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CHAPTER 3: Vocabulary Lesson 8: Levels of Organization (From Cells to Organisms) The levels of organization in order: a. cell (lowest level) b. tissue c. organ d. organ system e. organism (highest level) Vocabulary: Coach book p. 54 has a chart of the human organ systems 1. tissue -- a group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function ex. a group of nerve cells form nervous tissue the four main types of tissues that animals have are: epithelial 2. connective muscle nervous organ -- a group of tissues that work together to perform a function or task ex. stomach, heart, brain, liver, ears, skin 3. organ system-- a group of organs that work together to perform a complex function ex. digestive system Complete the Lesson Review questions on p. 56 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. Lesson 9: The Respiratory and Circulatory Systems Respiratory System: 4. cellular respiration-- the process in which oxygen is combined with glucose to release energy 5. respiratory system—the body system that takes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide 6. lungs—elastic, sponge-like organs in the chest (the main organs of the respiratory system) 7. alveoli (singular: alveolus)—tiny air sacs within the lungs where gases are exchanged between the lungs and the blood oxygen enters the blood through the thin walls of the alveoli 8. trachea—also called the windpipe; the tube that transports air from the throat to the lungs 9. bronchi— a pair of tubes that branch off of the trachea and enter the lungs 10. diaphragm—a sheet-like muscle just below the lungs that expands and contracts the chest cavity to control breathing Circulatory System: 11. circulatory system—the transport system that uses blood to carry nutrients, oxygen, etc. to the cells of the body and carries wastes away from the cells 1 CHAPTER 3: Vocabulary 12. heart—a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body 13. atria (singular: atrium)—the upper chambers of each side of the heart (left atrium, right atrium) 14. ventricle-- the lower chambers of each side of the heart (left ventricle, right ventricle) 15. arteries—blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart (with oxygen) 16. veins-- blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart (without oxygen) 17. capillaries—tiny blood vessels that connect the arteries and veins; they exchange gases and nutrients between the blood and body cells 18. plasma—a yellowish fluid that is mostly water in which blood cells are suspended; it also contains dissolved nutrients, minerals, salts, and gases 19. red blood cells—carry oxygen to the cells of the body and carry carbon dioxide away 20. white blood cells—the type of blood cells that help the body fight disease by attacking invading microorganisms and making antibodies to fight infection 21. platelets—cell fragments that help form blood clots to stop bleeding Complete the Lesson Review questions on p. 61 1. D 2. A 3. C 4. A Lesson 10: The Nervous System: 22. nervous system—the body system that controls and coordinates the body’s functions and its responses to stimuli 23. stimuli (singular: stimulus)—anything in the internal or external environment that causes a response 24. central nervous system (CNS) -- the brain and the spinal cord (coach p.63-64) 25. brain—the organ that controls most of the body’s activities; the main organ of the nervous system 26. spinal cord—a bundle of nerves that links the peripheral nerves and the brain 27. peripheral nervous system (PNS) -- the nerves that branch out from the central nervous system 28. neurons-- nerve cells 29. impulse—an electrical signal that a neuron carries 30. dendrites -- the part of the neuron that carries impulses toward the cell body 31. axon-- the part of the neuron that carries impulses away from the cell body 32. sensory neuron-- a neuron that picks up stimuli from the environment and sends a nerve impulse toward the brain 2 CHAPTER 3: Vocabulary your bodies’ largest sense organ is your skin 33. motor neuron -- a neuron that carries an impulse to muscles telling them to contract or relax 34. interneurons-- neurons found in the brain and spinal cord that carry impulses between sensory and motor neurons 35. reflex-- an automatic response that occurs without conscious control path of a reflex response to touching something hot: a. your fingers touch the hot item b. sensory neurons in your fingertips detect a stimulus c. they send impulses through your hand and arm to your spinal cord d. your spinal cord sends an immediate response to your arm muscles e. those impulses cause you to quickly pull your hand away from the heat by stimulating the motor neurons in your arm and hand f. other nerve impulses travel to your spinal cord to your brain which sends a signal that tells your hand it feels pain Complete the Lesson Review p. 65-66 1. C 2. B 3. A 4.D 3