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U.S. History Study List
WORLD WAR 1
Film: Focus on 1910—1919
1. Titanic - It’s construction started in 1909. It was the largest construction of its
type ever attempted to that date in history. It was described as a “floating palace,”
“unsinkable,” and later as a “time capsule” of the best of the Gilded Age. Shortly
after it’s completion it was lost to the world and not found again until 1985.
2. Woodrow Wilson - He won a three—way race for the Presidency in 1912. He
was the Democratic candidate. He enabled the Constitutional amendment for
income tax to be passed as well as the first Child Labor law. This Progressive
politician was re-elected in 1916 on the slogan “He kept us out of war.” The U.S.
then declared war and sided with the Allies in 1917.
3. John J. Pershing - “Black Jack” was a military man who had previous
commands of U.S. troops in the Spanish American War, the Philippines
Revolution and in chasing Mexican outlaws. President Wilson appointed him to
be the Commander of the American Expeditionary forces in Europe during World
War I.
4. Eddie Rickenbacker - This former racecar driver was the top U.S. air ace in
World War I. He shot sown 22 enemy planes and 4 balloons for a total of 26
confirmed kills.
5. World War I - It ended the Gilded Age. It was like a burning fire across the path
of history because it altered everything that had gone before. Its immediate cause
was an Archduke’s assassination. It started the same day the Panama Canal
opened for use in 1914.
6. Airplane - It was the vehicle, which carried the World War I knights into
individual aerial combat with each other. The soldiers of these vehicles had a one
chance in four of dying each time they went into combat. This vehicle went from
forward observer to bomber and dog fighter.
7. Emperor Franz Joseph - He was the emperor of a faction torn empire with many
ethnic groups and two governments. He had a long soap opera life where his
beautiful wife was assassinated, his son committed suicide, his brother was killed
in Mexico and his heir married underneath himself. When his heir and his wife
were assassinated, that was the final straw.
8. Archduke Franz Ferdinand - He and his wife Sophie went on a trip to Bosnia
and were riding through the town of Sarajevo, when a fanatic Serbian high school
student shot and killed both of them. His murder sparked a chain of events that
resulted in World War I.
Reel #2
9. Charlie Chaplin - He was a comedian who started his long career in the silent
films of the teens. He first made it big with his character act in a movie called
“The Little Tramp.”
10. Mary Pickford - She was “America’s Sweetheart” from 1912 to the mid-1920s.
Her first silent film hit was “Hearts Adrift” by D.W. Griffith. She also was a star
in such films as Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm.” She helped form United Artists n
1919. She retired in 1929.
11. “Birth of a Nation” - In 1915, D.W. Griffith created and produced this three hour
black and white silent movie about a Southern Colonel during and after the Civil
War. The movies second half with its sympathetic treatment of the KKK made it
controversial.
12. 1918-1919 Influenza Epidemic - It was a virus which when mutated in birds or
pigs or humans became very deadly at the end of World War I. It had a large
death toll in Europe partly due to the malnutrition caused by World War I. It
killed 21 million people total throughout the world and the U.S. itself had 700,000
killed by this disease.
13. Billy Mitchell - He was a Colonel In the United States Army during World War I.
He helped organize the Allied air superiority in the Battle of St. Mihiel in 1918.
He advocated the use of the airplane to target civilian cities, roads, factories etc.
to hurt a nation’s war making power. After World War I he demonstrated that the
airplane could sink a battleship by doing so.
14. Field Marshal Von Hindenburg - He was the German Field Marshal who was
hero of the German victory over Russia in World War I. He planned a desperate
gamble to try and keep Germany from losing World War I. He launched his great
offensive in March 1918 with the additional help of troops no longer needed to
fight Russians. He lost the gamble and Germany lost the war.
15. The Red Baron - He was the “Red Knight” of World War I. He was the head of
the Flying Circus and used a tri-plane. He is the top World War I ace with 80
planes downed in combat.
