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REGIONAL B ROUND 10 TOSS-UP 1) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice In which of the following products were trans fats most prominent in foods during the mid-20th century and one of the first edible products for humans produced by hydrogenation: W) breakfast cereals X) margarine Y) milk products Z) chocolate ANSWER: X) MARGARINE BONUS 1) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer Order the following 3 foods from the one typically with the MOST saturated fat to the one with the LEAST: chicken; beef; tuna fish ANSWER: BEEF; CHICKEN; TUNA FISH TOSS-UP 2) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT true regarding human nutrition: W) some amino acids necessary for protein synthesis are required in the diet X) essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by humans Y) some fatty acids are considered essential to the diet Z) vitamins are needed on a daily basis because they are consumed in the reactions they catalyze ANSWER: Z) VITAMINS ARE NEEDED ON A DAILY BASIS BECAUSE THEY ARE CONSUMED IN THE REACTIONS THEY CATALYZE BONUS 2) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer Name the one of the following 4 animals that would have a tooth number and structure most different from the other 3 animals: tiger; dog; goat; weasel ANSWER: GOAT (Solution: the only herbivore) 2010 Middle School Regional B Round 10 Page 1 TOSS-UP 3) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following best describes the following reaction: 2Na(solid) + Cl2(gas) 2NaCl(solid) W) decomposition X) synthesis Y) single replacement Z) double replacement ANSWER: X) SYNTHESIS BONUS 3) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer What is the speed, in meters per second, of a surface wave that has a frequency of 2 hertz and a wavelength of 2 meters? ANSWER: 4 (Solution: f λ = speed) TOSS-UP 4) EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT a factor that directly influences wave size in the open ocean: W) wind speed X) swell Y) fetch Z) water depth ANSWER: X) SWELL BONUS 4) EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice The lower layer of all the Earth’s oceans, that comprises the cold deep water sphere, makes up about what percent of the total ocean volume: W) 20 X) 40 Y) 60 Z) 80 ANSWER: Z) 80 2010 Middle School Regional B Round 10 Page 2 TOSS-UP 5) MATH Short Answer Any positive angle between 270º and 360º lies in what quadrant of the coordinate plane? ANSWER: 4 (ACCEPT: FOURTH) BONUS 5) MATH Short Answer What is the length, in feet, of a shadow cast by a tree with a height of 45 feet if at the same time a 6-foot pole casts a shadow that is 2 feet long? ANSWER: 15 (Solution: 6/2 = 45/x) TOSS-UP 6) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer Choosing from roundworms, flat worms, bacteria, or fungi, what general type of organisms causes the human skin infection called ringworm? ANSWER: FUNGI (ACCEPT: FUNGUS) BONUS 6) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice For which of the following is a flame test in a chemistry lab typically used: W) flammability of certain volatile compounds X) flammability of any compound or element Y) detection of certain metal ions Z) removal of impurities from ionic compounds ANSWER: Y) DETECTION OF CERTAIN METAL IONS 2010 Middle School Regional B Round 10 Page 3 TOSS-UP 7) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer What is the most common name for the biological process where glucose is oxidized to pyruvate (read as: pye-RHU-vait)? ANSWER: GLYCOLYSIS BONUS 7) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer What non-membrane bound organelle or structure of a nucleated cell is made of both protein and RNA and functions to hold the mRNA and tRNA in place during translation? ANSWER: RIBOSOME(S) TOSS-UP 8) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice With which of the following is the energy of a surface wave on the ocean most directly correlated: W) speed X) velocity Y) amplitude Z) resonance ANSWER: Y) AMPLITUDE BONUS 8) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer If gravitational acceleration is rounded to the nearest whole number, how many meters will a ball fall from a resting position in one second, if friction is ignored? ANSWER: 5 2010 Middle School