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2.3- Carbon Compounds (Molecules of Life)
Got Lactase?
• Many people in the world suffer from ___________
___________________________
– Lacking an enzyme (lactase) that ________
________________found in milk
– “ase” = ___________
– “ose” = ___________
Ribbon model of the
enzyme Lactase
Structural formula for
Lactose
• Lactose intolerance illustrates the importance of
________________________________
– To the functioning of living cells and to human
health
– ______________________________________
_____________________________________
__________
Fats/Oils/Steroids/Wax
__________________
Glucose/Fructose
Starch/Cellulose
Molecules of Life
Biochemicals
(CHON)
________
Enzymes/Structure
Movement/Protection
_____________
(DNA/RNA)
Carbon Compounds - Organic Chemistry
All compounds are either organic, containing ____________ bonded to
hydrogen and oxygen, or inorganic. _______________________________
___________________________.
I. Carbon Bonding:



Single Bond
Double Bond
Triple Bond
II. Hydrocarbons:
Roots/Prefixes (2C stands for two carbons)
1 C - ____________
6 C - ____________
2 C - ____________
7 C - ____________
3 C - ____________
8 C - ____________
4 C - ____________
9 C - ____________
5 C - ____________
10 C - ___________
Naming Hydrocarbons
Series of
Formula to determine
Hydrocarbon -ending
# of H atoms
Bonding
Alkane
Alkene
Alkyne
Examples:
1. CH4 - __________________
6. Ethene - __________________
2. C3H4 - __________________
7. Heptane - _________________
3. C5H10 - _________________
8. Decyne - __________________
4. C9H20 - _________________
9. Butane - __________________
5. C6H10 - _________________
10. Octene - _________________
Write the structural formula for the three examples highlighted above.
III. Functional Groups
A functional group is a cluster of atoms that influence the properties of the molecules
that they compose, and determine the characteristics of the compound.
Functional
What it Looks
What it
Example(s)
Group
Like…
Makes…
Hydroxyl
Carbonyl
(end)
Carbonyl
(middle)
Carboxyl
Amino
Phosphate
R-----OH
III. Functional Groups Cont’d
Functional groups are particular groupings of __________
That gives organic molecules particular properties
_____________ – female lion hormone
________________ - male lion hormone
IV. Large Carbon Molecules
Hydrocarbons
Are composed of only ______________ and
__________________
Some molecules are _____________,
Molecules with the same molecular formula but different
__________________.
Cells make a huge number of large molecules from a small set
of small molecules
The four main classes of biological molecules
– ________________________________________
_____________
• Many of the molecules are gigantic
– And are called ______________________
Cells make most of their large molecules
– By joining smaller organic molecules into chains
called _________
Cells link _____________ to form _______________
– By ___________________________
Polymers are broken down to monomers
–
_______________________________________________
V. Molecules of Life
A. Carbohydrates - ______________________________________
Monosaccharides are the simplest ______________________.
• The carbohydrate monomers are ___________________
• A monosaccharide has a formula that is a multiple of
CH2O ________________
– And contains _____________ groups and a
_____________ group
The monosaccharides glucose and fructose are isomers
-That contain the same ______________________________
Monosaccharides can also occur as ________________________.
H
O
H
C
H
C
OH
C
O
C
H
H
C
OH
HO
C
H
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
HO
H
Glucose
H
Fructose
Monosaccharides can join to form ________________________
– Such as sucrose (table sugar) and maltose
(brewing sugar)
________________________
are long chains of sugar units
Polysaccharides are ___________________________________.
