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XBIO: Chapter 22 Study Guide
The Effect of Human Activity
1. What three human activities have transformed the biosphere?
agriculture, development, and industrial growth
2. Complete the table to show some consequences of human activities on global ecology.
Consequences of Some Human Activities
Activity
Positive Consequences
Negative Consequences
Agriculture
Efficient, high-yield food
production
Consumption of fossil fuesl
and fertile soil; pollution of
air and water
Development
Facilities for homes and
businesses
Pollution from waste
production; burning fossil
fuels
Industrial Growth
Conveniences and luxuries Waste production; burning
of modern life
fossil fuels; pollution of air,
water, and soil
Sustainable Development
3. Complete the Venn diagram to compare renewable and nonrenewable resources.
replaceable;
ex. fresh water,
clean air, wood, etc.
Raw materials for
building,
manufacturing,
fuels, and food
Renewable Resources
4. How can development be sustainable?
will be used up;
ex. fossil fuels,
minerals, etc.
Nonrenewable Resources
Development that is sustainable preserves ecosystems that provide renewable
resources, while it also provides for human needs.
5. The human population (currently around 7 billion) may reach 9 billion by 2100. Most of those
people will live in cities. Predict the impact of city growth on natural ecosystems and farmland.
What will happen if sustainable development is not achieved?
Increasing amounts of land will be needed to produce enough food. And
increasing amounts of resources will be needed to transport goods to cities.
Without sustainable development, air and water pollution will increase.
Using Resources Wisely - Soil Resources
6. How does plowing land increase the rate of soil erosion?
It removes the roots of plants that hold soil in place.
7. What happens to farmland during desertification?
A combination of farming, overgrazing, drought, and climate change can turn
farmland into a desert.
8. Are mature forests a renewable resource? Why or why not?
No. They will not grow back in a reasonable amount of time.
9. Complete the graphic organizer to give examples of sustainable uses of soil.
Sustainable
Soil Use
Examples
Selectively
harvesting
mature
trees
Tree farms
crop
rotation
leave roots
& stems.
Contour
plowing and
terracing
Freshwater Resources
The diagram shows the typical impact of a chemical pollutant in an aquatic
ecosystem.
10. Name and describe the process that this diagram is illustrating.
The diagram is illustrating biological magnification.
Primary producers pick up the pollutant from the
environment and, as the pollutant moves up the food chain,
it becomes more and more concentrated at each trophic
level.
Atmospheric Resources
For Questions 10–13, write the letter of the correct answer on the line at
the left.
11. Which is the name for the mixture of chemicals that forms as a graybrown haze in the atmosphere?
A. dust
C. ozone
B. smog
D. radiation
12. Which component of acid rain kills plants and harms soil?
A. carbon dioxide and water
C. nitric and sulfuric acids
B. CFCs and fossil fuels
D. ozone and particulates
13. Which is the name for the bits of ash and dust put into the air by certain kinds of diesel
engines?
A. particulates
C. ozone layer
B. precipitation
D. greenhouse gases
14. Which is a pollutant of soil and water that is now dropping steadily due to laws that affected the
automobile industry?
A. carbon
C. nitrogen
B. lead
D. ozone
15. The citizens of Ecotown want to protect the quality of their soil, fresh water, and air. Suggest a
plan for Ecotown that includes steps for achieving sustainable use of each of those three
categories of resources.
Steps for soil including leaving stems and roots of crops in place, crop rotation,
contour plowing, terracing, selective harvesting of mature trees, and tree farms.
Steps for fresh water include conservation, pollution control, and watershed
protection. One step for air is controlling emissions from automobiles.
The Value of Biodiversity
16. What is biodiversity?
Total of all the genetically based variation in all organisms in the biosphere.
17. Why is biodiversity one of Earth’s greatest natural resources?
Species of many kinds provide us with foods, industrial products, and medicines.
Diverse species play vital roles in the delivery of ecological goods and services.
18. Complete the table to define the types of biodiversity.
Diversity in the Biosphere
Type of Diversity
Definition
Ecosystem
diversity
The variety of habitats, communities
and ecological processes in the
biosphere.
Species diversity
The number of different species in an
area or in the biosphere.
Genetic diversity
The total of all the genetic information
carried in living things.
19. What are five ways that human activity reduces biodiversity?
Altering habitats, hunting, introducing invasive species, releasing pollution into
food webs, contributing to climate change.
20. Why is preserving entire ecosystems a better idea than protecting single species from
extinction?
Maintains the genetic diversity of all the organisms in that system and ensures
that the ecosystem will continue to provide ecological goods and services. Such
benefits cannot be achieved by protecting species one at a time.
Meeting Ecological Challenges - Ecological Footprints
For Questions 1–2, refer to the Visual Analogy that shows examples of factors that contribute to a
population’s ecological footprint.
21. Why do you think ecologists use the term footprint to describe the total resources a population
uses and its wastes that must be absorbed?
A footprint is a mark that an organism leaves behind. As a
human population consumes resources and produces wastes,
it leaves a mark on ecosystems.
22. Explain this statement: The average American has an ecological footprint more than four times
larger than the global average.
The average American uses more than 4 times the amount of resources to live
and process waste than the average global citizen uses.
23. Complete the table to summarize how the basic principles of ecology can lead to positive impacts
on the environment.
Environmental Change
Hole in the ozone layer
Declining numbers of fish in
the oceans
Global warming and climate
change
Examples of Ecology in Action
Cause
Behavior Change Needed
CFCs
Overfishing
Increasing
amounts of
greenhouse gases
Regulation of CFCs
Regulation of fishing
industry and aquaculture
Reduction of emissions of
greenhouse gases
Use the graph to answer Questions 11–12.
23. How does the change in global temperature between 1850
and 2000 compare with the change that occurred between
1850 and 1880?
Change between 1850 and 1880 was 0.3 degrees.
The change between 1850 and 2000 was close to
0.6 degrees. The change is nearly twice as large.
24. List three factors that may have contributed to the
trends shown in the graph.
Natural variation, burning fossil fuels, and cutting
and burning forests.
25. Suggest three possible effects of global warming on the future of the biosphere.
Floods, droughts, changes in local weather.
26. Explain why populations with the largest ecological footprints change the biosphere the most.
They use the most resources (land and water) to meet their needs and more
resources (land and water) are required to process their wastes. Land and
freshwater resources are easy to pollute but difficult to clean up. Other
organisms also need these resources, which broadens the effect on the
biosphere.