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Pastoral Nomads, Invasions, and Empires
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“Mongol rule was extensive but brief. At their apogee, 1279 – 1350, the Mongols
had ruled all of China, almost all of Russia, Iran, Iraq, and Central Asia. The huge
empire was administered and ruled through four separate geographical khanates, or
sub-empires, each under the authority of a branch of Chinggis Khan’s family. Over
time, central authority declined and the four khanates separated, each becoming an
independent empire.
The Mongols could not govern their empire from horseback, and they were soon
absorbed by the peoples they had conquered. They intermarried freely with the
Turks who had joined then as allies in conquest. In Russia, Mongols and Turks
merged with Slavs and Finns in a new Turkish-speaking ethnic group, the Tartars.
In Persia and China they assimilated into local culture, converting to various
religions, including Christianity, Buddhism, and Confucianism. In most of the areas
inhabited by Muslims, the Mongols and their Turkish allies typically converted to
Islam.
As the four segments of Chinggis’ empire went their own separate ways, slowly
they were driven from their conquests. By 1335 the male line of Chinggis and his
grandson Hulegu died out in the Il-Khan Empire in Persia. The Ming dynasty
defeated and evicted the Mongol (or Yuan) rulers in 1368. The Chagatai khanate
was destroyed by Timur the Lame (Tamerlane) after 1369. The Russians pushed
out the Golden Horde (named not, as one might think, for their numbers, but for
their tents, Ordu in Turkish) more slowly. The last Mongol state in the Crimea was
conquered only in the eighteenth century.” ~ The World’s History
1- How does the author describe the Mongol Empire?
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2- Which lands did the Mongols rule?
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3- How was the empire administered?
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4- How did the Mongols change as they conquered lands?
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5- Who were the Tartars?
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6- Provide evidence that the Mongols were religiously tolerant.
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7- What happened in 1335 in the Mongol Empire?
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8- What happened in the Mongol Empire in 1368 and then in 1369?
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9- Why were the Mongols in Russia known as the Golden Horde?
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10- What happened to the Mongols in Russia?
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11- Where was the last Mongol state located and when was it conquered?
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Notes:
I. Pastoral Nomads
A. Arid margins of agricultural landsFarming difficult Around 4000 BCE,
focused on the raising of livestock
1. Need for large grazing areas supported smaller populations
2. Differences emerged between wealthy owning large flocks and poor
3. But women had higher status and experienced fewer restrictions
4. Most characteristic feature of pastoral societies was mobility
B. Fierce independence of pastoral clans and internal rivalries made any
enduring political unity difficult to achieve
1. But charismatic leaders were periodically able to weld together tribal
alliances that for a time became powerful states
2. Also military advantages such as horseback-riding and hunting skills
C. During the classical era, the Xiongnu from Mongolian steppes north of China
created a huge military confederation
1. Under the charismatic leadership of Modun (reigned 210-174 BCE)
2. Created a model for future federations able to extract tribute
D. Third-wave civilizations (500-1500 CE), nomadic peoples made their mark
1. Arabs, Berbers, Turks, and Mongols
2. Most expansive religious tradition of the era, Islam, derived from nomads
E. A major turning point in the history of the Turks occurred with their
conversion to Islam between the tenth and fourteenth centuries
1. Turks became third major carrier of Islam
F. In Seljuk Turkic Empire of the eleventh and twelfth centuries, centered in
Persia and present-day Iraq, Turkic rulers began to claim the Muslim title of
sultan rather than kaghan (traditional term)
G. In East Africa, the nomadic cattle-keeping Masai
