Download Resource Doc File - Dayton Regional Stem Center

Printable Resources
Mechanical Cornhole
Appendix A: Pre/Post-Test & Answer Key
Appendix B: Engineering Design Challenge: Individual Design Plan
Appendix C: Engineering Design Challenge Rubric
Appendix D: Forces Chart
Appendix E: Force Diagram Homework
Appendix F: Student-Generated Station Labs
Appendix G: Engineering Design Challenge: Team Design Plan & Analysis
Appendix H: Persuasive Paper & Checklist
Appendix A: Pre/Post-Test & Answer Key
Name _____________________________
1. Draw a force diagram for the following scenarios including labels for each force:
a. A baseball is struck off of a tee
b. A person does a wall-sit during their exercise routine
2. Calculate the mechanical advantage of the following machines:
a.
c.
13m
5m
14N
6N
12m
b.
d.
r = 12cm
r = 3cm
Draft: 6/25/2017
Page 2
3. What is the weight (on Earth) of an object with a mass of 10 kg?
4. Calculate the work for the following scenarios:
a. After running out of gas, a teenager and her friends push the car toward
the exit. They apply a force of 1200 N to push the car 212 m to the nearest
fuel station. Determine the work done on the car.
b. A dead lifter (lifting a barbell from the floor to mid-body with outstretched
arms) participates in the Olympic Games. Determine the work done by the
lifter in deadlifting 450 kg to a height of 0.90 m above the ground.
5. Describe how the functions of machines and determination of mechanical
advantage and work are applied in the manufacturing industry or used by
scientists and engineers.
Draft: 6/25/2017
Page 3
Answer Key
1. a.
b.
Fnorm
Fapp
Ffrict
Fgrav
Ffrict
Fnorm
Fapp
Fgrav
2.
a.
b.
c.
d.
2.6
2
2.3
4
3. 98N
4.
a. 254,400J
b. 3969 J
5. Answers will vary, but should include description of machines as they are used
as part of larger mechanical systems in industry. Students should include
discussion that machines allow tasks to be completed with less use of energy
and force.
Draft: 6/25/2017
Page 4
Appendix B: Engineering Design Challenge: Individual Design
Plan
Name_____________________________
Mechanical Cornhole
Engineering Design Challenge
Engineering teams will design, construct, test and redesign a mechanical system
including at least three simple machines that will accurately and precisely deposit
a bean bag into the hole on a cornhole board.
Constraints:
-The bean bag must travel a distance of one meter or more.
-The bean bag must be dropped into the target one minute or less after
time has started.
-A minimum of three simple machines must be used.
-A minimum of two different simple machines must be used. (e.g. a
mechanical system may have two levers and a pulley)
-No human interference is permitted once the mechanical system has
started.
Draw your individual design below. Label all the forces present in your machine.
Draft: 6/25/2017
Page 5
Appendix C: Engineering Design Challenge: Rubric
Name _____________________________
Category
Participation
Distance
Time
Use of
Machines
Accuracy
Work
Calculations
Mechanical
Advantage
Calculations
Force
Diagrams
4
2
1
Actively participates
as a team member
100% of the time.
Actively participates
as a team member
75% of the time.
Actively participates as
a team member 50% of
the time.
Actively participates as a
team member less than
50% of the time.
Design includes travel
of bean bag 1.0m or
greater in distance.
Design includes
travel of bean bag
0.8m or greater in
distance.
Design includes travel
of bean bag 0.6m or
greater in distance.
Design includes travel of
bean bag less than 0.6m
in distance.
Design completes task
in one minute or less
100% of the time.
Design completes
task in one minute or
less 80% of the time.
Design completes task
in one minute or less
60% of the time.
Design completes task
in one minute or less
under 60% of the time.
Design utilizes at least
three (two are
different) simple
machines and each is
assembled and used
correctly
Design utilizes at
least three simple
machines (may not
have two that are
different) or one
machine is
assembled or used
incorrectly.
Design utilizes at least
two simple machines
and each is assembled
and used correctly or
two machines are
assembled or used
incorrectly.
Design utilizes only one
simple machine or all
machines are
assembled or used
incorrectly.
