Automatic behavior means
that a person continues to function
(talking, putting things away, etc.) during
sleep episodes, but awakens with no memory
of performing such activities. It is
estimated that up to 40 percent of people
with narcolepsy experience automatic
behavior during sleep episodes. , sleep
paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations
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also occur in people who do not have
narcolepsy, more frequently in people who
are suffering from extreme lack of sleep.
Cataplexy is generally considered to be
unique to narcolepsy and is analogous to
sleep paralysis in that the usually
protective paralysis mechanism occurring
during sleep is inappropriately activated.
The opposite of this situation (failure to
activate this protective paralysis) occurs
in rapid eye movement behavior disorder.
In most cases, the first symptom of
narcolepsy to appear is excessive and
overwhelming daytime sleepiness. The other
symptoms may begin alone or in combination
months or years after the onset of the
daytime naps. There are wide variations in
the development, severity, and order of
appearance of cataplexy, sleep paralysis,
and hypnagogic hallucinations in
individuals. Only about 20 to 25 percent of
people with narcolepsy experience all four
symptoms. The excessive daytime sleepiness
generally persists throughout life, but
sleep paralysis and hypnagogic
hallucinations may not.
Although these are the common symptoms of
narcolepsy, many (although less than 40% of
people with narcolepsy)[citation needed]
also suffer from insomnia for extended
periods of time.
The symptoms of narcolepsy, especially the
excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy,
often become severe enough to cause serious
problems in a person's social, personal,
and professional life.
24
Normally, when an individual is awake,
brain waves show a regular rhythm. When a
person first falls asleep, the brain waves
become slower and less regular. This sleep
state is called non-rapid eye movement
(NREM) sleep. After about an hour and a
half of NREM sleep, the brain waves begin
to show a more active pattern again. This
sleep state, called REM sleep (rapid eye
movement sleep), is when most remembered
dreaming occurs. Associated with the EEGobserved waves during REM sleep, muscle
atonia is present (called REM atonia).
In narcolepsy, the order and length of NREM
and REM sleep periods are disturbed, with
REM sleep occurring at sleep onset instead
of after a period of NREM sleep. Thus,
narcolepsy is a disorder in which REM sleep
appears at an abnormal time. Also, some of
the aspects of REM sleep that normally
occur only during sleep — lack of muscular
control, sleep paralysis, and vivid dreams
— occur at other times in people with
narcolepsy. For example, the lack of
muscular control can occur during
wakefulness in a cataplexy episode; it is
said that there is intrusion of REM atonia
during wakefulness. Sleep paralysis and
vivid dreams can occur while falling asleep
or waking up. Simply put, the brain does
not pass through the normal stages of
dozing and deep sleep but goes directly
into (and out of) rapid eye movement (REM)
sleep. This has several consequences:
25
Night time sleep does not include as much
deep sleep, so the brain tries to "catch
up" during the day, hence EDS.
People with narcolepsy may visibly fall
asleep at unpredicted moments (such motions
as head bobbing are common).
People with narcolepsy fall quickly into
what appears to be very deep sleep.
They wake up suddenly and can be
disoriented when they do (dizziness is a
common occurrence).
They have very vivid dreams, which they
often remember in great detail.
People with narcolepsy may dream even when
they only fall asleep for a few seconds.
Causes
While the cause of narcolepsy has not yet
been determined, scientists have discovered
conditions that may increase an
individual's risk of having the disorder.
Specifically, there appears to be a strong
link between narcoleptic individuals and
certain genetic conditions. One factor that
may predispose an individual to narcolepsy
involves an area of Chromosome 6 known as
the HLA complex. There appears to be a
correlation between narcoleptic individuals
and certain variations in HLA genes,
although it is not required for the
condition to occur.
Certain variations in the HLA complex are
thought to increase the risk of an autoimmune response to protein-producing
26
neurons in the brain. The protein produced,
called hypocretin or orexin, is responsible
for controlling appetite and sleep
patterns. Individuals with narcolepsy often
have reduced numbers of these proteinproducing neurons in their brains.
