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Athletic Trainer ATC’s deal in the treatment, preventions, and care for athletic injuries. The often work in High Schools, Colleges, clinics, professional teams, industrial settings, and fitness clubs. They often are responsible for making an injured athlete comfortable. They must attend at least 4 years of school and pass both state and national certifying test to practice athletic training services. Many go on to grad schools and work as Graduate Assistants to receive their masters degree in a related field for free. The average salary is anywhere from $27,00037,000 starting out. Chiropractor Chiropractors treat patients by manually adjusting parts of the human body, especially the spine. Chiropractors and their patients believe that problems with bone and nerve alignment can cause illness and problems in other parts of the body, a view not widely accepted by allopathic physicians and other traditional medical practitioners. Chiropractors manipulate their patients' spinal columns for treatment. They may prescribe specific diets or exercises, but not drugs. Chiropractors cannot perform surgery. Most chiropractors establish a private practice and some provide home treatments. Others form group partnerships in clinics or chiropractic hospitals. Average Salary* $75,000 - $125,000 Educational Requirements* Students who want to become chiropractors should have a high school diploma or an equivalent and two years of college or junior college study. Students then must complete a program at a chiropractic college. Most states require that chiropractors pass a certification examination before being granted a license to practice. Dentist Dentists diagnose, prevent, and treat problems of the teeth and tissues of the mouth. They remove decay and fill cavities, examine xrays, place protective plastic sealants on children's teeth, straighten teeth, and repair fractured teeth. They also perform corrective surgery of the gums and supporting bones to treat gum diseases. Dentists extract teeth and make molds and measurements for dentures to replace missing teeth. Dentists provide instruction in diet, brushing, flossing, the use of fluorides, and other aspects of dental care, as well. They also administer anesthetics and write prescriptions for antibiotics and other medications. Most dentists are general practitioners who handle a wide variety of dental needs. Other dentists practice in one of eight specialty areas.Orthodontists, the largest group of specialists, straighten teeth. The next largest group, oral and maxillofacial surgeons, who operate on the mouth and jaws. The remainder specialize in pediatric dentistry; periodontics (treating the gums and the bone supporting the teeth); prosthodontics (making artificial teeth or dentures); endodontics (root canal therapy); dental public health; and oral pathology (studying diseases of the mouth). Average Salary* $85,000 - $150,000 Educational Requirements* All 50 states and the District of Columbia require dentists to be licensed. To qualify for a license in most States, a candidate must graduate from a dental school accredited by the American Dental Association's Commission on Dental Accreditation and pass written and practical examinations. Candidates may fulfill the written part of the State licensing by passing the National Board of Dental Examinations. Individual States or regional testing agencies give the written and/or practical examinations. All dental schools require applicants to take the Dental Admissions Test (DAT). They consider scores earned on the DAT, the applicants' grade point average, and personal recommendations when selecting students. Dentistry requires diagnostic ability and manual skills. Dentists should have good visual memory, excellent judgment of space and shape, and a high degree of manual dexterity. Good business sense, self-discipline, communication skills, and the ability to instill confidence are helpful for success in private practice. High school students who want to become dentists should take courses in biology, chemistry, physics, health and science. Dental Hygienist Licensed to provide direct care to the patient. The diverse duties of the dental hygienist include oral prophylaxis (cleaning), exposing, processing and mounting radiographs, collecting and evaluating medical history information, performing health and neck screening examinations, and applying agents for the prevention of decay. Other functions include assessing the condition of the periodontium (gums) and providing periodontal therapy including root planing and curettage, applying desensitizing and antimicrobial agents, and administering local infiltration anesthesia and nitrous oxide/oxygen analgesia. The dental hygienist also acts as a dental health educator and is responsible for teaching patients to prevent dental disease and for providing nutritional counseling. As the work involves contact with the public, the Dental Hygienist must communicate well, have physical stamina, good eyesight and manual skills. The ability to remember details and to teach are also necessary. Dental hygiene employment opportunities are numerous. They include general practice and specialty dental offices; federal, state, county and city health clinics; public schools, hospitals, dental schools, industrial clinics, the armed services, and research institutions. Average Salary* $45,000 - $70,000 Educational Requirements* The American Dental Hygienists' Association developed the approved requirements for accreditation of dental hygiene programs. A program must have both liberal arts and science content, and didactic and clinical instruction. Education for dental hygiene can be obtained in a two year certificate course or associate degree program offered at a community