-Linked together by _____________________
CH2OH
CH2OH
O
O
H
HO
H
H
H
OH
H
H
OH
HO
OH
H
H
H
OH
Glucose
OH
H
OH
Glucose
H2O
CH2OH
H
HO
CH2OH
O
H
OH
H
H
OH
H
H
O
O
H
OH
H
H
OH
H
OH
Maltose
Disaccharide – maltose
Polysaccharide – starch
Starch and glycogen are polysaccharides
– ________________________________________
____________ is a polysaccharide found in __________________
______________________
O O
O
O
O
O
GLYCOGEN
O O
Cellulose fibrils in
a plant cell wall
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
CELLULOSE
OO
OO
O OH
OO
O OH
OO
O
OO
Figure 3.7
O
O
O
Cellulose
molecules
O
O
O
Glycogen
granules in
muscle
tissue
Glucose
monomer
STARCH
Starch granules in
potato tuber cells
OO
OO
O O
O
O O
O
B. LIPIDS
_________ are lipids that are mostly _______________molecules
Lipids are diverse compounds
That consist mainly of ________ and _________ atoms
linked by nonpolar covalent bonds
– ______________________ –water fearing
Fats, also called ___________________
Are lipids whose main function is energy storage
Consist of ____________ linked to ________
________________ – no double bonds (solid at room temp.)
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH
CH2
CH
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
O
O C
CH2
CH2
O C
CH2
C
C
O
O
O
C
H
H
C
H
H
H
________________ – has double bonds (liquid at room temp.)
Phospholipids, waxes, and steroids are lipids with a variety of
functions
• Phospholipids are a major component of
________________(phospholipid bilayer)
• __________ form waterproof coatings (cuticle on leaf)
• ______________ are often hormones (anabolic steroids
- synthetic)
C. PROTEINS
Proteins are essential to the structures and activities of life
A protein:
Is a polymer constructed from _________ monomers
Transport substances and fight disease (antibodies)
As enzymes they regulate ______________________
Proteins are made from amino acids linked by ________________
Protein are based on different arrangements of a common set of 20
H
amino acid monomers
O
H
• Each amino acid contains
N
– A ________________ group
C
C
H
– An ___________ group
OH
R
Amino
group
Carboxyl
(acid)
group
– And an ________ group which makes it unique
• Cells link amino acids together
– By ______________________________
• The bonds between amino acid monomers
– Are called _______________ bonds
Carboxyl
group
Peptide
bond
Amino
group
H
H
H
O
N
H
C
C
+
OH
O
H
N
C
Dehydration
reaction
H
C
H
N
OH
R
R
Amino acid
Amino acid
H2O
H
H
O
C
C
R
H
N
C
H
R
O
C
OH
Dipeptide
A protein’s specific _____________ determines its __________________
A protein consists of one or more ____________chains
-Folded into a unique shape that determines the protein’s function
A protein’s shape depends on four levels of structure
1. ______________ Structure
Is the sequence of amino acids forming its polypeptide chains
2. _______________ Structure
Is the coiling or folding of the chain, stabilized by hydrogen bonding
3. _______________ Structure
Is the overall three dimensional shape of a polypeptide
4. _______________ Structure
Results from the association of two or more polypeptide chains
Levels of Protein Structure
Primary structure
LeuMet
As Val
Pro
Al
Val
Ilen
Arg
a Va
Cys Lys
Al
Hi Va Ph
Glu
Gly
l
Ser Lys Val
e
a
s
GlyThr
l
LeuAspAla Val ArgGly SerPro
Amino acids
Hydrogen
bond CC N H
C
Secondary structure
C
O C NH
O
N HO C
NH
N H O C
C H CR
O C
C
C
N H
C
N HO C
C
N HO
N H
C
O
NH
O C
C
C
Alpha helix
O HH
O
C N C CN
H
O
CC N C CN
H
H R
O
CC N C CN
O H
H
CC N C C N
O H
O
C
O H
H O
C N CC N
O
C
C H O
H O C C N CN
H O
C
N
C
CN
H O C
C H
H O C C N CN
H O C
Pleated sheet
Tertiary structure
Polypeptide
(single subunit
of transthyretin)
Quaternary structure
Transthyretin, with
four identical
polypeptide subunits
D. NUCLEIC ACIDS
Examples of nucleic acids include ______________________ and
________________________.
– Serve as the blueprints for building
__________and thus control the life of a cell
The monomers of nucleic acids are ________________.
– Nucleotides are composed of a ______________,
______________, and _________________ base
H
H
N
N
N
H
OH
O
P
N
O
CH2
O
Phosphate
group
O
H
H
N
Nitrogenous
base (A)
H
H
H
OH
H
Sugar
DNA and RNA
-Segments of a DNA molecule called ______make specific
proteins
-DNA programs the amino acid sequences of proteins. DNA
is _________________ forming a helix
-RNA is a ___________________ polynucleotide