The neural control of normal sleep states
and the relationship to narcolepsy are only
partially understood. In humans,
narcoleptic sleep is characterized by a
tendency to go abruptly from a waking state
to REM sleep with little or no intervening
non-REM sleep. The changes in the motor and
proprioceptive systems during REM sleep
have been studied in both human and animal
models. During normal REM sleep, spinal and
brainstem alpha motor neuron depolarization
produces almost complete atonia of skeletal
muscles via an inhibitory descending
reticulospinal pathway. Acetylcholine may
be one of the neurotransmitters involved in
this pathway. In narcolepsy, the reflex
inhibition of the motor system seen in
cataplexy is believed identical to that
seen in normal REM sleep.[citation needed]
In 2004 researchers in Australia induced
narcolepsy-like symptoms in mice by
injecting them with antibodies from
narcoleptic humans. The research has been
published in the Lancet providing strong
evidence suggesting that some cases of
narcolepsy might be caused by autoimmune
disease.[2]
Narcolepsy is strongly associated with HLA
DQB1*0602 genotype.[3] There is also an
27
association with HLA DR2 and HLA DQ1. This
may represent linkage disequilibrium.
Despite the experimental evidence in human
narcolepsy that there may be an inherited
basis for at least some forms of
narcolepsy, the mode of inheritance remains
unknown.
Some cases are associated with genetic
diseases such as Niemann-Pick disease[4] or
Prader-Willi syndrome[5].
Epidemiology
This section needs additional citations
for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding
reliable references. Unsourced material may
be challenged and removed. (March 2007)
It is estimated that as many as 3 million
people worldwide are affected by
narcolepsy. In the United States, it is
estimated that this condition afflicts as
many as 200,000 Americans[citation needed],
but fewer than 50,000 are diagnosed. It is
as widespread as Parkinson's disease or
multiple sclerosis and more prevalent than
cystic fibrosis, but it is less well known.
Narcolepsy is often mistaken for
depression, epilepsy, or the side effects
of medications. It can also be mistaken for
poor sleeping habits, recreational drug
use, or laziness.
28
Narcolepsy can occur in both men and women
at any age, although its symptoms are
usually first noticed in teenagers or young
adults. There is strong evidence that
narcolepsy may run in families; 8 to 12
percent of people with narcolepsy have a
close relative with this neurologic
disorder.
Narcolepsy has its typical onset in
adolescence and young adulthood. There is
an average 15-year delay between onset and
correct diagnosis which may contribute
substantially to the disabling features of
the disorder. Cognitive, educational,
occupational, and psychosocial problems
associated with the excessive daytime
sleepiness of narcolepsy have been
documented. For these to occur in the
crucial teen years when education,
development of self-image, and development
of occupational choice are taking place is
especially damaging. While cognitive
impairment does occur, it may only be a
reflection of the excessive daytime
somnolence.
The prevalence of narcolepsy is about 1 per
2,000 persons[6]. It is a reason for
patient visits to sleep disorder centers,
and with its onset in adolescence, it is
also a major cause of learning difficulty
and absenteeism from school. Normal
teenagers often already experience
excessive daytime sleepiness because of a
maturational increase in physiological
sleep tendency accentuated by multiple
educational and social pressures; this may
be disabling with the addition of
29
narcolepsy symptoms in susceptible
teenagers. In clinical practice, the
differentiation between narcolepsy and
other conditions characterized by excessive
somnolence may be difficult. Treatment
options are currently limited. There is a
paucity in the literature of controlled
double-blind studies of possible effective
drugs or other forms of therapy. Mechanisms
of action of some of the few available
therapeutic agents have been explored but
detailed studies of mechanisms of action
are needed before new classes of
therapeutic agents can be developed.
Narcolepsy is an underdiagnosed condition
in the general population. This is partly
because its severity varies from obvious to
barely noticeable. Some people with
narcolepsy do not suffer from loss of
muscle control. Others may only feel sleepy
in the evenings.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is relatively easy when all the
symptoms of narcolepsy are present. But if
the sleep attacks are isolated and
cataplexy is mild or absent, diagnosis is
more difficult. It is also possible for
cataplexy to occur in isolation.
