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Full file at http://collegetestbank.eu/Test-Bank-Foundations-of-Earth-Science-6th-Edition-Lutgens Foundations of Earth Science, 6e (Lutgens) Chapter 2 Rocks: Materials of the Solid Earth 1) An igneous rock that contains vesicles ________. A) is also extrusive B) is also fine grained C) contains many small holes D) all of the above Answer: D Diff: 1 2) As the rate of cooling increases, the size of the crystals that form ________. A) increases B) decreases C) is not affected D) none of these Answer: B Diff: 1 3) Which one of the following is an igneous rock? A) limestone B) rhyolite C) slate D) shale Answer: B Diff: 1 4) Intrusive rocks ________. A) are generally fine-grained B) form at Earth's surface C) are quite often vesicular D) none of the above Answer: D Diff: 1 5) Granite and gabbro ________. A) have a similar mineral composition B) have a similar texture C) both A and B D) are in no way similar Answer: B Diff: 1 1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Full file at http://collegetestbank.eu/Test-Bank-Foundations-of-Earth-Science-6th-Edition-Lutgens 6) Obsidian exhibits a(n) ________ texture. A) fine-grained B) glassy C) coarse-grained D) porphyritic Answer: B Diff: 1 7) Rocks that contain crystals that are roughly equal in size and can be identified with the unaided eye are said to exhibit a ________ texture. A) fine-grained B) glassy C) coarse-grained D) porphyritic Answer: C Diff: 1 8) This igneous texture is characterized by two distinctively different crystal sizes. A) fine-grained B) glassy C) coarse-grained D) porphyritic Answer: D Diff: 1 9) Rhyolite is the fine-grained equivalent of this igneous rock. A) basalt B) andesite C) granite D) diorite Answer: C Diff: 1 10) Select the coarse-grained rock which is composed mainly of quartz and potassium feldspar from the list below. A) basalt B) andesite C) granite D) diorite Answer: C Diff: 1 2 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Full file at http://collegetestbank.eu/Test-Bank-Foundations-of-Earth-Science-6th-Edition-Lutgens 11) Which of the rocks listed below is a popular building stone? A) basalt B) andesite C) granite D) diorite Answer: C Diff: 1 12) The texture of an igneous rock ________. A) is controlled by the composition of magma B) determines the color of the rock C) is caused by leaching D) records the rock's cooling history Answer: D Diff: 1 13) Igneous rock is formed A) by the weathering of pre-existing rocks. B) by changes in mineral composition. C) at great depth within Earth. D) by crystallization of molten rock. Answer: D Diff: 1 14) The most important mechanical weathering process is ________. A) frost action B) hydrolysis C) unloading D) thermal expansion Answer: A Diff: 1 15) Chemical weathering would be most effective ________. A) in a warm, dry climate B) in a cold, dry climate C) in a warm, humid climate D) equally in any kind of climate Answer: C Diff: 1 16) Which of the following is NOT a product of the chemical weathering of potassium feldspar? A) silica B) potassium ions C) iron oxide D) clay Answer: C Diff: 1 3 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Full file at http://collegetestbank.eu/Test-Bank-Foundations-of-Earth-Science-6th-Edition-Lutgens 17) Which one of the following is NOT true about mechanical weathering? A) produces smaller pieces B) adds to the effectiveness of chemical weathering C) does not change the rock's mineral composition D) does not affect metamorphic rocks Answer: D Diff: 1 18) Which one of the following is NOT related to chemical weathering? A) decomposition B) frost wedging C) hydrolysis D) oxidation Answer: B Diff: 1 19) Which of these factors influence the type and rate of weathering? A) mineral content B) climate C) topography D) all of these Answer: D Diff: 1 20) Sedimentary rocks ________. A) may contain fossils B) hold important clues to Earth's history C) may be economically important D) all of the above Answer: D Diff: 1 21) Detrital sedimentary rocks are classified (named) primarily on the basis of ________. A) color B) type of bedding C) composition D) particle size Answer: D Diff: 1 22) Sedimentary rocks compose approximately ________ percent of Earth's outermost 10 miles. A) 5% B) 15% C) 30% D) 50% Answer: A Diff: 1 4 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Full file at http://collegetestbank.eu/Test-Bank-Foundations-of-Earth-Science-6th-Edition-Lutgens 23) Which rock type is associated with a high- energy environment (such as a very turbulent stream)? A) conglomerate B) shale C) chert D) none of these Answer: A Diff: 1 24) Which pair of minerals is most common in detrital sedimentary rocks? A) quartz and olivine B) calcite and clay C) clay and quartz D) dolomite and