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1. Choose the following that best characterizes the formation of uncontrolled division of cells or cancer. A. B. C. D. E. mutations in DNA for the protein which activates repair enzymes mutation in genes for inhibiting the cell cycle mutations in proto-oncogenes/tumor suppressor genes active telomerase All of the choices are correct. 2. Normal cells typically divide 60-70 times while cancer cells: A. B. C. D. divide an unlimited number of times divide twice that amount may divide 60-70 times are unable to divide 3. Cancer cells have abnormal nuclei because: A. B. C. D. the nuclear membrane is malformed there are too many nucleoli the chromosomes are abnormal, often showing gene amplification of the disappearance of chromosomes, making the nucleus smaller 4. What is the function of telomerase? A. B. C. D. rebuild telomere sequences destroy telomere sequences connect different telomere sequences separate different telomere sequences 5. Choose the following that is NOT a characteristic of cancer cells. A. B. C. D. They do not differentiate. They invade nearby tissues if malignant. They secrete angiogenic growth factors. They display contact inhibition. 6. When cancer cells metastasize: A. B. C. D. tumors release growth factors tumors spread throughout the body tumors have nondifferentiated cells tumors get larger and larger 7. Cancer cells are able to move about the body when: A. T cells attach and carry the cancer cells to different tissues B. they produce proteinase which degrades the basement membrane allowing invasion of other tissues C. telomeres attach to the basement membrane and pull cancer cells through to other tissues D. None of the choices are correct. 8. A mutation in the Bax gene results in: A. B. C. D. less likelihood of apoptosis less Bax protein present possible tumor formation All of the choices are correct. 9. Ras oncogenes A. B. C. D. produce cyclin. activate repair enzymes. promote apoptosis. activate cyclin. 10. Which of the following mutated genes ultimately results in increased cyclin activity? A. B. C. D. p16 Ras p53 both p16 and Ras 11. Stimulatory pathways are: A. proto-oncogenes B. tumor suppressor genes 12. Inhibitory pathways are: A. proto-oncogenes B. tumor suppressor genes 13. Which of the following proteins acts as a transcription factor involved in turning on the expression of genes whose products are cell cycle inhibitors? A. B. C. D. p13 p53 p92 p22 14. Cancer causing genes are A. apoptosis B. leukemia C. oncogenes 15. Programmed cell death is: A. apoptosis B. leukemia C. oncogenes 16. Cancer of blood forming cells is A. apoptosis B. leukemia C. oncogenes 17. What are telomeres? A. B. C. D. specific proteins repair enzymes special repetitive DNA end sequences signalling chemicals 18. What is the role of telomeres? A. B. C. D. protect chromosome ends act as molecular handles repair enzymes unfold chromosomes 19. An oncogene: A. B. C. D. is the gene that causes p53 to be readily available is a gene that causes a cell to become differentiated is a gene that codes for the lipid component of the plasma membrane can make cyclin available at all times 20. The regulatory network in cells that controls cell growth includes: A. B. C. D. growth factor receptors in the plasma membrane signaling proteins in the cytoplasm genes in the nucleus All of the choices are correct. 21. When the ras gene is altered: A. B. C. D. cell growth does not occur a proto-oncogene becomes an oncogene a tumor-suppressor gene is mutated inappropriate cell structures are found 22. Which is NOT associated with the development of cancer? A. B. C. D. plasma membrane receptors the Golgi apparatus cytoplasmic enzymes genes in the nucleus 23. A tumor-suppressor gene: A. is a cancer-causing gene B. is a gene that codes for inhibitory proteins that prevent cell division and promote apoptosis C. is a gene that causes myeloma in muscle cells D. is a gene that stops a tumor once it has developed 24. During the formation of cancer, which of the following occurs? A. B. C. D. initiation promotion progression All of the choices are correct. 