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Name or student number __________________________ Graded by __________________________ Chapter 1 - 12 Review Quiz Once upon a time, there were high school students at Career Center who learned that biology is the study of life. One process involved in the life of any organism is mitosis. During mitosis and meiosis, chromosomes replicate during 1.________ _______________ of interphase. These chromosomes will condense during prophase, align in the middle of the cell during metaphase and are then separated during anaphase. The separation of sister chromatids occurs directly when 2.___________________ ____________________ shorten. During cytokinesis, animal cells will form a 3.____________ ______________ & plant cells will form a 4.____________ ________________. Both mitosis & meiosis are highly regulated by the actions of cyclins & 5.__________________ ______________, an enzyme that depends on cyclin to add a 6._______________ ___________________ in order to activate a molecule & initiate a signal transduction pathway that leads to cell division. All signal transduction pathways start with reception. Some receptors like 7._____________ ______________ are integral proteins while the 8.____________ _______________ receptor is an intracellular receptor. Once activated, the receptors activate 2nd messengers such as 9.______________________ & 10.___________________________ that carry the signal into the cell so that it may respond. As we look specifically, the release of Ca+2 ions from the 11._______________________ occurs when the enzyme 12.________________________________________ cleaves the phospholipid 13.________________________ to release a specific 2nd messenger that leads to a specific cellular response. Energy for cellular metabolism is generated in the 14.__________________________, an organelle found in most eukaryotes. During this process, glucose is 15.______________________________ as it loses electrons in the process of 16._______________________, the 1st step of cellular respiration. The final carbon-containing compound in this process, 17.___________________, may undergo either aerobic or anaerobic respiration depending on whether of not O2 is present. During the process of aerobic respiration, electrons are transported to the electron transport chain by 18.___________ & 19._____________. During the citric acid cycle, ATP is formed by 20.____________________ ______________________, the same way it is formed during glycolysis. However, most of the ATP is generated by 21.______________________ __________________________ as H+ flow down their concentration gradient through the enzyme 22._________ ______________. Speaking of enzymes, each one works on a molecule that has a specific shape known as a 23.______________________. Enzymes function by lowering the 24.___________________ ______________________. Some enzymes require other things to help them maintain their proper 3D shape. This can be a non-protein helper known as a 25._____________________________ or an organic helper like a vitamin known as a coenzyme like 26._________________________ that shuttles electrons to the electron transport chain during cellular respiration. In some metabolic pathways, molecules that bind at a remote site assist the enzyme in its function. In this case, this molecule would be known as an 27.____________________ _________________________. Regarding metabolism, 28._______________________ processes form bonds through 29.________________ _________________ that require energy. This energy is made available through the hydrolysis of 30._____________________. As we consider the cell membrane, we know that it is primarily composed of 31.____________________, which are molecules that are considered to be 32.____________________________ because they are both polar & non-polar. The main property of a membrane is its 33.______________________________ ___________________________ because it only lets certain molecules in or out. Membranes allow cells to keep their internal environment separate & different from their external environment. If the internal environment has less solute than its external environment, the internal region is said to be 34.__________________________ when compared to the external region. If they have the same concentration of solutes then they are said to be 35.______________________. The fluidity of a membrane can be altered by temperature, unsaturated fatty acid chains or 36.__________________________, a natural membrane component. Molecules that are either charged or are too large to pass through a membrane require help. This help comes from 37._______________________ proteins that are embedded within the membrane. If energy is required then 38.______________ ____________________ will occur; however, if NO energy is required then 39._________________________ _______________________ will occur through these proteins. As we move into the cell, we notice various organelles. In addition to the nucleus, the 40._____________________________ & 41.___________________________ also contain DNA. Because these organelles have DNA, ribosomes & other similar processes to bacteria, they are though to have evolved through _____________________________________________ (bonus). Another organelle known as the 42._____________________________ has hydrolytic enzymes responsible for recycling molecules and carbon skeletons within the cell. Proteins are made on 43._______________________________ which are synthesized in the 44.__________________________. One organelle found in animals but not plants is the 45._____________________. As we know, organelles are made up of various macromolecules such as polysaccharides, proteins, lipids & nucleic acids. Each of these macromolecules is composed of individual monomers joined together by covalent bonds. For example, proteins are made of 46._____________ ________________ held together specifically by 47._____________________ bonds. The monomers for polysaccharides are 48.______________________________________ while the monomers of nucleic acids are 49.____________________, which are composed of 50.__________________________, 51.____________ _____________ and 52.________________ __________________ that gives a cell its 53.________________________ charge. Fats have a 54.__________________________ backbone that have either saturated or unsaturated fatty acids attached by an ester bond. The difference between that saturated & unsaturated fatty acids is the presence of a 55.___________________________ found in the unsaturated fatty acid. Carbon is an extremely important molecule that provides the 3D shape for most molecules here on planet Earth. The difference in function for these carbon-based molecules depends on which functional group is bound to the carbon skeleton. For example, the monomer of proteins has 2 such functional groups, namely the 56.________________________ & 57.____________________. Carbohydrates, on the other hand, have 58.__________________ and 59.____________________ functional groups. Carbon is able to form 60.______________________ (a number) bonds with other elements. Another important biological molecule is water. The atoms within water are held together by 61._____________________ ___________________________ bonds because oxygen has a high affinity for electrons known as 62.________________________. One important property of water is the fact that it is considered to be the 63._________________________________________ because it dissolves other polar substances & ionic substances. Some other properties of water include its ability to bind to other polar substances known as 64.____________________________ as well as its ability to stick to itself, also known as 65.____________________. One last topic I’d like to go over is the various levels of protein structure. A protein’s primary structure is its 66._____________ ___________________ _______________________. Secondary structure depends on 67.___________ ______________________ while tertiary structure is maintained by a covalent bond known as a 68.____________________ __________________________. Quarternary structure occurs when 69.__________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________. One last question to get up to en even 70. What is the name of the biotechnique that separates things based on weight & density? 70._______________________________________.