college or a vocational/technical school, or the prospective dental hygienist may complete a four year bachelor's degree program at a college or university. A high school diploma is the minimum educational requirement for admission to dental hygiene schools. A two year degree would prepare a student for private practice office work, however, a student wishing to do research, teach or work in school health programs would require at a minimum a bachelor's degree. All states require a license to practice dental hygiene. This is obtained by successfully completing both a clinical and written exam, the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination, or a comparable state exam. Dietitian Dietitians integrate and apply the principles derived from the sciences of food, nutrition, biochemistry, physiology, food management, and behavior to achieve and maintain the health status of the public they serve. Dietitians work in a variety of settings such as: Clinical Dietitians work as a part of a team in hospitals, nursing homes, and other health care facilities. Community Dietitians work in public and home health agencies, health and recreation clubs, and in government funded programs. Educator Dietitians work in college or universities teaching future Physicians, Physician Assistants, Nurses, Dietitians, and Dietetic Technicians. Research Dietitians work in government agencies, food and pharmaceutical companies where they direct or conduct experiments in order to answer critical nutrition questions and to continue to provide information to modify dietary recommendations Average Salary* $35,000 - $60,000 Educational Requirements* Educational requirements are variable depending on the educational program chosen. Particular prerequisite coursework may vary. The professional component is a minimum of 2 years at the baccalaureate or master's degree level. Post baccalaureate supervised practice programs vary from 6 months to 2 years. There are different types of programs offered depending on the educational facility. A Coordinated Program offers a didactic academic program in a college or university and a minimum of 900 hours of supervised clinical experience. Completion of this type of program prepares you to take the national certifying exam to become a Registered Dietitian. A Didactic Program offers a didactic academic program in a college or university and enables the graduate to apply for a clinically supervised practice program leading to eligibility to sit for the national certifying exam. A Dietetic Internship/Pre-professional practice program provides a minimum of 900 hours of supervised clinical practice most likely in a sponsored healthcare facility. This may be full-time or part-time completed within a 2 year period. Upon completion this enables the graduate to sit for the national certifying exam. Students must complete a didactic program before entering the dietetic internship. Doctor of Osteopathy (D.O.) Osteopathic physicians use accepted methods of diagnosing and treating injuries and diseases. Although they practice in all branches of medicine and surgery like allopathic physicians (M.D.s), they differ by emphasizing the importance of the Musculoskeletal system, holistic medicine, proper nutrition, and environmental factors in maintaining good health. Osteopaths use a hands-on approach to medicine and frequently manipulate or palpate as part of diagnosis and treatment. They work primarily in hospitals or private practice. Osteopathic Physicians may specialize just as Allopathic Physicians do, in such specialties as family practice, emergency medicine, and orthopaedics. Average Salary* $130,000 - $250,000 Educational Requirements* Students who are interested in becoming a Doctor of Osteopathy must have a high school diploma or equivalent. A prospective physician usually attends four years of college with an emphasis on the sciences (pre-med). Schools that offer instruction in osteopathic medicine require college level anatomy, physiology, microbiology, biology, and chemistry courses. Some schools also require course work in calculus, English, the humanities, or social sciences. Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine programs are 4 years in length like your traditional medical school. After completion of an accredited D.O. program, you must complete a residency program in the specialty of your choice. A residency program, depending on the specialty, is usually 3-5 years in length. Emergency Medical Technicians (EMT) Emergency medical technicians, or EMT's, usually work in teams of two in specially designed ambulances. They provide immediate life or limb saving medical treatment at the scenes of accidents and injuries as well as transport casualties to hospital emergency rooms for further care. The job is both physically demanding and stressful. EMT's are classified into basically three categories. EMT-Basic: Staffs ambulances providing basic life support (e.g. restoring breathing, controlling bleeding, treating shock, administering oxygen, bandaging wounds, assisting heart attack victims). EMT-Intermediate: Undergoes an additional 65-80 hours of training, and can perform additional duties (e.g. administering I.V. fluids and using defibrillators). EMT-Paramedic: Provide extensive pre-hospital care by administering drugs orally and intravenously, interpret EKG's, and use complex equipment. Paramedics undergo an additional 600-1000 hours of instruction including clinical and field internships. Average Salary* $26,000 - $37,500 Educational Requirements* Students must have a high school diploma or equivalent in order to become an emergency medical technician. Driver's education, health and science courses are strongly recommended and may be required before enrolling in some training programs. Basic