25. The uncontrolled division of cells is called: A. B. C. D. cancer mitosis mutation metastasis 26. An accumulation of cancer cells is called a: A. B. C. D. bolus diverticulum tumor metastasis 27. The development of cancer is called: A. B. C. D. oogenesis carcinogenesis apoptosis metastasis 28. Forming blood vessels is: A. metastasis B. apoptosis C. angiogenesis 29. Cell death is: A. metastasis B. apoptosis C. angiogenesis 30. Cell migration/spreading is: A. metastasis B. apoptosis C. angiogenesis 31. Which type of tumor is usually encapsulated and noninvasive? A. benign tumor B. malignant tumor 32. Which type of tumor is usually invasive and metastasizes? A. benign tumor B. malignant tumor 33. Cancers in blood-forming cells are called: A. B. C. D. lymphomas melanomas carcinomas leukemias 34. A tumor developing in lymphatic tissues is a: A. B. C. D. lymphoma carcinoma sarcoma leukemia 35. A tumor arising in epithelial tissues is a: A. B. C. D. lymphoma carcinoma sarcoma leukemia 36. Inheritance of a mutated tumor-suppressor gene which acts as an autosomal recessive allele A. predisposes one to cancer B. guarantees that cancer will develop C. predisposes one to cancer only if the other allele mutates 37. ___ is a type of skin cancer which tends to metastasize and can be fatal. A. B. C. D. Basal cell carcinoma Lymphoma Sarcoma Melanoma 38. Harry knows through genetic profiling that he has inherited a mutated RET gene. He A. is somewhat concerned about retinoblastoma but relieved that this gene acts in a way that requires the other gene to mutate before predisposition increases. B. is very concerned about his increased chances of developing thyroid cancer since this mutated gene acts as an autosomal dominant allele. C. knows that thyroid cancer will occur because this gene acts as an autosomal dominant allele and prepares for surgery. 39. Which of these is properly sequenced? A. inappropriate cell growth, mutation, proto-oncogene becomes an oncogene, signaling protein malfunctions B. signaling protein malfunctions, proto-oncogene becomes an oncogene, mutation, inappropriate cell growth C. mutation, proto-oncogene becomes an oncogene, signaling protein malfunctions, inappropriate cell growth D. mutation, signaling protein malfunctions, proto-oncogene become an oncogene, inappropriate cell growth 40. Which of the following changes in DNA? A. mutagen B. carcinogen C. Both choices are correct. 41. Which is an environmental agent that contributes to cancer? A. mutagen B. carcinogen 42. Most of our exposure to artificial sources of radiation comes from: A. B. C. D. nuclear power plant accidents diagnostic X rays cosmic radon nuclear bomb test explosion 43. Choose the following which has been associated with the formation of cancer. A. B. C. D. E. 2, 4-D nitroso-nor-nicotine asbestos viruses All of the choices are correct. 44. Choose the following virus that has been linked to human cancers. A. B. C. D. E. hepatitis B virus Epstein-Barr virus human papilloma virus HTLV-1 virus All of the choices are correct. 45. Which behaviors are NOT associated with cancer development? A. B. C. D. smoking cigars and drinking alcohol poor sleeping habits exposure to radon a high-fat diet 46. Which of these seems to play a role in the development of cancer? A. B. C. D. heredity carcinogens mutations All of the choices are correct. 47. Which of these is considered a carcinogen or carcinogenic? A. B. C. D. radiation toxic chemicals viruses All of the choices are correct. 48. Which of these is improperly matched? A. B. C. D. visible light spectrum--skin cancer HTLV-- hairy cell leukemia hepatitis B virus--liver cancer papillomavirus--cancer of the cervix 49. Choose the following that is NOT associated with the American Cancer Society's CAUTION warning signals. A. B. C. D. E. Change in diet A sore that does not heal Unusual bleeding Thickening or lump in breast All of the choices are associated. 50. Choose the following that is NOT associated with the American Cancer Society's CAUTION warning signals. A. B. C. D. E. Thickening or lump in breast Indigestion or difficulty swallowing Obvious change in wart or mole Nagging cough/hoarseness All of the choices are associated. 