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Post-Classical Trade Routes WHAP/Napp Do Now: “The great crossroads of the world’s shipping lanes in the period 1100-1500 was the Indian Ocean. Its waters encompass three distinct geographic sectors, each with its own cultural orientation. The western sector sweeps from the East African coast across Arabia and continues on to the west coast of India. From the time of Alexander the Great and the Roman Empire, Greek sailors participated in this trade. By the first century B.C.E. Greek sailors had learned to use the monsoon winds to navigate these waters swiftly and effectively. From the fourth to the eighth centuries, following the decline and fall of the Roman Empire, two new groups dominated this western region of the Indian Ocean: sailors from Axum (modern Ethiopia and Eritrea), and its Red Sea port of Adulis, and sailors from Sassanian Persia, an empire that was in the ascendant in western Asia at the time. From the eighth to the sixteenth century, Arab Muslim traders and sailors became masters of the western Indian Ocean Sea lanes…As Islam inspired the people of Arabia to undertake expeditions of conquest by land beginning in the seventh century; Arab sailors also began to assume prominence in the Indian Ocean trade. Among Arabs living at the southern end of the Arabian Peninsula, some had experience with sea trade, but those to the north, the majority, did not. As Arab armies moved still further north, however, they came into contact with, conquered, and learned from previous masters of the Indian Ocean, the Sassanians of Iran. Mastering these new skills, and inspired by their own expansionism, Arab sailors displaced the Sassanians. In 762 C.E. the new Abbasid dynasty built a new capital in Baghdad, in the heartland of Mesopotamia. In this land that had participated in sea trade for millennia, the Arabs’ concern for oceanic trade increased further…Arab sailors became true masters of the Indian Ocean trade… In the eastern waters of the Indian Ocean, for example – from India and the Bay of Bengal to Indo-China and the Malacca Straits – Indian sailors and merchants, largely Hindu, had predominated. East of the Malacca Straits, these sailors entered into the South China Sea, attracted by China’s wealth and luxury products. Despite the geographical distance of their homes from this region, they came to surpass in importance the more local Chinese and East Asian merchants.” ~ The World’s History 1- What lands or regions were connected by trade in the Indian Ocean basin? ________________________________________________________________________ 2- How were Greek sailors able to trade in the Indian Ocean by the first century BCE? ________________________________________________________________________ 3- What groups dominated the western Indian Ocean Sea Lanes in the 4th to 8th centuries? ______________________________________________________________ 4- Who became masters of the western Indian Ocean Sea Lanes in the 8th to 16th century? _______________________________________________________________ 5- How did the successful conquests by Arabs change Arab Muslim traders and sailors? ________________________________________________________________ 6- Who dominated the eastern waters of the Indian Ocean? ________________________________________________________________________ I. A. B. C. The Silk Roads Land-based trade routes that linked pastoral and agricultural peoples More of a “relay trade” in which goods were passed down the line Prospered most when powerful states provided security for merchants 1. Trade flourished during the classical era - Roman and Han 2. Flourished7th and 8th centuries CE Byzantine, Abbasid, T’ang 3. Flourished 13th and 14th centuries: Pax MongoliaMongol Empire D. Luxury products for elite/wealthysilk came to symbolize exchange E. Conduit of Culture 1. Buddhism spread on Silk Roads – owing much to merchants 2. Buddhism had appealed to merchants universal message 3. Buddhism changed on the Silk Roads a) More devotional Mahayana form of Buddhism flourished 4. Diseases a) Diseases traveled the trade routes of Eurasia too b) Smallpox and measles devastated populations of both the Roman Empire and Han dynasty, contributing to their political collapse c) Bubonic plague ravaged Mediterranean region between 534 and 750 CE 1. Preventing Byzantium from reintegrating Italy into empire 2. Most well-known Black Death from China to EuropeBetween 1346 and 1350, about one-third of Europe perished from plague II. Indian Ocean Trade A. Transportation costs were lower on the Sea B. Monsoons with their alternative wind currents that blew predictably eastward during the summer months and westward during winter C. Operated across an “archipelago of towns” D. The fulcrum of this growing commerce lay in India itself E. Significant impact-Southeast Asia/East Africa: Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam F. Malay sailors opened an all-sea route between India and China through the Straits of Malacca around 350 CE 1. Malay kingdom of Srivijaya dominated choke point from 670 to 1025 G. Sailendra kingdom in central Java between the 8th and 10th centuries featuring Hindu temples/Buddhist monuments (most famousBorobudur) I. In East Africa, civilization known as Swahili (also a language) emerged in the 8th century CE, stretching from present-day Somalia to Mozambique 1. Language: grammatically African within Bantu family but Arabic script III. West Africa A. Trans-African trade connected North Africa and West AfricaSalt for GoldCamel introduced 300 to 400 CE B. Islam entered along trade routesAlso Kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and