gypsum Answer: C Diff: 1 25) Detrital sediments would predominate in all of the following environments except ________. A) beach B) salt flat C) river floodplain D) delta Answer: B Diff: 1 26) Compaction would probably be most significant as a lithification process for ________. A) shale B) sandstone C) conglomerate D) breccia Answer: A Diff: 1 27) The most abundant chemical sedimentary rock is ________. A) limestone B) dolomite C) chert D) rock salt Answer: A Diff: 1 5 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Full file at http://collegetestbank.eu/Test-Bank-Foundations-of-Earth-Science-6th-Edition-Lutgens 28) Which of the following best describes bedded gypsum and rock salt? A) detrital sedimentary rocks B) varieties of dolostone C) varieties of coal and peat D) evaporites; chemical, sedimentary rocks Answer: D Diff: 1 29) Coal beds originate in ________. A) shallow lakes in a dry, desert region B) channels of fast-moving streams C) deep, marine basins below wave action D) freshwater coastal swamps and bogs Answer: D Diff: 1 30) Metamorphism may result from ________. A) heat B) pressure C) chemical action D) all of these Answer: D Diff: 1 31) ________ is a strong, parallel alignment of different mineral bands in a metamorphic rock. A) Rock cleavage B) Foliation C) Stress streaking D) Marbleizing Answer: B Diff: 1 32) Which of the following changes may occur during metamorphism? A) Certain minerals may recrystallize. B) The rock becomes more compact. C) Crystals may grow larger. D) all of the above Answer: D Diff: 1 33) The common rock produced by the metamorphism of limestone is ________. A) marble B) mica schist C) phyllite D) gneiss Answer: A Diff: 1 6 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Full file at http://collegetestbank.eu/Test-Bank-Foundations-of-Earth-Science-6th-Edition-Lutgens 34) ________ is composed of alternating bands of light and dark silicate minerals. A) Marble B) Mica schist C) Phyllite D) Gneiss Answer: D Diff: 1 35) This dense, nonfoliated metamorphic rock is produced most often from sandstone. A) phyllite B) mica schist C) quartzite D) marble Answer: C Diff: 1 36) The agents of metamorphism are ________. A) uplifting and folding B) foliation and deposition C) contact and regional deformation D) heat, pressure, and chemically-active fluids Answer: D Diff: 1 37) The primary agent of contact metamorphism is ________. A) folding B) heat C) stress D) strain Answer: B Diff: 1 38) What type of metamorphic rock will shale normally become following low-grade metamorphism? A) marble B) mica schist C) slate D) gneiss Answer: C Diff: 1 7 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Full file at http://collegetestbank.eu/Test-Bank-Foundations-of-Earth-Science-6th-Edition-Lutgens 39) Which of the following lists the rocks in the order of increasing grain size and increasing grade of metamorphism? A) phyllite, slate, schist B) schist, slate, phyllite C) slate, phyllite, schist D) slate, schist, phyllite Answer: C Diff: 1 Examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option which does not fit the pattern. 40) a. shale b. sandstone Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: Word Analysis Questions c. breccia d. conglomerate 41) a. lithification b. cementation Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: Word Analysis Questions c. weathering d. compaction 42) a. granite b. basalt Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: Word Analysis Questions c. diorite d. gabbro 43) Bowen's reaction series predicts the sizes of the different mineral grains that grow from crystallizing magmas. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 44) Olivine and quartz are commonly found together in the same rock. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 45) One magma can produce several different igneous rocks having different mineral compositions. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 46) Basalt is the fine-grained equivalent of gabbro. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 8 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Full file at http://collegetestbank.eu/Test-Bank-Foundations-of-Earth-Science-6th-Edition-Lutgens 47) Glassy igneous rocks form when magma cools too fast for mineral grains to grow. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 48) Quartz is quite resistant to weathering and is an important component of sands in riverbeds and on beaches. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 49) Like most other liquids, water decreases in volume when it freezes. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 50) All atoms of the same element have the same atomic number. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 51) The most abundant sedimentary rock is shale. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 52) Evaporites have a biochemical origin. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 53) Particle size is the primary basis for distinguishing among various detrital sedimentary rocks. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 54) Most limestone has a biochemical origin. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 55) Compaction is most significant as a lithification process for sedimentary rocks composed of sand-sized particles. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 56) During metamorphism the material undergoing deformation remains essentially a solid. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 57) The single most characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks are strata, or beds. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 9 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Full file at http://collegetestbank.eu/Test-Bank-Foundations-of-Earth-Science-6th-Edition-Lutgens 58) The largest quantity of metamorphic rock is produced by regional metamorphism. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 59) Slate is associated with high-grade metamorphism. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 60) Metamorphism is commonly associated with mountain building. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 61) Metamorphism can affect only sedimentary rocks. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 62) ________ is the name given to molten rock below the Earth's surface. Answer: Magma Diff: 1 63) ________ refers to the removal and isolation of early-formed mineral grains that can cause the composition of the remaining magma to change. Answer: Crystal settling Diff: 1 64) Igneous rocks are classified on the basis of what two main characteristics? Answer: texture and mineral composition Diff: 1 65) Obsidian exhibits a ________ texture. Answer: glassy Diff: 1 66) ________ weathering is accomplished by physical forces that break rock into smaller and smaller pieces without changing the rock's mineral composition. Answer: Mechanical Diff: 1 67) When water in cracks and joints freezes and expands the rock is broken into angular fragments. This process is known as ________. Answer: frost wedging Diff: 1 68) ________ weathering alters the internal structures of minerals by removing and/or adding elements. Answer: Chemical Diff: 1 10 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Full file at http://collegetestbank.eu/Test-Bank-Foundations-of-Earth-Science-6th-Edition-Lutgens 69) The two most common minerals in detrital sedimentary rocks are ________ and ________. Answer: clay; quartz Diff: 1 70) The most abundant chemical sedimentary rock is ________. Answer: limestone Diff: 1 71) When a sedimentary rock consists of angular, gravel-sized particles, it is called ________. Answer: breccia Diff: 1 72) Rock salt and rock gypsum are common examples of a group of chemical sedimentary rocks called ________. Answer: evaporites Diff: 1 73) ________ refers to the processes by which unconsolidated sediments are transformed into solid sedimentary rocks. Answer: Lithification Diff: 1 74) Probably the single most characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks is ________. Answer: layering (strata or beds) Diff: 1 75) The partial decomposition of plant remains in an oxygen-poor swamp creates a layer of soft, brown material that is not yet coal. This material is known as ________. Answer: peat Diff: 1 76) List three agents of metamorphism. Answer: heat, pressure, chemically active fluids Diff: 1 77) Metamorphism that occurs because of close proximity to a mass of magma is called ________ metamorphism. Answer: contact Diff: 1 78) When a metamorphic rock exhibits a layered or banded appearance, it is said to exhibit a ________ texture. Answer: foliated Diff: 1 11 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Full file at http://collegetestbank.eu/Test-Bank-Foundations-of-Earth-Science-6th-Edition-Lutgens Use complete sentences, correct spelling, and the information presented in Chapter 2 to answer the questions below. 