Design completes task
100% of the time.
Design completes
task 80% of the time.
Design completes task
60% of the time.
Design completes task
less than 60% of the
time.
All calculations of
work (W=F*d) are
completed correctly
with appropriate
labeled units.
More than 75% of the
calculations of work
(W=F*d) are
completed correctly
with appropriate
labeled units.
More than 50% of the
calculations of work
(W=F*d) are completed
correctly with
appropriate labeled
units.
Less than 50% of the
calculations of work
(W=F*d) are completed
correctly with
appropriate labeled
units.
All calculations of
mechanical advantage
are completed
correctly with
appropriate labeled
units; indicates
consistent selection of
formulas.
More than 75% of the
calculations of
mechanical
advantage are
completed correctly
with appropriate
labeled units;
indicates consistent
selection of formulas.
More than 50% of the
calculations of
mechanical advantage
are completed correctly
with appropriate labeled
units; indicates
inconsistent selection of
formulas.
Less than 50 % of the
calculations of
mechanical advantage
are completed correctly
with appropriate labeled
units; indicates
inconsistent selection of
formulas.
All force diagrams are
completed correctly
with appropriate
labeled forces;
indicates consistent
selection of types of
forces.
More than 75% force
diagrams are
completed correctly
with appropriate
labeled forces;
indicates consistent
selection of types of
forces.
More than 50% force
diagrams are
completed correctly
with appropriate labeled
forces; indicates
inconsistent selection of
types of forces.
Less than 50% force
diagrams are completed
correctly with
appropriate labeled
forces; indicates
inconsistent selection of
types of forces.
Draft: 6/25/2017
3
Page 6
Appendix D: Forces Chart
Name _____________________________
Name of Force
Description
Example
Applied Force
(Fapp)
A push or pull that is
applied on an object
by another object.
A person kicking a
ball is applying a
force to the ball.
Frictional Forces
(Ffrict)
The force exerted
by a surface as an
object moves past
it. Types: rolling,
static, sliding, fluid.
Gravitational Force
(Fgrav)
Fgrav = mass * gravity
Normal Force
(Fnorm)
Spring Force
(Fspring)
Tension Force
(Ftens)
Draft: 6/25/2017
The force an object
experiences due to
gravity; the weight
of an object; always
directed toward the
center of the Earth.
After throwing a
baseball, air
resistance (fluid
friction) is occurring
opposite the ball’s
direction.
A 10kg mass
experiences a force
of 98N pulling it
down to Earth.
Fgrav = mass * gravity
Fgrav = 10kg * 9.8 m/s2
Fgrav = 98 N
A support force that
occurs at a right
angle to the contact
of two objects.
A glass sits on a
table, and the
normal force occurs
straight up
supporting the
glass’ weight.
A push or pull
experienced by an
object due to a
stretched or
compressed spring.
When released, a
stretched Slinky will
snap back to its
original form.
A force that occurs
when two ends of a
wire, rope, cable,
etc. are pulled in
opposite directions.
The force is applied
equally to both
ends.
In tug of war,
opposing teams pull
on opposite ends of
a rope producing a
tension force on the
rope.
Diagram
Fapp
Ffrict
Fapp
Fgrav
Fnorm
Fspring
Ftens
Page 7
Appendix E: Force Diagram Homework Assignment
Name _____________________________
A force diagram (also called a free body diagram) is an image that describes all of the
forces that are acting on a given object. It includes the use of vectors (arrows) that
describe the magnitude and direction of the forces. The length of a vector arrow For
example, the picture below shows a mountain climber on the side of a cliff. We can
draw a force diagram to describe this scenario following the steps listed below.
Force Diagram Procedure
Ffrict
Ftens
Fnorm
Fgrav
Draft: 6/25/2017
1. Identify the object you will use to draw the
diagram. (YOU MAY ONLY SELECT ONE
OBJECT; if there is more than one object,
multiple diagrams are necessary).
In this scenario, we will use the climber
as our object.
2. Identify all of the forces that are acting on
the object selected.
