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Glossary 6. Glossary of Terms Anisotropic binding structure Brooming Brushing Carbonising Cellulose Charged coupled device Chemical polymerisation/shrinkage Chromatic aberration Class A surface Crimping Debaulked Exotherm Fibre buckling Fibre bundles C A Squires The binding structure differs along the line (or direction, x, y, z) that is being measured. Transverse splitting of the composite. Slight application of load to the test specimen. Fibres heated to high temperatures (3000°C) without oxygen. With no oxygen the fibres cannot burn, instead the high temperatures cause the atoms to vibrate violently until most the noncarbon atoms are expelled. A complex carbohydrate, (CHO), that is composed of glucose units, forms the main constituent of the cell wall in most plants, and is important in the manufacture of numerous products, such as paper, textiles, pharmaceuticals, and explosives. A charge-coupled device (CCD) is a lightsensitive integrated circuit that stores and displays the data for an image in such a way that each pixel (picture element) in the image is converted into an electrical charge the intensity of which is related to a colour in the colour spectrum. This is when the molecules in the resin bond during the cure cycle causing volumetric shrinkage of the resin. Is caused by a lens having a different refractive index for different wavelengths of light (the dispersion of the lens). It is a term used to characterised an aesthetic surface finish in the automotive industry as a perfectly polished, high lustre surface, free from porosity and scratches of any kind Waviness is present in the carbon fibre fabric Placing the laminate stack under vacuum pressure at room temperature to displace any air entrapment. Describes a process or reaction that releases energy in the form of heat. The bending of a fibre under a given force. See Tow. 241 Glossary Fibre kinking Fibre misalignment/mis-orientation Fibre volume fraction Fibre waviness Filament Gel point Glass transition temperature Hydroscopic Hygrothermal Interface debonding Kink bands Long wave defects Microbuckling (elastic/plastic/shear) Non-visible spectrum Original equipment manufacturer Oxidising C A Squires A fibre with a geometric anomaly in the length mostly due to external factors. When the fibre is off-axis of its designed path. The ratio of fibre volume to matrix volume within a given laminate. A fibre that has a formed a wave shape rather than the nominal aligned form. The individual thread of carbon fibres that come together to form a tow. Stage at which, a liquid begins to exhibit elastic properties and increased viscosity. The glass transition temperature is the temperature, below which the physical properties of amorphous materials vary in a manner similar to those of a crystalline phase (glassy state), and above which amorphous materials behave like liquids (rubbery state). Is the ability of a substance to attract water molecules from the surrounding environment through either absorption or adsorption. Separation occurring at the meeting point of the fibres and the matrix. A group of fibres with a geometric anomaly in the length mostly due to external factors. Long-term waviness is generalised as wavelengths () that are greater than 10mm. Localised buckling of the composite laminate in elastic mode/plastic mode and shear (45°) This is used to quantify the sharpness of the given image (the dullness). Term used in automotive manufacturing for the original supplier of the components used in the construction of a vehicle This is heating the fibers in air to about 200-300° C for 30-120 minutes. This causes the fibers to pick up oxygen molecules from the air and rearrange their atomic bonding pattern, prior to carbonising. 242 Glossary Pin holing Polyacrylonitrile polymer fibres Porosity/voids Print through Short wave defects Sink marks Spectrometer Spectrophotometer Teddy bears ears Thermal shrinkage Thermocouple Thermoplastics Thermosets Tow Transverse rupture Visco-elastic nature Visible spectrum C A Squires A small hole in the surface of a laminate. A synthetic polymer used in the manufacture of artificial fibres A volume within a composite laminate where there is no fibre or resin present Is the effect on the surface of a laminate due to the volumetric shrinkage in the matrix due to polymerisation Short-term waviness is formed from surface anomalies (i.e. porosity/print through etc.), with wavelengths between 1 and 3mm in length and commonly below 1mm in amplitude Defect in the Class A surface that has not caused breaking of the surface resin. A spectroscope equipped with scales for measuring wavelengths or indexes of refraction. An instrument used to determine the intensity of various wavelengths in a spectrum of light. Surface distortion on the Class A surface of CBS 95 surrounding the vents on a DB9 bonnet. Reverse thermal expansion. A thermoelectric device used to measure temperatures accurately, especially one consisting of two dissimilar metals joined so that a potential difference generated between the points of contact is a measure of the temperature difference between the points. Polymers that can soften and then can be shaped with the addition of heat. Polymers that acquire their final shape after an irreversible process. A tow is filaments of carbon fibres, often in multiples of 6,000 up to 48,000. Due to differences in Poisson’s ratios of the material constituents and non uniform distribution of transverse strains over the specimen length Viscoelasticity, also known as anelasticity, describes materials that exhibit both viscous and elastic characteristics when undergoing plastic deformation. The visible spectrum (or sometimes optical spectrum) is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible 243 Glossary Warp yarn Weft yarn Worm tracks C A Squires to (can be detected by) the human eye. Warp uses a needle that loops its own thread. The needles produce parallel rows of loops simultaneously that are interlocked in a zigzag pattern. Weft differs from warp as it uses one continuous yarn to form courses, or rows of loops, across a fabric These are localised rows of voids found at the edge of DB9 bonnet. 244