Two tests that are commonly used in
diagnosing narcolepsy are the polysomnogram
and the multiple sleep latency test. These
tests are usually performed by a sleep
specialist. The polysomnogram involves
continuous recording of sleep brain waves
and a number of nerve and muscle functions
30
during nighttime sleep. When tested, people
with narcolepsy fall asleep rapidly, enter
REM sleep early, and may awaken often
during the night. The polysomnogram also
helps to detect other possible sleep
disorders that could cause daytime
sleepiness.
For the multiple sleep latency test, a
person is given a chance to sleep every 2
hours during normal wake times.
Observations are made of the time taken to
reach various stages of sleep (sleep
latency). This test measures the degree of
daytime sleepiness and also detects how
soon REM sleep begins. Again, people with
narcolepsy fall asleep rapidly and enter
REM sleep early.
Treatment
The drowsiness is normally treated using
amphetamine-like stimulants such as
methylphenidate, racemic amphetamine,
dextroamphetamine, and methamphetamine, or
modafinil, a new stimulant with a different
pharmacologic mechanism. In Fall 2007 an
alert for severe adverse reactions to
modafinil was issued by the FDA [1].
Other medications used are codeine[7] and
selegiline. Another drug that is used is
atomoxetine[8] (Strattera), a non-stimulant
and Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
(NRI), that has little or no abuse
potential[9]. In many cases, planned
regular short naps can reduce the need for
pharmacological treatment of the EDS to a
31
low or non-existent level. Cataplexy is
frequently treated with tricyclic
antidepressants such as clomipramine,
imipramine, or protriptyline. Venlafaxine,
a newer antidepressant which blocks the
reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine,
has shown usefulness in managing symptoms
of cataplexy. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB),
a medication recently approved by the US
Food and Drug Administration, is the only
medication specifically indicated for
cataplexy. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate has also
been shown to reduce symptoms of EDS
associated with narcolepsy. While the exact
mechanism of action is unknown, GHB is
thought to improve the quality of nocturnal
sleep.
Treatment is tailored to the individual
based on symptoms and therapeutic response.
The time required to achieve optimal
control of symptoms is highly variable, and
may take several months or longer.
Medication adjustments are also frequently
necessary, and complete control of symptoms
is seldom possible. While oral medications
are the mainstay of formal narcolepsy
treatment, lifestyle changes are also
important. The main treatment of excessive
daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy is with a
group of drugs called central nervous
system stimulants. For cataplexy and other
REM-sleep symptoms, antidepressant
medications and other drugs that suppress
REM sleep are prescribed.
In addition to drug therapy, an important
part of treatment is scheduling short naps
(10 to 15 minutes) two to three times per
32
day to help control excessive daytime
sleepiness and help the person stay as
alert as possible. Daytime naps are not a
replacement for nighttime sleep.
Ongoing communication between the health
care provider, patient, and the patient's
family members is important for optimal
management of narcolepsy.
Finally, a recent study reported that
transplantation of hypocretin neurons into
the pontine reticular formation in rats is
feasible, indicating the development of
alternative therapeutic strategies in
addition to pharmacological interventions
[10]
Coping with narcolepsy
Learning as much about narcolepsy as
possible and finding a support system can
help patients and families deal with the
practical and emotional effects of the
disorder, possible occupational
limitations, and situations that might
cause injury. A variety of educational and
other materials are available from sleep
medicine or narcolepsy organizations.
Support groups exist to help persons with
narcolepsy and their families.
To imagine what a person with narcolepsy
copes with daily, keep in mind that while
many are not sleep-deprived (in the
classical sense), a major symptom of
narcolepsy is akin to sleep deprivation in
a normal person; as a normal person,
imagine going years functioning off just 333
4 hours of sleep per night. While lifestyle
changes and drug therapy can help largely
mitigate many symptoms of narcolepsy, there
currently exists no complete and permanent
solution, therefore patience, empathy and
self-education are excellent coping tools.
Individuals with narcolepsy, their
families, friends, and potential employers
should know that:
Narcolepsy is a life-long condition that
may require continuous medication.
Although there is no cure for narcolepsy at
present, several medications can help
reduce its symptoms.
People with narcolepsy can lead productive
lives with proper medical care and
lifestyle changes.
