Download Chemistry - TeacherWeb

Biochemistry
* The most common elements in living things are (in order) Carbon,
Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen (CHON).
* Organic Compounds have Carbon AND Hydrogen (ex: C6H
12O6 is organic; H2O, CO2, and NO3 are not). Organic molecules are also
larger than inorganic molecules.
* Carbohydrates are sugars and starches. All carbohydrates are made
from simple sugars (like glucose) and they supply energy.
* There are 3 categories of Carbohydrates that you need to know:
*Monosaccharides – also called simple sugars. Examples are Glucose,
Galactose, and Fructose.
The next step is to build BIGGER carbohydrates by putting simple
sugars together. The name of this process is Dehydration
Synthesis.
Dehydrate – to lose water
Synthesis – To build larger molecules by putting together smaller
ones.
When the H20 is removed; both molecules are bonded together by the
oxygen molecule that is left between them!
 Disaccharides – also known as double sugars. Examples are
Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose
Draw a Disaccharide here:
*Polysaccharides – also known as Complex Carbohydrates. They are
formed by Dehydration Synthesis of many many many simple sugars.
Examples are Glycogen, Starch, Chitin, and Cellulose
Draw a Polysaccharide here:
4.
Lipids are energy storing compounds. Examples are Fats, Oils and
Waxes. They are made from 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol. The process of
attaching these molecules to each other is called
_____________________ ______________________ .
5.
Proteins are made from amino acids.
Examples of important proteins:
1) Enzymes – involved in catalyzing all chemical reactions in cells
2) Receptor molecules on the cell membrane- these are used to receive
chemical messages (like hormones).
3) Antibodies- proteins designed to specifically match the shape of a
pathogen and mass produced by your body to fight infection.
4) Hormones – proteins involved in the regulation process. They have
specific shapes that affect only specialized “target” molecules on some off
your cells.
It is the SHAPE of proteins and how they fit together that determines
what proteins can do.
The molecule that an enzyme works on is called a SUBSTRATE.
An enzyme and its substrate fit together like puzzle pieces or a lock and
key.
The place where they fit together is called the ACTIVE SITE.