Gravitational Force (weight)
Tension of rope
Normal force (cliff onto foot)
Frictional Force (cliff onto foot)
3. Use a dot to represent the object (in this
case the climber), and draw arrows
representing the magnitude and direction of
the forces identified in step two. Label each
vector (arrow) with the appropriate
abbreviation. ALL ARROWS MUST
START AT THE OBJECT (dot)! If there are
two forces that act in the same direction,
they should be placed end to end as seen
with the tension and frictional forces in this
scenario.
-Force of gravity always points down
toward the center of the earth
-Tension force pulls the climber up
-The normal force pushes at a right
angle from the point of contact (in this
case the foot)
-The frictional force occurs because the
foot is pushing downward on the cliff
and friction always opposes motion.
Page 8
Draw a force diagram for each of the following scenarios:
A glass is sitting on a tabletop.
A car is parked on a hill.
A tug of war game with evenly matched teams.
A skydiver after jumping from a plane.
A baseball player slides into a base.
A water skier skis down a river.
A child pulls a wagon down the sidewalk.
A flying squirrel glides from a tree to the ground
at constant velocity.
A football player punts a football to the
opposing team.
A mother lifts her baby from a crib.
Draft: 6/25/2017
Page 9
Appendix F: Student-Generated Station Labs
Name _____________________________
Pulley
A pulley is a simple machine consisting essentially of a wheel with a grooved rim in
which a pulled rope or chain can run to change the direction of the pull and thereby lift a
load. A pulley is also a wheel turned by or driving a belt.
1. Create a system for the simple machine that will allow you to collect the data
needed to:
a. Calculate mechanical advantage
b. Calculate work/power
c. Calculate the weight of the mass in Newtons
2. All data should be compiled into a data table
3. Complete a force diagram for the system.
4. Complete all calculations and questions on the back of this paper.
Force Diagram(s)
Formulas
MA = number of moveable ropes
Weight = mass x gravity
Work = force x distance
Draft: 6/25/2017
Page 10
Data Table:
Mechanical Advantage = __________________
Work = ________________________________
Weight = ______________________________
Discussion Questions
Is there any relationship between the mechanical advantage and the number of ropes
holding up the mass? Why or why not?
You are asked to design a compound pulley that has a mechanical advantage of 20.
How many support ropes do you need? How many moveable pulleys?
Draft: 6/25/2017
Page 11
Name _____________________________
Inclined Plane
An inclined plane is a simple machine consisting of a sloping surface, used for raising
heavy bodies. The force required to move an object up the incline is less than the
weight being raised, discounting friction. The steeper the slope, or incline, the more
nearly the required force approaches the actual weight. The principle of the inclined
plane is used widely—for example, in screws and bolts, where a small force acting
along a slope can produce a much larger force.
1. Create a system for the simple machine that will allow you to collect the data
needed to:
a. Calculate mechanical advantage
b. Calculate work/power
c. Calculate the weight of the mass in Newtons
2. All data should be compiled into a data table
3. Complete a force diagram for the system.
4. Complete all calculations and questions on the back of this paper.
Force Diagram
Formulas
MA = length/height
Weight = mass x gravity
Work = force x distance
Draft: 6/25/2017
Page 12
Data Table:
Mechanical Advantage = __________________
Work = ________________________________
Weight = ______________________________
Discussion Questions
Which force is the input force? Which force is the output force?
For inclined planes, as the inclined plane becomes steeper, what happens to the
mechanical advantage?
You are tasked with making an inclined plane that has a mechanical advantage value
over 100. What would this incline plane look like?
Draft: 6/25/2017
Page 13
Name _____________________________
Wheel and Axle
A simple machine consisting of an axle to which a wheel is fastened so that torque
applied to the wheel winds a rope or chain onto the axle, yielding a mechanical
advantage equal to the ratio of the diameter of the wheel to that of the axle.
1. Create a system for the simple machine that will allow you to collect the data
needed to:
a. Calculate mechanical advantage
b. Calculate work/power
c. Calculate the weight of the mass in Newtons
2. All data should be compiled into a data table
3. Complete a force diagram for the system.
4. Complete all calculations and questions on the back of this paper.
Formulas
Force Diagram
MA = radius of wheel
--------------------radius of axle
work = force x distance
weight = mass x gravity
Draft: 6/25/2017
Page 14
Data Table:
Mechanical Advantage = __________________
Work = ________________________________
Weight = ______________________________
Discussion Questions
Which force is the input force? Which force is the output force?