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16. Schlieffen Plan - It was the military plan drawn up by the chief of the German
General Staff in 1905, it planned for the contingency of Germany having to fight
a war on two fronts. Germany under this plan would fight a holding action against
Russia, meanwhile launch a quick drive in strength through Belgium to Paris and
defeat France. Once France was defeated, the two German armies would combine
and defeat Russia. In 1914, when this plan was used it almost succeeded.
17. Big Bertha - It was a cannon that could hurl a 1800-pound shell a distance of nine
miles. It was named after the wife of Gustav Krupp the munitions king.
18. Munitions - They are weapons and ammunition.
19. U-Boats - They were new military ships used in World War I to launch sneak
torpedo attacks on shipping. The German vessels of this type attempted to counter
blockade Great Britain and in the process made the U.S. so angry that partly
because of them the United States joined the Al led side in the war.
20. Contraband - It was forbidden goods, such as weapons and ammunition during
World War I.
21. Allies or Allied Powers - They are one of the sides in World War I. They are
Great Britain, France, Russia, Belgium, Serbia, Japan and later the United States.
22. Central Powers - They are one of the sides In World War I. They are Germany,
Austria-Hungry, Turkey, and Bulgaria.
23. Zeppelin - It was one of the terrifying weapons of World War I. It was a
hydrogen gas-filled airship that enabled the Germane to drop bombs behind the
battle lines early in World War I.
24. World War I - It was “The Great War,” fought in Europe from August 1914 until
November 1918.
25. Lusitania - It was a fast British ocean liner carrying well over 1000 passengers. It
was sunk on May 7, 1915 by the U-20 off the southern coast of Ireland to the loss
of most passengers. Its sinking broke the psychological barrier to mass killing of
civilians in warfare in the 20th century.
26. Sussex Pledge - It was a German promise to the United States made after the
March 1916 sinking of an unarmed French passenger steamer killing some
Americans. The U.S. had threatened to break off diplomatic relations unless
Germany stopped torpedoing ships. Germany promised to stop only if the U.S.
could persuade Britain to lift the hunger blockade. If the blockade weren’t lifted,
Germany would resume unrestricted submarine warfare.
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27. Zimmermann Telegram - It was a secret message from, Germany to its Mexico
embassy instructing the ambassador to urge Mexico to attack the United States
and recover territory it lost in its 1848 war with the U.S. When this became
known in the U.S., it was a cause of the U.S. entering World War I.
28. “He kept us out of war!” - It was President Wilson’s slogan in the 1916
presidential campaign for re-election.
29. Ultimatum - It is the final demand. It is one whose rejection will end all
negotiations and cause a resort to force.
30. Wilson’s War Message - It was President Wilson’s address to Congress and the
nation on April 2, 1917. Among other things he said “...the world must be made
safe for democracy....” He asked Congress to declare war and side with the Allies
in the Great War.
31. General John J. Pershing - “Black Jack” was a military man who had previous
commands of U.S. troops in the Spanish American War, the Philippines
Revolution and in chasing Mexican outlaws. President Wilson appointed him to
be the Commander of the American Expeditionary forces in Europe during World
War I.
32. Convoy System - It was a naval strategy to reduce losses of vessels to enemy
submarines. Instead of crossing the ocean singly, large groups of ships with a
guard of circling destroyers and cruisers crossed together. It reduced shipping
losses by half.
33. Lafayette Escadrille - They were an American fighter pilot squadron who fought
for the French before the U.S. entered World War I. They were named after a
Frenchman who helped George Washington in the Revolutionary War.
34. Americans - They were the forces of the United States which came to the aid of
he Allies in World War I. These people were the difference, causing the Allies to
win rather than be defeated n World War I.
35. Selective Service - It was the registration and draft of men into the military.
World War I saw 4.2 million men ages 18 to 45 inducted into the military.