A major physiological and physical effect
of narcolepsy is roughly akin to the
effects of sleep deprivation; such effects
can often be controlled and minimized
through a combination of lifestyle changes
and drug therapy.
Individuals with narcolepsy should avoid
jobs that require driving long distances or
handling hazardous equipment or that
require alertness for lengthy periods
(especially where the consequences of
falling asleep are dangerous to themselves
or others).
Parents, teachers, spouses, and employers
should be aware of the symptoms of
34
narcolepsy. This will help them avoid the
mistake of confusing the person's behavior
with laziness, hostility, rejection, or
lack of interest and motivation. It will
also help them provide essential support
and cooperation.
Employers can
opportunities
narcolepsy by
schedules and
promote better working
for individuals with
permitting special work
nap breaks.
Doctors generally agree that lifestyle
changes can be very helpful to those
suffering with narcolepsy. Suggested selfcare tips, from the National Sleep
Foundation, University at Buffalo, and Mayo
Clinic, include:
Take several short daily naps (10-15
minutes) to combat excessive sleepiness and
sleep attacks.
Develop a routine sleep schedule – try to
go to sleep and awaken at the same time
every day.
Alert your employers, co-workers and
friends in the hope that others will
accommodate your condition and help when
needed.
Do not drive or operate dangerous equipment
if you are sleepy. Take a nap before
driving if possible. Consider taking a
break for a nap during a long driving trip.
Join a support group.
Break up larger tasks into small pieces and
focusing on one small thing at a time.
35
Take several short walks during the day.
Carry a tape recorder, if possible, to
record important conversations and
meetings.
Narcolepsy in popular culture
Trivia sections are discouraged under
Wikipedia guidelines.
The article could be improved by
integrating relevant items and removing
inappropriate ones.
Narcolepsy has been used by some as a form
of humor. Depictions of the disorder can
range greatly in accuracy.
French movie Narco portrays the disease.
The band Third Eye Blind wrote a song
called Narcolepsy, describing the
narcoleptic narrator's uncontrollable
nightmares and sleep paralysis.
In the episode "Best Man for the GOB" of
Arrested Development, George Sr. hires a
narcoleptic stripper in order to convince
his accountant Ira Gilligan that he has
killed the stripper in order to get him to
leave town.
Edward Norton's character in the film Fight
Club mentions the scare of the disorder to
his doctor, where his doctor tells him he
needs natural sleep.
The lead character in Gus Van Sant's moving
hustler drama My Own Private Idaho, played
36
by River Phoenix, has narcolepsy. A
dictionary definition of the condition is
presented in the opening sequence. The
acceptance and support he receives through
these episodes by Keanu Reeves' character
illustrates their humanity and
counterpoints their dehumanizing work.
In the movie Rat Race, one of the main
characters (Enrico Pollini, played by Rowan
Atkinson) has narcolepsy as well as being
very eccentric. This portrayal has been
criticized for its accuracy and sensitivity
of the disorder.
In the movie Moulin Rouge!, the Argentinian
has narcolepsy and falls through
Christian's roof. This is how he is
introduced to the Bohemians that will later
take him to the Moulin Rouge[11]
In the movie Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo, a
woman with narcolepsy was shown as the
cause of several slap-stick accidents.
In the movie Death Race 2000, the navigator
Joe Seasly was later diagnosed with
narcolepsy at age 29.[citation needed]
In the Korean Drama 'Loveholic', Yul-ju, a
main character, has narcolepsy.[citation
needed]
Singer and pianist Ben Folds wrote a song
called Narcolepsy describing the singer's
tendency to fall asleep
emotionally.[citation needed]
In the anime movie The Place Promised In
Our Early Days, the female lead develops
37
narcolepsy and eventually sleeps for a few
years at a time, having dreams of a
parallel world.
In the anime and manga One Piece, Portgas
D. Ace, Monkey D. Luffy and Monkey D. Garp
are all narcoleptic, falling asleep during
meals or fights. Luffy even learned how to
eat while sleeping because he doesn't like
to miss the meals when he is sleeping.
In the visual novel Little Busters!, the
main character Riki is narcoleptic.
