Download Chapter 1 - 13 Review Quiz

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Chapter 1 - 12 Review Quiz
Once upon a time, there were high school students at Career Center who learned that biology is the study
of life. One process involved in the life of any organism is mitosis. During mitosis and meiosis, chromosomes
replicate during 1.________ _______________ of interphase. These chromosomes will condense during
prophase, align in the middle of the cell during metaphase and are then separated during anaphase. The separation
of sister chromatids occurs directly when 2.___________________ ____________________ shorten. During
cytokinesis, animal cells will form a 3.____________ ______________ & plant cells will form a 4.____________
________________. Both mitosis & meiosis are highly regulated by the actions of cyclins &
5.__________________ ______________, an enzyme that depends on cyclin to add a 6._______________
___________________ in order to activate a molecule & initiate a signal transduction pathway that leads to cell
division.
All signal transduction pathways start with reception. Some receptors like 7._____________
______________ are integral proteins while the 8.____________ _______________ receptor is an
intracellular receptor. Once activated, the receptors activate 2nd messengers such as
9.______________________ & 10.___________________________ that carry the signal into the cell so that
it may respond. As we look specifically, the release of Ca+2 ions from the 11._______________________ occurs
when the enzyme 12.________________________________________ cleaves the phospholipid
13.________________________ to release a specific 2nd messenger that leads to a specific cellular response.
Energy for cellular metabolism is generated in the 14.__________________________, an organelle
found in most eukaryotes. During this process, glucose is 15.______________________________ as it loses
electrons in the process of 16._______________________, the 1st step of cellular respiration. The final
carbon-containing compound in this process, 17.___________________, may undergo either aerobic or anaerobic
respiration depending on whether of not O2 is present. During the process of aerobic respiration, electrons are
transported to the electron transport chain by 18.___________ & 19._____________. During the citric acid
cycle, ATP is formed by 20.____________________ ______________________, the same way it is formed
during glycolysis. However, most of the ATP is generated by 21.______________________
__________________________ as H+ flow down their concentration gradient through the enzyme
22._________ ______________.
Speaking of enzymes, each one works on a molecule that has a specific shape known as a
23.______________________. Enzymes function by lowering the 24.___________________
______________________. Some enzymes require other things to help them maintain their proper 3D shape.
This can be a non-protein helper known as a 25._____________________________ or an organic helper like a
vitamin known as a coenzyme like 26._________________________ that shuttles electrons to the electron
transport chain during cellular respiration. In some metabolic pathways, molecules that bind at a remote site
assist the enzyme in its function. In this case, this molecule would be known as an 27.____________________
_________________________. Regarding metabolism, 28._______________________ processes form bonds
through 29.________________ _________________ that require energy. This energy is made available
through the hydrolysis of 30._____________________.
As we consider the cell membrane, we know that it is primarily composed of 31.____________________,
which are molecules that are considered to be 32.____________________________ because they are both
polar & non-polar. The main property of a membrane is its 33.______________________________
___________________________ because it only lets certain molecules in or out. Membranes allow cells to keep
their internal environment separate & different from their external environment. If the internal environment has
less solute than its external environment, the internal region is said to be 34.__________________________
when compared to the external region. If they have the same concentration of solutes then they are said to be
35.______________________. The fluidity of a membrane can be altered by temperature, unsaturated fatty
acid chains or 36.__________________________, a natural membrane component. Molecules that are either
charged or are too large to pass through a membrane require help. This help comes from
37._______________________ proteins that are embedded within the membrane. If energy is required then
38.______________ ____________________ will occur; however, if NO energy is required then
39._________________________ _______________________ will occur through these proteins.
As we move into the cell, we notice various organelles. In addition to the nucleus, the
40._____________________________ & 41.___________________________ also contain DNA. Because
these organelles have DNA, ribosomes & other similar processes to bacteria, they are though to have evolved
through _____________________________________________ (bonus). Another organelle known as the
42._____________________________ has hydrolytic enzymes responsible for recycling molecules and carbon
skeletons within the cell. Proteins are made on 43._______________________________ which are synthesized
in the 44.__________________________. One organelle found in animals but not plants is the
45._____________________.
As we know, organelles are made up of various macromolecules such as polysaccharides, proteins, lipids &
nucleic acids. Each of these macromolecules is composed of individual monomers joined together by covalent bonds.
For example, proteins are made of 46._____________ ________________ held together specifically by
47._____________________ bonds. The monomers for polysaccharides are
48.______________________________________ while the monomers of nucleic acids are
49.____________________, which are composed of 50.__________________________, 51.____________
_____________ and 52.________________ __________________ that gives a cell its
53.________________________ charge. Fats have a 54.__________________________ backbone that have
either saturated or unsaturated fatty acids attached by an ester bond. The difference between that saturated &
unsaturated fatty acids is the presence of a 55.___________________________ found in the unsaturated
fatty acid.
Carbon is an extremely important molecule that provides the 3D shape for most molecules here on planet
Earth. The difference in function for these carbon-based molecules depends on which functional group is bound to
the carbon skeleton. For example, the monomer of proteins has 2 such functional groups, namely the
56.________________________ & 57.____________________. Carbohydrates, on the other hand, have
58.__________________ and 59.____________________ functional groups. Carbon is able to form
60.______________________ (a number) bonds with other elements.
Another important biological molecule is water. The atoms within water are held together by
61._____________________ ___________________________ bonds because oxygen has a high affinity for
electrons known as 62.________________________. One important property of water is the fact that it is
considered to be the 63._________________________________________ because it dissolves other polar
substances & ionic substances. Some other properties of water include its ability to bind to other polar substances
known as 64.____________________________ as well as its ability to stick to itself, also known as
65.____________________.
One last topic I’d like to go over is the various levels of protein structure. A protein’s primary structure is
its 66._____________ ___________________ _______________________. Secondary structure depends
on 67.___________ ______________________ while tertiary structure is maintained by a covalent bond known
as a 68.____________________ __________________________. Quarternary structure occurs when
69.__________________________________________
______________________________________________________________.
One last question to get up to en even 70. What is the name of the biotechnique that separates things based on
weight & density? 70._______________________________________.