36. War Industries Board - It was the main regulatory body for the United States to
increase industrial production during World War I. It encouraged the use of mass
production techniques, fit people to jobs, urged civilians to substitute for steel or
tin products, and controlled wholesale level prices.
37. War Bonds - They are the government’s way of borrowing from the people to
raise money to fight World War I. Hollywood stars advertised them and people on
average bought $400 worth for the war effort.
38. Herbert Hoover, Humanitarian - He was the head of the Food Administration
for the U.S. during World War I. This former mining engineer led the campaign
to increase food production through “victory gardens,” etc. and avoided the
rationing of food during the War.
39. Field Marshal Von Hindenburg - He was the German Field Marshal who was
hero of the German victory over Russia in World War I. He planned a desperate
gamble to try and keep Germany from losing World War I. He launched his great
offensive in March 1918 with the additional help of troops no longer needed to
fight Russians. He lost the gamble and Germany lost the war.
40. “Victory Gardens” - They were where people raised extra fruits and vegetables
at home and in public parks, etc. so food could be sent abroad to feed our soldiers
and our allied countries.
41. Espionage and Sedition Acts - They were laws passed by Congress that tried to
force loyalty of Americans to the war effort. One of the laws fined and jailed
people for interfering with the draft, obstructing government bond sales and
saying negative things about the government. The other one was for the arrest and
conviction people who complained about the war and those who worked against
the war effort. Socialists and Labor were the major targets. These laws were
unconstitutional but enforced anyways.
42. Marshal Ferdinand Foch - He was the World War I commander of all Allied
armies in Europe. The U.S. forces came under his overall command, but were
allowed to fight as a separate army.
Article: Jeannette Rankin: First Woman in Congress
43. Jeanette Rankin - In 1916 she became the first woman elected to Congress. She
was elected to the House of Representatives because Montana law allowed
women to vote years before the 19th Amendment. Her pacifist stands against war
attracted widespread attention when she voted against U.S. entry into World War
I. That Vote caused her loss in the next election. She was elected to a second term
in 1940 and in 1941 was the only member of the House to vote against entry into
World War II. In 1968, still the pacifist; she led a protest of the Vietnam War.
She died in 1973 at age 93.
Patriotic Posters
44. Propaganda - It is the planned spreading of ideas, information, or rumor for the
purpose of helping (or hurting) a cause or government.
Video: Doughboys: Heroes of World War I” or “American Diary: Great Campaign”
45. Tanks - They were used in World War I by the British to help stop the great
German offensive in 1918. These armored vehicles proved their worth in the
Battle of Camrai and vastly reduced infantry casualties. Young German officers
were impressed by then and used them effectively in World War II.
46. Airplane - It was the vehicle that carried the World War I knights into individual
aerial combat with each other. The soldiers of these vehicles had a one chance in
four of dying each time they went into combat. Their life expectancy was three
weeks. This vehicle went from forward observer to bomber and dog fighter.
47. Convoy System - It was a naval strategy to reduce losses of vessels to enemy
submarines. Instead of crossing the ocean singly, large groups of ships with a
guard of circling destroyers and cruisers crossed together. It reduced shipping
losses by half.
48. Poison Gas - It was another weapon of World War I. It involved the release of
chemical vapors. The Germans first used it in combat. Both sides used it to some
effectiveness. Since then, no country has dared use it on countries that could
retaliate in kind. It’s most recent known use was by Iraq against defenseless
Kurds during the 1980s.
49. Battle of St. Mihiel - It was the September 12, 1916 battle to eliminate a longstanding threat to the Allies along the Meuse River. 550,000 Americans attacked
the German line and within a 24-hour time period took the right bank of the river
capturing 16,000 Germans and 443 artillery pieces. The cost was 7000 casualties.
50. Meuse-Argonne Offensive - It was the focus of the biggest Allied offensive of
World War I. It lasted from September 26-November 11, 1910. 1.2 million
American troops were involved at a cost of 177,000 killed, wounded and
captured. The objective of this bloodiest of American battles was to seize Sedan
and cut the Sedan-Metz railroad, the main German supply route. The Americans
succeeded and this became Germany’s final World War I defeat, as their
resistance collapsed and the German troops went into full retreat. This caused the
Kaiser to flee to Holland and the war to end.