Regional B Round 10 Page 4 TOSS-UP 9) EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following was most likely formed from magma that cooled slowly: W) granite X) obsidian Y) basalt Z) scoria ANSWER: W) GRANITE BONUS 9) EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following best describes how glacial eskers are formed: W) glacial till that accumulates on the sides of a glacier X) thawing of blocks of glacial ice buried in glacial till Y) ridges of sand and gravel deposited by streams that form in tunnels at the terminal end of a glacier Z) crevasses in ice that fill with subglacial meltwater ANSWER: Y) RIDGES OF SAND AND GRAVEL DEPOSITED BY STREAMS THAT FORM IN TUNNELS AT THE TERMINAL END OF A GLACIER TOSS-UP 10) MATH Short Answer Name all of the following 4 choices that are NOT defined: 10 0 0 ; ; ; zero times ten 0 10 0 ANSWER: 10 0 ; 0 0 BONUS 10) MATH Short Answer Evaluate the following expression, x – | y – 7 | (read as: x minus the absolute value of y – 7, close absolute value), when x = 1 and y = –5: ANSWER: –11 2010 Middle School Regional B Round 10 Page 5 TOSS-UP 11) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Sunspots last peaked around the year 2000. Which of the following years is CLOSEST to the next expected peak: W) 2013 X) 2018 Y) 2024 Z) 2027 ANSWER: W) 2013 BONUS 11) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following food additives is a common emulsifying agent derived from seaweed: W) BHT X) carrageenan Y) guar gum Z) BHA ANSWER: X) CARRAGEENAN TOSS-UP 12) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following biological molecules would most likely be LEAST hydrophilic: W) amino acid X) simple sugar Y) fructose Z) cholesterol ANSWER: Z) CHOLESTEROL BONUS 12) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice If 2 plants are classified in the same class, they must also belong to the same: W) genus X) species Y) order Z) division ANSWER: Z) DIVISION 2010 Middle School Regional B Round 10 Page 6 TOSS-UP 13) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer Which one of Newton’s Laws of motion did Newton use to derive the law of Conservation of Momentum? ANSWER: THIRD BONUS 13) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer A lever has a 5-gram mass located 6 centimeters from its fulcrum. On the opposite side of the fulcrum is a 2-gram mass. How far, in centimeters, must the 2-gram mass be placed from the fulcrum to equally balance the 5-gram mass? ANSWER: 15 TOSS-UP 14) EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following typically form when a continental margin encounters a subduction zone: W) mountain chains X) basin and domes Y) rift zones Z) magnetic anomalies ANSWER: W) MOUNTAIN CHAINS BONUS 14) EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice In which of the following areas are you LEAST likely to find geysers or hot springs: W) Wyoming X) Iceland Y) Michigan Z) California ANSWER: Y) MICHIGAN 2010 Middle School Regional B Round 10 Page 7 TOSS-UP 15) MATH Short Answer Expand the following logarithmic expression: log x3 ANSWER: 3 LOG X (ACCEPT: 3 LOG BASE 10 OF X) BONUS 15) MATH Short Answer Remove all negative exponents and simplify the following expression: x 2 y 3 5x 0 y 7 ANSWER: 1 5x 2 y 4 TOSS-UP 16) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following would occur to a stargazer at the equator: W) all stars would stay in their position overnight X) all stars would rise in the south and set in the north Y) all stars would rise in the east and set in the west Z) only circumpolar stars would be visible ANSWER: Y) ALL STARS WOULD RISE IN THE EAST AND SET IN THE WEST BONUS 16) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following best describes why the part of the Moon that is not brightly lighted still appears to have a slight glow: W) sunlight reflected off the Earth back onto the Moon X) scattering of light in outer space Y) reflected light off the Moon’s surface Z) reflected light from the Moon’s atmosphere ANSWER: W) SUNLIGHT REFLECTED OFF THE EARTH BACK ONTO THE MOON 2010 Middle School Regional B Round 10 Page 8 TOSS-UP 17) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer In flowering plants, while one pollen nucleus fuses with the egg cell, with what 2 nuclei does the other pollen nucleus fuse? ANSWER: POLAR NUCLEI (ACCEPT: CENTRAL NUCLEI) BONUS 17) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer The flowers of lilies have floral parts typically in multiples of what number? ANSWER: 3 TOSS-UP 18) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer If the atomic mass of carbon is 12.0 and the atomic mass of oxygen is 16.0, then how many grams of carbon dioxide will have one mole of atoms? ANSWER: 44 BONUS 18) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer By words or number, name all of the following 4 choices in which at least one new element will be formed from the original element or elements: 1) nuclear fission; 2) nuclear fusion; 3) fluorescence; 4) chemical reaction ANSWER: 1; 2 2010 Middle School Regional B Round 10 Page 9 TOSS-UP 19) EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is generally TRUE of lava: W) lava cannot erupt under water X) all lava has the same chemical composition Y) lava is always produced during volcanic activity Z) lava is molten material that cooled and hardened on Earth’s surface ANSWER: Z) LAVA IS MOLTEN MATERIAL THAT COOLED AND HARDENED ON EARTH’S SURFACE BONUS 19) EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is widely accepted as the driving mechanism behind the movement of Earth’s lithospheric plates: W) convection currents within the mantle X) remnant elastic energy stored within the core and mantle Y) rotational energy in the Earth’s core Z) steep pressure gradient between the core and mantle ANSWER: W) CONVECTION CURRENTS WITHIN THE MANTLE TOSS-UP 20) MATH Multiple Choice Which of the following is closest to 167 : W) 11 X) 12 Y) 13 Z) 14 ANSWER: Y) 13 BONUS 20) MATH Short Answer Factor the following expression completely over the integers: 16x4 – 9 ANSWER: (4x2 + 3)(4x2 – 3) 2010 Middle School Regional B Round 10 Page 10 TOSS-UP 21) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer What is the most common coolant used in commercial nuclear reactors in the U.S.? ANSWER: WATER BONUS 21) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer What is the most common isotope used as a nuclear fuel in commercial nuclear reactors in the U.S.? ANSWER: URANIUM-235 (ACCEPT: U-235) TOSS-UP 22) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer In vertebrate germ cells, how many chromatids are in a single chromosome at the middle of anaphase of mitosis? ANSWER: 1 BONUS 22) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer What is the name for the female organ in sphagnum moss plants? ANSWER: ARCHEGONIA 2010 Middle School Regional B Round 10 Page 11 TOSS-UP 23) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer If the speed of a flying bird doubles, how many times as much kinetic energy does it possess? ANSWER: 4 BONUS 23) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer Arrange the following 4 substances in order of INCREASING pH: hand soap; lime juice; egg white; black coffee ANSWER: LIME JUICE; BLACK COFFEE; EGG WHITE; HAND SOAP (Solution: lime juice ~ 2; black coffee ~ 5; egg white ~ 7.8; hand soap ~ 10) TOSS-UP 24) EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is the best explanation for the cause of Earth’s seasons: W) varying distances from the Sun because of Earth’s elliptical orbit X) 23.5º tilt in Earth’s rotation axis with respect to the ecliptic Y) yearly changes in perihelion and aphelion Z) the Earth’s yearly precessional movement ANSWER: X) 23.5º TILT IN EARTH’S ROTATION AXIS WITH RESPECT TO THE ECLIPTIC BONUS 24) EARTH SCIENCE Short Answer Name all of the following 4 choices that are potential groundwater contaminants: pesticides; agricultural fertilizers; volatile organic compounds; dihydrogen oxide ANSWER: PESTICIDES; AGRICULTURAL FERTILIZERS; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (ACCEPT: ALL BUT DIHYDROGEN OXIDE) (Solution: dihydrogen oxide = H2O) 2010 Middle School Regional B Round 10 Page 12 TOSS-UP 25) MATH Short Answer Giving your answer in decimal form, evaluate 0.09 : ANSWER: 0.3 BONUS 25) MATH Short Answer Bernard spent $100.00 for 7 used textbooks. If the math books cost $10 and the science books cost $20, how many math and science books, respectively, did he purchase? ANSWER: MATH = 4; SCIENCE = 3 (Solution: x + y = 7; 10x + 20y = 100; solve system of equations, x = 4 and y = 3) 2010 Middle School Regional B Round 10 Page 13