1. Adolescent boys from a variety of villages or lineages were initiated
together in a ritual that often included circumcision
2. This ceremony created an “age-set,” which then moved through a series
of “age-grades” or ranks
I. Of the pastoral peoples, Mongols made most stunning entry on world stage
1. Eventually conquered the largest land-based empire
2. Brought civilizations of Eurasia into far more direct contact
3. But left a surprisingly modest cultural imprint on the world
4. Never tried to spread their own faith among subject peoples
5. Offered majority of conquered peoples little more than status of defeated,
exploited people, although people with skills were put to work
6. After decline of Mongol Empire, tide turned against pastoralists of inner
Eurasia, swallowed up in expanding Russian or Chinese empires
J. Chinggis Khan
1. Temujin (1162-1227), known as Chinggis Khan (“universal ruler”) united
Mongols
2. Father murderedwithout livestockfell to lowest level of nomad life
3. But personal magnetism and courage allowed him to become powerful
4. Generous to friends and ruthless to enemies
K. Mongol Empire eventually contained China, Korea, Central Asia, Russia,
much of the Islamic Middle East, and parts of Eastern Europe
1. Setbackswithdrawal from Eastern Europe, failure to invade Japan
2. Mongol success lay in its armyBetter led, organized, disciplined
3. Conquered tribes broken up and members scattered among new units
4. Should one or two members of a unit desert, all were subject to death
5. Psychological warfare induced a number to surrender rather than resist
a) Resist and perish  submit and be spared
Complete the Graphic Organizer Below:
General Characteristics of
Pastoral Societies:
Importance of Xiongnu:
Mongols:
Pastoralists
Arabs and Turks:
Masai:
Questions:
 In what ways did pastoral societies differ from their agricultural counterparts?
 In what ways did pastoral societies interact with their agricultural neighbors?
 In what ways did the Xiongnu, Arabs, and Turks make an impact on world history?
 Did the history and society of the East African Masai people parallel that of Asian
nomads?
 Identify the major steps in the rise of the Mongol Empire.
 What accounts for the political and military success of the Mongols?
1. The man who united all the Mongol
4. With regard to Mongols’ military
tribes into a single confederation in
strategies, they
1206 was
(A) Would travel more than 100
(A) Khubilai Khan.
kilometers (62 miles) per day to
(B) Hülegü.
surprise an enemy.
(C) Teghril Beg.
(B) Could shoot arrows behind them
(D) Chinggis Khan.
while riding at a gallop.
(E) Mahmud of Ghazni.
(C) Could shoot arrows and fell enemies
within 200 meters (656 feet).
2. Which of the following did NOT
(D) Would spare their enemies if they
contribute to the failure of
surrendered without resistance.
Khubilai’s ventures in Japan and
(E) All of the above.
Southeast Asia?
A. The Mongol forces did not adapt well to
5. Nomadic peoples of Asia could wield
the environment of southeast Asia.
massive military power because of their
B. Bubonic plague erupted and took great
(A) Outstanding horsemanship.
tolls among the conquered populations.
(B) Accuracy with bows and arrows.
C. The Mongol navies were destroyed by
(C) Maneuverability as cavalry units.
Japanese kamikaze.
(D) Ability to retreat quickly.
D. The Mongols were unable to combat the
(E) All of the above.
guerilla tactics of the defenders.
6. According to the eyewitness account
3. During the 13th century, longof Marco Polo, the Mongols’ military
distance
tactics included
trade in Eurasia increased primarily
(A) Gathering up forces and meeting the
because
enemy face-on.
(A) The Mongols worked to secure trade (B) Refusing to ever retreat.
routes and ensure the safety of
(C) Making even the lowest soldier report to
merchants passing through their
the one high officer in charge of the battle.
vast territories.
(D) Carrying little by way of food supplies;
(B) Mongol rulers adopted the same
they would rely on their horses’ blood if
paper currency that could be used
needed.
within all the four regional empires. (E) All of the above.
(C) Mongol policies encouraged
economic growth and specialization
of production in various regions.
(D) Mongol people settled down and
began creating surpluses.
(E) All of the above.
Thesis: Change over Time – Analyze the changes and continuities in Mongol society from
1100 to 1600.
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