Download SOTIK DISTRICT EXAMINATION TEST

SOTIK DISTRICT EXAMINATION TEST-2015
Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education
312/1
GEOGRAPHY
PAPER 1
JULY/AUGUST 2015
TIME: 2 HOURS
MARKING SCHEME
1.
a)
b)
2.
a)
b)
SECTION A
What is a caldera?
A caldera is a large rounded hollow or depression on the summit of a volcano.
(2x1=2mks)
Name three examples of caldera in East Africa.
Examples of calderas in East Africa.
Suswsa
Ngozi
Longonot
Menengai
Silai
Ngorongoro
(Any 3x1=3mks)
Identify two types of mountain vegetation.
Savanna
Health and moorland
Bamboo forest
Rainforest.
(Any 2x1=2mks)
State three factors that influence mountain vegetation.
The nature of prevailing winds
Human activities carried out
Amount of rainfall
Height above sea level.
Nature of the soils
(Any 3x1=3mks)
What is a rock?
A rock is an aggregate of minerals forming the solid part of the earths crust.
(2x1=2mks)
b)
State three characteristics of sedimentary rocks.
Are formed from sediments of pre- existing rocks.
Sediments are arranged in layers
Processes involved act at ordinary temperatures
Sediments involved are non- crystalline
Some sediments contain fossils.
(Any 3x1=3mks)
4.
a)
What is a Karst scenery?
Krast scenery is term used to describe a peculiar landscape typical of limestone
region where the process of carbonation is prominent.
(1x2=2mks)
b)
State three conditions that favour the location of an artesian well.
The acquifer must be of same permeable materials.
The acquifer must be exposed in an area of sufficient precipitation.
The basin must dip towards a region where the land surface is lower than it is at the
Exposed end of the previous formation.
The acquifer must lie in between two impermeable rocks for it to retain water.
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Geography Marking scheme
3.
a)
5.
6.
(Any 3x1=3mks)
Define an earthquake.
An earthquake is a sudden and rapid movement of the earths crust.
(2x1=2mks)
b)
Give three natural causes of earthquakes.
Tectonic movement
Vulcanicity
Gravitative pressure
Isostatic adjustment
Energy release in the mantle.
(Any 3x1=3mks)
SECTION B
Study the map of Kitale: 1 : 50,000 (sheet 75/3) provided and answer the following questions.
a)
(i)
Give six- figure grid- reference of the air photo principal point with S. No.
92/KE/8.
401125 or 402126 or 403127.
(2x1=2mks)
(ii)
What was the magnetic declination when the map was drawn.
20231 West of true North.
(2x1=2mks)
(iii) Give the latitude and longitudinal and longitudinal extend of the area covered by
the map (show your workings)
Latitudinal extend 10 001  10 121 N
longitudinal extend 350 001  350 151 E
How to arrive at the latitudinal extend.
9 squires repr. 5 min
4 squares
?
45
 2.221  21
9
10101  21  10121
(3x1=3mks)
b)
(i)
Mention two methods used to depict relief in the area covered by the map
Contours
Trigonometric
(2x1=2mks)
(ii)
Explain three factors that may have influenced the distribution of settlements in
the area covered by the map.
Vegetation – There are no settlements in the forested areas e.g Kiptaber
forest. This is probably because of fear of attack by wild animals.
Drainage- There are no settlements in the poorly drained regions like the
swamp near keelah farm. This is probably because poorly drained soils
does not support most of the farming activities.
Plantation farming- There are no settlements where there are plantations
of wattle trees. This suggest that there is no room for settling in the
plantation farms.
(Accept any 3 well explained x2=6mks)
a)
c)
(i)
Reduce by half the area enclosed by Eastings 30 and 37, and Northings 19 and 23.
-
Original dimensions
14 cm x 8 cm
New dimensions
7 cm x 4 cm
(2x1=2mks)
(ii)
On the re duce map, mark and name the following:
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Geography
Marking scheme
-
d)
-
Distribution of marks
Title- 1mk
Rectangle drawn accurately- 1mk
Features labeled inside the
Rectangle = 3 mks
Total mks = 5mks
(iii)
What is the scale of the new map.