51. Propaganda - It is the spreading of ideas for the purpose of helping one side in a
cause and hurting the other side. During World War I the U.S. government did
this to whip up the effort against the Germans. Patriotic and anti-German posters,
films, rallies, parades, and advertising were all used.
Securing the Flanks at Belleau Wood
52. The Flanks of Belleau Wood - It was the beginning of the second major
American battle in France during World War I. On June 6, 1918 this battle started
with successful American attacks on key German positions on Hill 142 and on the
town of Bouresches. Both objectives were on either side of the main battle
objective that took until June 25th to capture and keep holding, at the cost of 55
percent of the attacking U.S. forces becoming casualties.
53. Captain George W. Hamilton - He was a IJ,S. Marine in World War I. He was
an outstanding athlete and brave leader of his men. He led his company in a rush
on Hill 142 near Belleau Wood and took the German positions. He went beyond
the objective by 600 yards and found it difficult to get back. He came through
without a scratch.
54. Sgt. Charles F. Hoffman - Ernest August Janson was a U.S. Marine in World
War I. He helped hold Hill 142 near Belleau Wood by single-handedly stopping
the last and most dangerous German counterattack. His personal bayonet assault
on a group of 12 advancing Germans and the capture of five machine guns saved
his company and earned him the first Medal of Honor awarded to a Marine in
World War I. SGT.
55. Lieutenant James F. Robertson - He was a U.S. Marine in World War I. He
commanded a platoon assigned to take the town of Bouresches on the flanks of
Belleau Wood. Taking over 75 percent casualties he and his outnumbered men
took Bouresches in a house-to-house fight against the Germans.
56. Machine Gun - It was a weapon of World War I that made trench warfare
defense supreme. At the battle of Verdun and again at the battle of the Somme,
thousands upon thousand of soldiers died because their generals ordered then to
go against it. American soldiers were killed by it on the flanks of Belleau Wood.
57. Alvin York - American World War I hero known as “Sergeant York.” He was a
semi educated Tennessee mountaineer and sharpshooter. During the MeuseArgonne offensive in France his detachment was pinned down by German fire.
He personally shot and killed 25 German soldiers, captured 132 more and put 35
enemy machine guns out of action. He refused to cash in on his fame.
Article: American Intervention into Siberia
58. Major General William S. Graves - He was a graduate of West Point in the
class of 1889 who served in the last wars in the Wild West, duty in the Philippines
and as commander of a patrol along the Mexican border. He commanded the
Siberian Expeditionary Force from 1918 - 1920.
59. Trans-Siberian Railroad - It was the longest railroad in the world extending
5000 miles from the Ural Mountains to Vladivostok on the Pacific Ocean. Built
from 1891 to 1916 it became the key to the control of Far East Russia during the
Russian Civil War. U.S. and Japanese troops intervening in Russia guarded
eastern parts of the railroad.
60. Siberian Expeditionary Force - They were the American troops sent to Far East
Russia to rescue the Czechoslovakian Legion, steady Russian self government
efforts and the Russian economy, distract the Germans on the Western Front and
other well intentioned reasons which turned out to be irrelevant to what really
happened. They ended up guarding the Trans-Siberian Railroad from 1918 to
1920, suffering through the Siberian climate, withstanding the chaos of the
Russian Civil War all to protect the vital supply line and Allied military storage
sites.
61. Vladivostok - It was (and is) the most important Russian port on the Pacific
Ocean. It was founded in 1860 and became the major Russian naval base after
Russia lost Port Arthur to Japan in their 1905 war. It was the east end of the
Trans-Siberian Railroad and is located near Korea.
