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GENERAL BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW June, 2010 ECOLOGY Biotic Abiotic Species Population Community Biome Biosphere Food chain Food web Autotroph Heterotroph Producer Consumer Decomposer Trophic Levels Herbivore Carnivore Omnivore Combustion Decomposition Pyramid of Numbers Biomass Pyramid Energy Pyramid Energy Loss Predation Predator/Prey Competition Cycles: water, carbon, nitrogen Nutrient Nutrient Nitrogen Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria Nitrogen Fixation Water vapor Evaporation Transpiration Condensation Precipitation Infiltration Runoff Groundwater Aquifer Surface water Birth Rate Death Rate Immigration Emigration Boom and Bust cycle Carrying Capacity Logistic Growth Curve Exponential Growth What does the Energy Pyramid tell us about how an ecosystem supports top predators? How does soil play an important role in the nitrogen cycle? Compare what the curves of exponential growth, the logistic growth curve, and the boom and bust cycle (like the Kaibab Plateau deer) show about a population. Describe the importance of what’s meant by the statement, “Energy flows, materials cycle” as it applies to natural systems. CHEMISTRY OF LIFE Atom Molecule Element Compound Proton Neutron Electron Nucleus (of an atom) Electron cloud Isotope Ion Ionic bond Covalent bond Hydrogen bond Activation Energy Reactant Product Polar Molecule Polarity Solvent Solute Solution Acid Base Buffer Mixture pH Hydrogen ion Hydroxide ion Building Block Monomer Polymer Carbohydrate Glucose Lactose Starch Glycogen Cellulose Lipid Glycerol Fatty Acid Saturated/Unsaturated fats Protein Amino Acid Peptide bond Polypeptide Enzyme Substrate Active site Catalyst Nucleic Acid Nucleotide Draw and label the structure of atoms, properly showing the location, number, and electric charges of the nucleus, protons, neutrons, and electrons; different energy levels; atomic mass and atomic number; and element symbol. (show Carbon , Calcium, Chlorine, and Sodium) Describe the number pattern in which electrons settle in the different energy levels. Why are atoms mostly unstable when alone, and why do they form bonds with other atoms? What are the exceptions to this? Describe how an ionic bond works, and diagram an example of atoms forming an ionic bond. What makes a substance an acid or a base? Describe the pH scale, including what it shows, its range, what is acid, neutral, and base, and examples of the pH of common substances. (distilled water, rain water, acid rain, vinegar, ammonia) Describe how a covalent bond works, and show an example of two atoms that form a covalent bond. How many covalent bonds do the following atoms make? H O N C Describe the four categories of organic compounds, name the building block compounds (monomers) and macromolecules (polymers) typical of each, and describe the functions they play in living cells. CELLS Cell Microscope Light microscope Electron Microscope Prokaryote Eukaryote Organelle Nucleus (of a cell) Nucleolus Cell Membrane Selective Permeability Phospholipid bi-layer Fluid mosaic model Transport Proteins Diffusion Osmosis Cell wall Cellulose Chloroplast Mitochondrion Ribosome Lysosome Cytoplasm Vacuole Describe the three parts of the cell theory. Describe how the molecular structure of the cell membrane makes it function as a selectively permeable membrane. Explain how the concentration gradient for materials (like sugar or salt or starch) from one side of a membrane to another can cause the movement of those materials, or of water, through the membrane. ENERGY FOR LIFE ATP ADP Photosynthesis Light Dependent Chlorophyll ATP synthase NADPH Calvin cycle Aerobic Respiration Glycolysis Citric Acid cycle Electron Transport chain Chemiosmosis Anaerobic Fermentation Compare Photosynthesis with Aerobic Respiration Describe how the structure of the chloroplast and mitochondria are essential for carrying out their functions. Relate the processes of the chloroplast and mitochondrion to the carbon cycle. CELL DIVISION Cell Cycle G1, S, G2 Mitosis Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis Sister Chromatids Spindle, spindle fiber Centromere Chromosome Chromatin Centriole Cell Plate Meiosis Homologous chromosomes Diploid Haploid Gamete Zygote Egg, sperm Compare the processes of mitosis and meiosis, in terms of what happens to the chromosome number, where they happen, and what there purposes are. Why is it said that meiosis is a great creator of diversity in species. DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid Double helix Nucleotide Nitrogen base Complementary N- Bases Hydrogen bond Chargaff’s rule Watson and Crick Replication Protein synthesis Transcription Ribonucleic Acid RNA nucleotides Translation mRNA tRNA polypepetide protein mutation Mutagen Name the two most important things DNA can do, and describe how each of them happens Relate the process of DNA replication to the cell cycle and mitosis. (where does it fit in, why is it important) EVOLUTION Geologic/evolutionary timeline Fossil formation and types Relative dating Radiometric dating C14 Half-life Variation/biodiversity Struggle for survival Selection pressure Survival of the fittest Charles Darwin Evolution by natural selection Evidence for evolution Describe the evidence that led Darwin to develop his idea of evolution by natural selection Describe the process of evolution by natural selection.