Scale of the new map.
1
1 : 50,000 
2
 1 : 25,000
(2x1=2mks)
Citing evidence, state three economic activities carried out in the area covered by the map.
-
7.
a)
b)
A dry weather road
Transport and communications- Weather of all weather roads.
Livestock keeping- Presence of cattle dip at grid 2826
Trade- Presence of all weather roads
Plantation farming- Plantation of wattle trees.
(Any 3x1=3mks)
(i)
Differentiate between weather and climate.
Weather is the sum total of conditions of the atmosphere of any given place
for for a short period of time while climate is the average weather.
Conditions of a place over along period of time usually 30- 35 years.
(2x1=2mks)
(ii)
What are the characteristics of I.T.C.Z.
Experiences high temperatures
It’s a low pressure zone
Its found between 23 ½0 N and 23 ½0 S.
Its shifts with the position of the overland sun.
It is associated with convectional rainfall
It is where N.E and S.E trade winds meet.
(Any 3x1=3mks)
Describe how the following factors influence climate.
(i)
Latitude
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Places along the equator experience high temperatures because the sun’s
strike the ground at right angles hence concentrate on a smaller area.
Places at the polar regions experience low temperatures since the sun’s ray
travel over long distance to reach the earth’s surface.
Ocean currents
Onshore winds, on crossing a cold current, are cooled leading to temperature
condensation that causes fog along the cost. On reaching the land, they have a
drying effect which causes aridity.
Winds blowing over a warm ocean current carry a warm influence of the sea to the
adjacent lands.
-
(ii)
-
-
(iii)
-
c)
(i)
(ii)
d)
(i)
(ii)
Aspect
In the Northern Hemisphere, the South facing slopes and valley sides more
insolution and are warmer than the North facing slopes.
In the Southern Hemisphere the North facing slopes and valley sides receive more
insolation and also warmer.
(6x1=6mks)
What is green house effect.
Green house effect is the increase in temperature in the lower parts of the
atmosphere caused by increase in carbondioxide gas.
(2x1=2mks)
Explain three effects of climate change on the environment.
Global warming/ increased temperatures will lead to melting of glaciers,
rise in sea level and abnormal growth of plants.
Change in rainfall pattern will lead to flooding, rise in sea level, drought
and soil erosion by water.
Change in wing/ air mass patterns. This in turn may result in high sea
waves and wind erosion.
Change in seasonal pattern to severe winters short summers and drought.
NB: Both change and effect must be mentioned for cane to score.
(6x1=6mks)
State two ways through which climate change can result
from human causes.
Burning fossil fuels
Forest and grassland fires
Industrial emissions.
(Any 2x1=2mks)
State four climate conditions experienced in the Kenya highlands.
Small annual temperature range 30 c – 50 c.
Days are warm while nights are cool.
June to August are the coolest months while the rest of the year is generally
warm.
Double maxima rainfall in the highlands East of Rift valley and a single
maxima in highlands to the west of the rift valley.
Longs rains fall in the months of March to May and short rains fall between
September and December.
(Any 4x1=4mks)
List three physical factors which contribute to the development of deserts.
Continentality
Cold ocean currents
The rain shadow effect.
-
8.
a)
(i)
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(Any 3x1=3mks)
(ii)
b)
Give two examples of cold deserts in the world.
Greenland
Antarctica desert
(2x1=2mks)
With the aid of well labeled diagrams describe the formation of the following:
(i)
Yardang
They are formed where bands of resistant and weak rocks lie parallel to the
prevailing wind.
Wind abrasion erodes the weak/ soft rocks leaving behind a ridge and
furrow landscape
The belts of resistance rocks stand up as sloping ridges called yardangs
Description
Diagram
Total
(ii)
=
=
=
3 mks
2 mks
5 mks
Deflation hallows
Formed when wind through the process of deflation removes materials
from a pre- existing depression.
When the depression is deepened until a water table is reached water may
ooze into the depression.
This forms a depression containing water called a deflation hollow,
Description =
4 mks
Diagram
=
1 mk
Total
=
5 mks
c)
Some students carried out a field study in a desert region.