In the episode 'Room Service' of Frasier,
the character Niles Crane is suffering from
narcoleptic attacks triggered by
stress.[citation needed]
In the medical sitcom Scrubs, a narcoleptic
patient's episodes are brought on by sexual
arousal.[citation needed]
The band Placebo wrote a song called
"Narcoleptic", on their album Black Market
Music.
Narcoleptic pornographic film actor Ron
Jeremy is shown falling asleep while
driving in an outtake on the Porn Star: The
Legend of Ron Jeremy DVD.[citation needed]
In the video game Destroy All Humans!, the
scientist Sleepy Ernst has narcolepsy,
constantly sleeping under a tree, which
leaves him open to be killed by Crypto.
The West Chester punk outfit Plow United's
third and final full length album was
entitled Narcolepsy.
38
A recurring guest character on The Sopranos
was Aaron Arkaway, a devout fundamentalist
Christian who has narcolepsy. He was dating
Janice Soprano, who explained to her
bemused family (when Aaron fell asleep at
the dinner table) that "narcolepsy is an
AMA-recognized dyssomnia."
In the film Patch Adams, Robin Williams,
portraying Patch Adams himself, is seen
with a puppet speaking to a group, saying:
"Good day, everyone, my name is Patty
O'Furniture, and I am here today to speak
about narcolepsy. Now, narcolepsy..." makes
snoring sound, flops puppet.[citation
needed]
It is thought that St. John may have had
narcolepsy, as he is seen in a sleep like
pose in "The Last Supper", or it is
possible that he ingested his namesake,
"St. John's Wort"[citation needed], a plant
which is known to cause drowsiness and
dozing episodes.[citation needed]
In Shrek the Third, Sleeping Beauty has
narcolepsy, hence her name. She is often
found dozing off or waking with a start.
In Shaggy & Scooby-Doo Get a Clue! one of
Dr. Phibes' clones, Evil Phibes, appears to
suffer the condition. He frequently falls
asleep on his feet, often during mid-rant
or other inopportune times.
In Sharkboy and Lavagirl, the main
character, Max, appears to have
narcolepsy... so may his classmates, Linus
and Marissa. Max tends to dream immediately
after falling asleep. He becomes a day
39
dreamer later, seemingly overcoming
it.[citation needed]
The name of Australian band The Sleepy
Jackson was inspired by a former drummer
who has narcolepsy.
Eliza, Faust the 8th's wife from Shaman
King, had narcolepsy.[citation needed]
In the television series Hill Street Blues,
Detective J.D. LaRue tries to manage a
narcoleptic stand-up comedian called Vic
Hitler.[citation needed]
In the Nickelodeon television series Hey
Arnold!, the character Helga has a mother
who has narcolepsy. She is always shown
sleeping in various places, such as in the
kitchen slumped over a half-prepared
dinner.[citation needed]
Ethan Mentzer of The Click Five has
narcolepsy.[citation needed]
In Gilmore Girls, Lorelai calls Dean by the
name of "Narcolepsy Boy" in the episode
"Forgiveness and Stuff," after he falls
asleep with Rory while reading a
book.[citation needed]
In comedy/musician Stephen Lynch's Live at
the El Rey DVD, a fan suggests "Narcolepsy
Boy" as a super hero. Lynch then goes on to
exclaim "I am Narcolepsy Boy, stop I'll
(*makes snoring noise*)".
It was thought that Kurt Cobain had
narcolepsy.
40
In the group, The Wiggles, the character
Jeff possibly has narcolepsy as he sleeps
far too much causing the others to
constantly use the phrase, "Wake up, Jeff!"
The MV My Angel by Korean duo Fly to the
Sky features a man with narcolepsy and his
girlfriend. In this MV narcolepsy plays a
big part, causing the man to miss his job
interview and fall off a high platform in a
construction site. His girlfriend ends up
dieing due to him falling asleep on the
motorcycle while bringing her to the
hosipital after she falls off a ladder.
In Ruby Gloom, Misery's cousin Malaise from
the episode "Misery Loves Company" suffers
from narcolepsy, causing her to fall asleep
in the most untimely situations throughout
the episode.
In the song Girls, Girls, Girls, Jay-Z
mentions "Mami's a narcolyptic, always
sleepin on Hov".
41