51. Choose the following that detects cervical cancers. A. B. C. D. E. digital rectal exam barium enema mammography Pap smear colonoscopy 52. The tumor marker, or substance released by colon cancer cells, that provokes a detectable antibody response in the body is called: A. B. C. D. E. p53 RB antigen CEA HCG MRI 53. Regular Pap smears are credited with preventing what percentage of cervical cancer deaths? A. B. C. D. 10% 30% 65% 90% 54. A test for cancer genes: A. B. C. D. requires DNA testing is possible for colon and breast cancer can be used to determine if cancer cells remain after a tumor had been removed All of the choices are correct. 55. Magnetic resonance imaging is particularly useful for determining the location of tumors: A. B. C. D. in the blood of the cervix of the brain and spinal cord lymphatic tumors 56. Use of taxol to treat ovarian cancer is an example of what type of treatment? A. B. C. D. gene therapy antimetastatic drugs chemotherapy antihormone therapy 57. Development of monoclonal antibodies which attach to receptor proteins on cancer cells is part of what type of treatment? A. B. C. D. immunotherapy antimetastatic drugs chemotherapy antihormone therapy 58. Chemotherapy may not be an effective treatment for some cancers because: A. B. C. D. effective therapies have not been discovered some cancer cells may be resistant cancers caused by viruses are nonsusceptible chemotherapy is a new therapy and not yet proven its effectiveness 59. In cancer therapy applications, monoclonal antibodies are primarily used to deliver: A. B. C. D. tumor-suppressor genes to cancer cells radioactive isotopes/chemotherapeutic drugs to cancer cells hormones to somatic cell receptors All of the choices are correct. 60. Which of these diagnostic procedures is used for breast cancer? A. B. C. D. mammography pap smear sigmoidoscopy stool blood test 61. Which of these diagnostic procedures is used for colon cancer? A. B. C. D. colonoscopy CEA blood test white cell count both a colonoscopy and CEA blood test 62. Which of these is NOT associated with the presence of a cancer? A. B. C. D. a sore that does not heal a lump in the breast changes in sleeping habits indigestion/change in bowel habits 63. The American Cancer Society recommends breast self-exams and testicular selfexams every: A. B. C. D. day month 6 months year 64. Genetic testing for melanoma involves the search for: A. B. C. D. E. RET gene BRCA1 p16 gene ras oncogene MRI 65. Which of these tumor antigens helps detect ovarian cancer? A. B. C. D. PSA CA-125 AFP CEA 66. Which of these tumor antigens tests for liver tumors? A. B. C. D. PSA AFP CEA CA-125 67. Which of the following is an incorrect match? A. B. C. D. nitrosourea - impede DNA repair alkylating agents - block enzymes needed for cells to live and grow mitotic inhibitors - inhibit cell division All of the choices are correct. 68. In immunotherapy, genetically engineered antigen presenting cells: A. B. C. D. express tumor antigens produce antibodies for tumor antigens present tumor antigens to cytotoxic T cells both express tumor antigens and express them to cytotoxic T cells 69. Taxol is: A. chemotherapy B. radiation 70. Which of the following has been proposed as future therapy? A. B. C. D. E. cancer vaccines monoclonal antibodies p53 gene therapy/induced tumor apoptosis angiogenesis inhibition All of the choices are correct. 71. Why is surgery often followed by radiation? A. B. C. D. It makes tumors easier to remove. Cancer cells may have spread throughout the body. The immune system may be depressed. Surgery removes primary tumors, while other cancer cells may be left behind. 72. Almost all cases of skin cancers are related to: A. B. C. D. E. diet/lack of exercise unnecessary exposure to X rays sun exposure alcohol hormone therapy 73. Which vegetables are associated with cancer prevention? A. B. C. D. peas and string beans potatoes and rice cabbage and broccoli mushrooms and peppers 74. Which vitamins are associated with cancer prevention? A. B. C. D. A and B B and C A and C All of the choices are correct. 75. Smoking two packs of cigarettes a day increases lung cancer mortality by: A. B. C. D. 5-10 times 10-12 times 15-25 times 30-50 times 76. Which cancers are associated with smoking cigarettes? A. B. C. D. E. lung cancer cancer of the larynx cancer of the throat cancer of the esophagus All of the choices are correct. 77. A PSA test may reveal the presence of: A. B. C. D. ovarian cancer prostate cancer thyroid cancer skin cancer 78. PSA stands for: A. B. C. D. polyp-specific antigen primary state analysis present sarcoma analysis prostate-specific antigen