SonghaiUrban and commercial centers – such as Koumbi-Saleh, Jenne, Timbuktu, Gao, Gobir, and Kano C. Americasgeographic obstacles to trade 1. North/South Orientation 2. Isolated from Eurasia/Africa until 1492 - Oceans 1- Why was trade on the Silk Roads a “relay trade”? What is a “relay trade”? __________________________________________________________________________ 2- When did trade on the Silk Roads prosper? __________________________________________________________________________ 3- Why did trade flourish on the Silk Roads during the Mongol Empire? __________________________________________________________________________ 4- What goods were traded on the Silk Roads? __________________________________________________________________________ 5- What belief system spread on the Silk Roads? __________________________________________________________________________ 6- Why did Buddhism appeal to merchants? __________________________________________________________________________ 7- How did Buddhism change on the Silk Roads? __________________________________________________________________________ 8- What is the primary difference between Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism? __________________________________________________________________________ 9- Why did disease spread on the Silk Roads? __________________________________________________________________________ 10- Provide an example of disease spreading on the Silk Roads. __________________________________________________________________________ 11- How did the spread of disease on the Silk Roads impact Western Europeans? __________________________________________________________________________ 12- How did the monsoons affect trade in the Indian Ocean Trade Network? __________________________________________________________________________ 13- Explain the statement: “Indian Ocean Trade operated across an ‘archipelago of towns.’” __________________________________________________________________ 14- How did Malay sailors impact Indian Ocean Trade? __________________________________________________________________________ 15- What was Borobudur? __________________________________________________________________________ 16- Why is the Swahili language evidence of diffusion as a result of trade? __________________________________________________________________________ 17- Identify the region of the Swahili kingdoms. __________________________________________________________________________ 18- Identify two facts about the Trans-Saharan trade routes. __________________________________________________________________________ 19- What religion entered West Africa along the Trans-Saharan trade routes? __________________________________________________________________________ 20- Identify important commercial centers of West Africa. __________________________________________________________________________ 21- What geographic obstacles impacted trade within and with the Americas? __________________________________________________________________________ 2009 Change Over Time Essay from the World History AP Analyze continuities and changes in patterns of interactions along the Silk Roads from 200 B.C.E. to 1450 C.E. A- Identify one change: _____________ B- Identify one continuity: _______________ 2008 Change Over Time Essay from World History AP Analyze the changes and continuities in commerce in the Indian Ocean region from 650 C.E. to 1750 C.E. A- Identify one change: ______________ B- Identify one continuity: _______________ 1. The Mongol conquests of much of Eurasia in the thirteenth century tended to encourage trade along the Silk Roads primarily by (A) opening large new markets for both European and East Asian goods in Central Asia (B) increasing the demand for military supplies needed by the Mongol armies that occupied various regions (C) decreasing the risk of bandit attacks and reducing the number of local rulers collecting tribute from trade caravans (D) discouraging seaborne trade along the Indian Ocean routes that competed with the Silk Roads 2. Which of the following languages came into existence after 1000 as the direct result of expanding global trade patterns? (A) Arabic (B) Chinese (C) Latin (D) Sanskrit (E) Swahili 3. Why was Mali a powerful state in northern Africa by the 1300s? (A) It was known for its huge military forces. (B) It profited by cooperating with European slave traders. (C) Mali was a center of Christian worship. (D) It was a major center of trade and religious instruction and possessed large deposits of gold and metal ore. (E) It controlled the African spice trade and was the center of Buddhist worship 4. Prior to 1000 C.E., Southeast Asia was most influenced by which of the following? (A)India and China (B)China and Japan (C)Korea and Japan (D) Australia and Polynesia 5. The longest and most vital overland trade route before 1000 C.E. was (A) the Silk Road (B) the Trans-Siberian (C) the Appalachian Trail (D) the Sahara (E) the Appian Way 6. The monsoon winds in the Indian Ocean (A) Created tremendous difficulty for traders. (B) Blow regularly from the north in the summer. (C) Were actually first discovered by the Romans. (D) Tied southeast Asia, India, Arabia, and east Africa together in a maritime trade route. (E) All of the above. 7. Trade and communications networks were slower to penetrate sub-Saharan Africa compared to other regions because (A) Africans had little contact with each other. (B) Africans did not have any goods that others wanted to trade for. (C) There was a language barrier. (D) There were formidable geographic barriers to overcome.