62. Bronevik - It is an armored train with railroad cars bristling with heavy machine
guns, small arms and troops. They were used in Siberia in World War I and the
Russian Civil War. These armored trains have been occasionally used since,
including action during the NATO-Yugoslav conflict of 1999.
Article: Michigan doughboys stood strong in Russia
63. “Polar Bear Regiment” - It was the 339th Infantry Regiment that was sent to
Archangel, Russia, in 1918. The Regiment was made up primarily of Michigan
men and was sent because the men were better adapted to harsh northern winters.
In Russia, the Regiment battled the Red Army until withdrawn in June 1919. Of
the 5000 sent, over 2000 were casualties.
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64. Americans in Siberia - They were the American troops sent by Woodrow Wilson
to Russia to keep munitions and food out of German hands, after Russia
surrendered to Germany in 1917. Some were stationed in arctic Russia near
Murmansk and others in Far East Russia, west of Vladivostok. They intervened In
the Russian civil war helping the Whites against the Reds. They were withdrawn
n 1920.
Video: Century of Warfare War to End All Wars—1918 and the Aftermath” or American
Diary: The Price of Peace
65. Doughboys - They were young fresh soldiers arriving in France from the United
States to help France and Britain. They were key in stopping the great German
offensive in 1918 that threatened to defeat the Allies. Their nickname came from
the shape of the buttons on their shirts.
66. Bolsheviks - They were the followers of Lenin who overthrew the Provisional
Government under Alexander Kerensky in Russia during the fall of 1917. Their
Red Guard stormed the Winter Palace and arrested all the government ministers
except Kerensky, who escaped. They then killed the Tsar and all of his family and
fought a bloody civil war against the Whites until they won in 1920.
67. Vladimir Ilyich Lenin - He was the leader of the Bolsheviks and a follower of
Karl Marx’s communist ideas. The Germans helped him return from exile in 1917
and he led the October Revolution against the Kerensky government. He signed a
peace treaty with Germany to end the Russian part in World War I. He then laid
the basis of a brutal communist party dictatorship in Russia. He died in 1922.
68. Nicholas II - He was the last czar of Russia, ruling from 1894-1917. His attempt
to expand Russian territory in Asia resulted in a loss to Japan in 1905. He
survived the 1905 revolt by granting some reforms. He helped start World War I
and was blamed for Russia’s military failures that forced his abdication in early
1917. The Bolsheviks killed him and his family in 1918.
69. Leon Trotsky - He was a revolutionary who survived repeated exiles to Siberia
and returned to Russia after the October Revolution. He became the Russian
communist leader for foreign affairs negotiating the Brest-Letovsk Treaty ending
Russia’s fight against Germany In World War I. He next became the War
Commissar leading the Red Army to victory in its fight against the Whites and
petty warlords during the civil war. After Lenin died, he lost the power struggle
with Stalin for control of the Communist Party. Stalin’s agents in Mexico City
killed him, in 1940.
70. Cost of World War I - It was over 8.5 million soldiers killed between 1914 and
1918 with over 21 million more wounded, and almost 7.75 million more captured
or missing. It was over 9 million Russian casualties, over 7 million German
casualties and soon including 126 thousand U.S. deaths and over 234 thousand
more wounded.
71. Billy Mitchell - He was a Colonel in the United States Army during World War I.
He helped organize the Allied air superiority In the Battle of St. Mihiel in 1918.
He advocated the use of the airplane to target civilian cities, roads, factories etc.
to hurt a nation’s war making power. After World War I he demonstrated that the
airplane could sink a battleship by doing so.
72. Eddie Rickenbacker - This former racecar driver was the top U.S. air ace in
World War I. He shot down 22 enemy planes and 4 balloons for a total of 26
confirmed kills.
73. Eugene Debs - He was the labor leader who organized the Socialist Party. He was
the Socialist party’s presidential candidate in the 1912 and 1920 elections. He
criticized big business as ruthless and getting special privileges from the
government. He recognized that women and children were taken advantage of by
industries. He proposed Socialism as the cure for these problems and for the
rotten wages and working conditions of mines, shops and factories. He was
sentenced to ten years in prison for opposing World War I. President Harding
pardoned him after he served three years.