Which spool gave you the largest mechanical advantage? Why do you think this is the
case?
If I decrease the size of the spool, what happens to the mechanical advantage? If I
made the wheel smaller in diameter than the axel, how would the mechanical
advantage change?
Draft: 6/25/2017
Page 15
Name _____________________________
Levers
Formulas
MA = output force/input force
work = force x distance
weight = mass x gravity
A simple machine consisting of a rigid bar pivoted on a fixed point and used to transmit
force, as in raising or moving a weight at one end by pushing down on the other.
1. Create a system for the simple machine that will allow you to collect the data
needed to:
a. Calculate mechanical advantage
Force Diagram
b. Calculate work/power
c. Calculate the weight of the mass in
Newtons
2. All data should be compiled into a data
table
3. Complete a force diagram for the system.
4. Complete all calculations and questions
on the back of this paper.
Draft: 6/25/2017
Page 16
Data Table:
Mechanical Advantage = __________________
Work = ________________________________
Weight = ______________________________
Discussion Questions
For each class of lever, what happened as you moved the mass closer to the spring
scale?
What does a mechanical advantage of less than one mean?
Draft: 6/25/2017
Page 17
Appendix G: Engineering Design Challenge: Team Design Plan &
Analysis
Name _____________________________
Engineering Design Challenge: Team Design Plan and Analysis
Part 1
1. Draw a diagram of your team’s design in the box below. Label all the forces that
are present in your team’s mechanical system design.
2. Calculate the weight of the bean bag. Make sure to show the formula used and
your work for the calculation.
Draft: 6/25/2017
Page 18
3. Calculate the work for each simple machine that is present in your mechanical
system design. Make sure to show the formula you used and your work for each
calculation.
4. Calculate the mechanical advantage for each simple machine that is present in
your mechanical system design. Make sure to show the formula you used and
your work for each calculation
5. Draw a force diagram for each machine in your mechanical system. Make sure to
include all forces that are present.
Draft: 6/25/2017
Page 19
Engineering Design Challenge: Team Design Plan and Analysis
Part 2
1. Draw a diagram of your team’s redesign in the box below. Label all the forces
that are present in your team’s mechanical system design.
2. Describe the changes to your mechanical system. What is different? Why did
your team make the changes they did? How do the changes affect the outcome
of the system? Faster? More accurate?
Draft: 6/25/2017
Page 20
3. Calculate the weight of the bean bag. Make sure to show the formula used and
your work for the calculation.
4. Calculate the work for each simple machine that is present in your mechanical
system design. Make sure to show the formula you used and your work for each
calculation.
5. Calculate the mechanical advantage for each simple machine that is present in
your mechanical system design. Make sure to show the formula you used and
your work for each calculation
6. Draw a force diagram for each machine in your mechanical system. Make sure to
include all forces that are present.
Draft: 6/25/2017
Page 21
Appendix H: Persuasive Paper Assignment & Checklist
Name _____________________________
Persuasive Paper Assignment
Write an essay in which you analyze why your team’s is the best choice for this
engineering challenge. Pose an argument based on the outcomes of your testing and
review of peer designs. Use data from your testing and designs to support your
arguments. Include calculations from your testing and designs to support your position.
Writing Conventions
The essay:
 uses appropriate spelling and grammar
 uses appropriate punctuation
 includes introductory and concluding statements
Persuasive Writing Technique
The essay:
 includes arguments to support claims
 uses valid reasoning and relevant evidence
 includes sufficient evidence to support claims
 clearly distinguishes between opposing claims
 supplies evidence to support both claims in the piece
Scientific Evidence
The essay:
 explains the different forces that are present in each simple machine being
analyzed
 explains how the different forces affect the outcome of the simple machines in
the design challenge and how these forces make the machine a good or poor
choice for the design challenge
 includes the mechanical advantage calculations for the different simple
machines being analyzed and how this data affects the work done by the
simple machine
Draft: 6/25/2017
Page 22