79) Considering the various processes involved in mechanical and chemical weathering, what are some of the factors that influence or control the weathering of earth materials? Also, which of these factors would be most important? Answer: Higher temperatures speed chemical weathering. Carbon dioxide (the amount of CO2 in the water) lowers the pH, making the water more acidic. The amount of water in an environment is most important. The more wet an environment, a jungle for example, the more effective all chemical weathering processes. Diff: 2 Type: Critical Thinking and Discussion Questions 80) How might a geologist infer ancient climatic conditions using sedimentary rocks? (Hint: Think in terms of the conditions necessary to form certain rocks and also the features, structures, and fossils found in sedimentary rocks.) Answer: The environment of deposition of the rock and the fossils within the rock give us the clue. If the rock is a dark claystone with fern fronds and dragonfly fossils within the layers, the sediments from which the rock is composed were likely deposited within a wet, warm environment. Diff: 3 Type: Critical Thinking and Discussion Questions 12 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Full file at http://collegetestbank.eu/Test-Bank-Foundations-of-Earth-Science-6th-Edition-Lutgens 81) Fill in the missing rock names on the chart below. Answer: See figure 2.8 in Foundations of Earth Science, 6e. Diff: 1 Type: Visualization Questions 82) What type of stress (pressure) is illustrated in the diagram below? Answer: Confining pressure Diff: 1 Type: Visualization Questions 13 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Full file at http://collegetestbank.eu/Test-Bank-Foundations-of-Earth-Science-6th-Edition-Lutgens 83) What kind of sedimentary structure is pictured in the photograph below? (a) ___________________ Explain how this kind of sedimentary structure forms. (b) ___________________ Answer: (a) mud cracks (b) Mud shrinks and cracks as it dries (as in an evaporating mud puddle). Diff: 2 Type: Visualization Questions 14 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Full file at http://collegetestbank.eu/Test-Bank-Foundations-of-Earth-Science-6th-Edition-Lutgens 84) Carefully observe each of the photographs below of sedimentary rocks. To the right of each sample, name the rock and describe its origin (how it formed). (a) ___________________ (b) ___________________ (c) ___________________ Answer: (a) conglomerate Origin: A poorly sorted mixture of rounded grains of sand and gravel was lithified. (b) biochemical limestone or coquina Origin: A mass of calcareous seashells and broken shells was cemented together. (c) breccia Origin: A poorly sorted mixture of angular grains of sand and gravel was lithified. Diff: 2 Type: Visualization Questions 15 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Full file at http://collegetestbank.eu/Test-Bank-Foundations-of-Earth-Science-6th-Edition-Lutgens 85) Examine the rock cycle (Figure 2.2 in the text). In nature, would it be possible for some of the steps to be "short-circuited" or interrupted, where instead of progressing directly from one step to the next, the circle might be crossed by a process? Give three examples where this might occur. For example, before a sedimentary rock becomes metamorphosed, could it be melted? Diff: 2 86) Can you explain why the ascending bodies of magma (like those illustrated in Figure 2.5 in the text) which feed a volcano or produce large intrusive bodies are shaped like inverted raindrops? Do you own a "lava lamp"? Might this observation help explain why large intrusive bodies are "rootless"? Diff: 3 87) The mantle of Earth is thought to be composed of peridotites. So why would new oceanic floor be basaltic composition when the source of the plate is the mantle? Hint, could ocean plate be an "evolved" rock type? If so, what process might change the peridotites to a basaltic composition? Diff: 3 88) Why do you think rhyolite is so uncommon at Earth's surface? After all, granite, rhyolite's slowly cooled equivalent, which formed at a depth of many kilometers is extremely common at the surface. Diff: 4 89) Can you pop a lifesaver into your mouth and let it dissolve to nothing over a period of five to ten minutes? Or after a few minutes do you happily crunch the candy into tiny bits? Why would a person be compelled to chew the candy up. What does this have to do with physical weathering of rocks? Diff: 2 90) Why do intrusive rocks chemically weather more quickly than extrusive rocks? Why do mafic rocks chemically weather more easily than felsic rocks? Hint, think of the constituent minerals of each rock type. So what rock type would you choose to face the new skyscraper you have designed? Diff: 3 91) From your text, page 58, Figure 2.18...."Vertical changes in rock types represent environmental changes through time." This statement certainly makes sense, as time passes, environments change on Earth's surface and the sediments deposited reflect those environments: ocean levels rise and fall; mountains are formed that are eventually reduced by weathering and erosion, and so on. But we also see horizontal changes in rock types (ancient sedimentary environments). Use the concept of uniformitarianism to explain this important concept. Diff: 4 16 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.