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(i)
State three objectives of the study.
To find out the main desert landforms
To find out the main agents of earth sculture in the desert.
To determine the main human activities carried out in the region.
To establish the problems faced in deserts.
(Any 3x1=3mks)
(ii)
Give three examples of features formed by water which they are likely to have
observed.
Wadis
Inselbergs
Salinas
Mesas and buttes
Dry river valleys
Bajada
Playas
Pediments
(Any 3x1=3mks)
What four problems did they face during the study?
High temperatures
Insufficient water
Strong winds carrying dusts
Insecurity
Transportation problems
(Any 4x1=4mks)
Differentiate between oceans and seas.
An ocean is a large body of salty water on the surface of the earth between
continents surrounded by land.
(2x1=2mks)
List the two forms of ocean water movement.
Vertical movement
Horizontal movement
(2x1=2mks)
State four causes of ocean currents.
Friction caused by wind blowing over a water surface
The rotation of the earth which affects the direction of winds.
The shape of the landmasses which may deflect the current.
Differences in temperature and water density.
(4x1=4mks)
Explain three main characteristics of ocean currents.
Ocean currents flowing from the equator poleward are warmer.
Those that flow from the poles equator waves are cooler.
Warm currents tend to wash the eastern coasts of continents while cold
ocean currents flow along the western coasts of continents .
On the eastern coasts of continents ocean currents tend to converge while
they tend to diverge on the western side of continents.
(Any 3 well explainedx2=6mks)
Mention three types of tides.
Perigean tides
Apogean tides
Neap tides
Spring tides
(Any 3x1=3mks)
(iii)
9.
a)
(i)
(ii)
b)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
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Geography
Marking scheme
c)
10.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Explain four significance of oceans and seas.
Modifies the climatic conditions of the adjacent lands.
They are sources of fish
They have been used as waterways
The tidal rise and fall of ocean waters have been hamessed to generate electricity.
Some ocean rock yield minerals.
They provide a variety of recreational features for swimming thus attracting
tourists.
(Any 4 well explainedx2=8 mks)
(i)
List three mechanism of ice movement.
Basal slip
Extrusion flow
Fraze- thaw action
(3x1=3mks)
(ii)
Identify three factors influencing the speed of ice movement.
Thickness of ice
Gradient of slope
Weight of the glacier
(3x1=3mks)
Describe how the following glacial deposition features are formed .
(i)
Eskers
Ice flows through tunnelsor valleys
The flow is rapid and amount of load large.
When the ice melts the tunnels collapse
The streams flow down and much of the load is deposited forming a long
winding ridge of deposit known as eskers.
(3 well explained points x1=3mks)
(ii)
Drumlins
A glacier transport large amount of clay
Friction between the bedrock and boulder clay leads to deposition of clay at
the valley bottom.
Continued deposition leads to formation of large mounds of till deposits.
The moving ice streamlines the till leading to formation of long egg hills in
groups.
These are known as drumlins.
(Any 3x1=3mks)
(iii)
Terminal moraine
Ice remains stagnant for a long time causing the ice at the edges of the
sheet to melt.
These leads to deposition of a lot of materials forming a ridge like feature
called terminal moraine which may extend for several kilometers.
(3x1=3mks)
State three negative effects of glaciations.
Boulder clay deposits can interfere with drainage creating a marshy landscape.
Some outwash plains contain infertile soils creating wastelands.
Extensive areas of land are at times turned into numerous lakes by moraine
deposits.
Jords are not easily accessible from mainland.
Glaciation has contributed to ruggedness which makes transport difficult.
(Any 3x1=3mks)
You are required to carry out a field study in a glaciated area.
(i)
State three disadvantages of using secondary sources of data.
The available information could have bean biased and thus emphasized
prejudiced areas.
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(ii)
The data may be outdated and therefore irrelevant in some cases.
The data may have been inaccurately collected.
Available data may appear in a format that is not appropriate.
(Any 3x1=3mks)
What problems are you likely to encounter.
Rugged terrain
Extremely low temperatures
Risk of accidents e.g. falling
Inaccessibility of some areas due to few transport lines.
(Any 3x1=3mks)
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