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Mr. Clifford US 1 CHAPTER 6 SECTION 4 THE WAR OF 1812 1.) The War Hawks Demand War - During Jefferson’s second term as president, renewed fighting between France and Great Britain threatened American shipping. By 1807, Britain had seized over 1000 American ships and the French seized approximately 500. A.) Grievances Against Britain 1.) Impressment: Americans focused their anger on Great Britain for a number of reasons. The British enacted a policy called ‘impressment’. American sailors would essentially be drafted or forced to join the British navy after they had taken over the ship and confiscated all the goods. In June 1807, the commander of a British warship demanded the right to board an American ship called the Chesapeake and search for British deserters. The US captain refused and the British opened fire on the ship killing three Americans. 2.) Embargo Act of 1807: In response to the acts of the British, Thomas Jefferson convinced Congress to declare an embargo (ban on exporting products to other nations). Jefferson believed the Embargo Act of 1807 would hurt British and European powers and force them to honor US neutrality. The embargo had a devastating impact on American business & trade and Congress eventually lifted the embargo in 1809. B.) Grievances Against Native Americans 1.) War Hawks: John C. Calhoun of South Carolina & Speaker of the House of Representatives Henry Clay of Kentucky believed that the US must declare war on Great Britain. The War Hawks believed Canada should belong to the US. Unfortunately for the US, they would never obtain the vast Canadian country it wanted. 2.) Native Americans fight for Indian Territory: In 1809, General William Henry Harrison, governor of the Indiana Territory, invited several Native American chiefs to Fort Wayne, Indiana and asked them to sign away 3 million acres of tribal land over to the US government. A confederacy of Native Americans, led by Shawnee chief Tecumseh, began organizing to defend their homeland against white settlers. In 1811, the confederacy, led by Tecumseh’s brother, attacked Harrison’s troops but were defeated at the battle of Tippecanoe. Harrison became a national hero. 3.) British supply Native Americans with weapons: The federal government figured out that the Native American confederacy was using weapons to attack Americans given to them by the British in the North West Territory. The War Hawks were ready for WAR. Mr. Clifford US 1 2.) The War Brings Mixed Results - The Presidential election of 1808 was won by James Madison, a Republican. By 1812, Madison declared war on Great Britain. Madison believed that the British were trying to cripple the American economy and trade. A.) Failure in Canada 1.) US military unprepared in the beginning: Republican funding cuts had left the American military ill-prepared for war. The US’s first attempts to invade Canada were disastrous. In 1813, the US defeated the British navy on Lake Eerie and American soldiers retook Detroit and would win many battles. Tecumseh was killed in the Battle of the Thames and the Native American confederacy would collapse. B.) British Burn Down White House 1.) War on US soil: By 1814, the British were raiding and burning down public building up and down the Atlantic coast. On August 24th, Madison and other government officials fled from Washington DC. The British burned down the Capital building, the White House, and other public buildings. 2.) Battle of Baltimore: September 1814, the British attacked the city of Baltimore in order to take control of the Chesapeake Bay. Francis Scott Key, an American prisoner aboard a British vessel, witnessed the British bombardment of Fort McHenry. During the battle, Key began writing the US national anthem, ‘The Star Spangled Banner’ and finished the poem once seeing the American flag still flying high over the fort. The US defeated the British and expelled the superior navy from the Chesapeake. 2.) Jackson becomes a hero after the War of 1812: General Andrew Jackson of Tennessee led 5,400 troops to New Orleans to fight expel the British from America’s major trading port. The American forces defeated an army of 8,000 British while suffering only minor casualties. Ironically, US and British diplomats had just signed the Treaty of Ghent which ended the fighting. C.) Nationalism & Unity 3.) Great Britain finally recognizes America’s independence: Shipping rights and the impressment issue would eventually be solved. The Rush-Bagot agreement limited the number of American & British war ships on the Great Lakes. The two nation agreed to a joint occupation of the Oregon Territory. The War of 1812 confirmed American independence and strengthened nationalism. The US now had a national identity!