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74. Wilson’s Fourteen Points - They are the U.S. president’s proposals in 1918 of
how to prevent another great war in the future. He proposed solutions to the
causes of World War I, such as the removal of tariff barriers between nations, the
allowing of new nations to be formed and the redrawing of some national
boundary lines, and the setting up of an international organization designed to
keep the peace.
75. Isolationism - It was the traditional American attitude that the U.S. should not get
involved in the problems of other countries. This attitude led to the U.S. refusal to
join the League of Nations and the defeat of the Treaty of Versailles in the Senate
after World War I.
76. Treaty of Versailles - It was the peace treaty negotiated at the palace of Louis
XIV just outside of Paris in 1919. The agreement established nine new nations,
shifted national boundaries, set up mandates and took revenge on Germany by
forcing it to take sole responsibility for causing World War I.
77. League of Nations - It was one of President Wilson’s Fourteen Points. It was to
be an international organization to prevent future wars. The United States ended
up refusing to join.
78. “Big Four” - They were Georges Clemenceau, Premier of France David Lloyd
George, Prime Minister of Great Britain; Vittorio Orlando, Prime Minister of
Italy; and Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States. They were leaders of
the most important countries attending the Versailles peace conference, in 1919.
79. Mandates - They were commissions given by the League of Nations to member
nations to establish a responsible government over former German colonies and
Ottoman areas such as Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Palestine after World War I. The
member nations such as Britain and France were to get these areas ready for selfrule and then independence.
80. Wilson’s Last Ditch Fight - It was the U.S. president’s attempt to save his dream
of an international role for the United States after World War I and his hope to
insure a peaceful future through the formation of the League of Nations. In fragile
health he toured the country appealing to the people directly to convince them of
the need. He suffered a stroke in September 1919 and watched his dream go down
in defeat in the Senate in November 1919 and again in March 1920.
81. Isolationism - It has been a long running trend or opinion in the United States.
George Washington was of this view, as are some people today. It is the belief
that the United States should keep out of Europe’s problems and not concern itself
with involvement in world affairs.
82. Treaty of Versailles Rejected - It was the 1920 United States Senate refusal to
ratify the peace treaty ending World War I, despite Wilson’s support for it.
Modern Times: Peace at Paris
83. Guilt Clause - It was the victorious Allies insistence that Germany was totally
responsible for World War I.
84. War Reparations - It was the insistence that Germany pay for all damages of
World War I, including the cost of the war and war pensions of soldiers.
Pages Mapping Europe Before & After WWI
85. Polish Corridor - It was the piece of land that separated East Prussia from the
rest of Germany. The Versailles Treaty created this strip of land to give Poland
access to the Baltic Sea.
Other Quiz Hints
86. Red Cross - It is an international charitable organization providing disaster relief,
in time of war and peace. It has numerous humanitarian, health and safety
services including first aid courses and blood drives. Clara Barton founded the
American Association, in 1881. The other associated society in Islamic countries
goes by the name Red Crescent.
87. Edith Galt Wilson - She was President Wilson’s second wife. He married her in
1915, a year after his first wife’s death. She was very protective of her husband
after his stroke.
88. Tomb of the Unknown Soldier - It is the honored burial site of an unidentified
American World War I fighting man at Arlington National Cemetery, near
Washington, D.C. Later, unidentified American fighting men of World War II,
Korea, and Vietnam joined him. Several years ago the Vietnam soldier was
identified and that war is not represented at the moment.
89. The War to End All Wars - It is a phrase describing World War I. This phrase
related the view that this Great War was so widespread and terrible that another
such war could not occur again.
90. Armistice Day – It is the original name for November 11th commemorating the
end of World War I and honoring the soldiers who fought. It was changed to
Veterans Day after World War II.