emergency medical technician training includes about 120 hours spent in the classroom and 10 hours in a hospital emergency room. Emergency medical technicians are required to pass state licensing or certification tests and participate in continuing education programs. Many emergency medical technicians earn associate degrees in their field. Licensed Practical Nurse Licensed Practical Nurses or Licensed Vocational Nurses, as they are called in California and Texas, provide bedside care to the ill, injured, convalescent, and physically disabled. They provide services in hospitals, clinics, nursing homes, or similar institutions. LPN's/LVN's work under the supervision of a Registered Nurses (RN's) and provide care that requires technical knowledge and skill but not necessarily the in-depth professional training and education as a Registered Nurse. An LVN's responsibilities include but are not limited to taking and recording the patient's temperature, blood pressure, pulse rate, respiration rate; dressing wounds; giving massages; administering injections; applying compresses, ice bags, and hot water bottles; administering certain medications; helping the patient with bathing and other personal hygiene routines. LVN's can specialize in one of several related areas of medicine. Such as Pediatrics, Intensive Care, Coronary Care, OB/GYN, Surgery, Emergency Room, and more. Average Salary* $29,000 - $35,000 Educational Requirements* Persons interested in becoming a LVN/LPN must have their high school diploma or an equivalent. A 12-18 month state approved Vocation/Practical nursing program must be completed. Afterwards, a state licensure must then be obtained. Most of the programs are offered at vocational/technical schools & community colleges. Medical Assistant Medical assistants help physicians and nurses deliver patient care by performing clinical and administrative tasks. A medical assistant's administrative tasks consist of keeping medical records, greeting patients, billing and clerical duties, scheduling appointments, arranging for admission to the hospital and laboratory services, and checking supplies. Clinical responsibilities of a medical assistant consist of: Documenting vital signs (e.g. blood pressures, pulse, respirations, and temperature), performing simple lab tests, preparing patients for examination, arranging equipment and instruments before an exam, assisting physicians during patient exams, explaining treatment, medications, diet schedules, and procedures to the patient. Some medical assistants may also remove sutures, draw blood, and change dressings. Medical assistants primarily work in outpatient settings but may work in hospitals, or specialty offices. Average Salary* $24,000 - $30,000 Educational Requirements* Students should have a high school diploma or an equivalent. Medical assistant training programs are provided by community colleges and vocational/technical training schools. They may take between six months and two years to complete. Nuclear Medicine Technologists Nuclear Medicine Technologists prepare and administer radiopharmaceuticals (radioactive substances) in order to detect and treat disease. They then position equipment over patients to make images. These pictures allow physicians to identify abnormal areas. This helps in diagnosing illness. Nuclear medicine technologists explain these tests to the patients and administer radioactive doses by mouth or injection. They also perform laboratory tests on tissue samples. They must follow strict safety regulations due to the dangers of radiation effects to their bodies and organs. Their work is performed in specialized hospital departments, clinics, or laboratories. Level of work performed varies depending upon level of training and education completed. Average Salary* $50,000 - $75,000 Educational Requirements* Applicants for admission must have graduated from high school or the equivalent and have acquired postsecondary competencies in human anatomy and physiology, physics, mathematics, medical terminology, oral and written communications, chemistry and medical ethics. Nuclear medicine technology training programs vary in length from one to four years. One year programs that lead to certification are offered by hospitals. Associate and bachelor degrees are offered in colleges and universities. Courses include training in safety, radiation procedures, physical science, effects of radiation to the body and organs, and computer techniques. Almost all states require licensing, and all technologists must meet federal standards for administering and using of radioactive materials. The curriculum includes methods of patient care, radiation safety and protection, nuclear medicine physics and radiation physics, nuclear instrumentation, statistics, radionuclide chemistry and radiopharmacy, radiation biology, diagnostic nuclear medicine imaging and nonimaging in-vivo and in-vitro procedures, radionuclide therapy, computer applications, immunology as related to nuclear medicine, and quality control and quality assurance. Nurse Practitioner Nurse Practitioners are healthcare providers who work in collaboration with Physicians and other health-care team members in order to provide comprehensive primary care to children and adults of all ages. A Nurse Practitioner may work in a variety of different health-care specialty settings (e.g. Family Medicine, Pediatrics, Adult/Geriatric medicine, Acute care, Psych/Mental health, or Women's health). Duties of a Nurse Practitioner often include: taking medical histories and performing physical examination; ordering and interpreting laboratory tests and x-rays; diagnosing, treating, and monitoring acute and chronic illnesses; prescribing medications and other treatments; providing patient and family education; providing appropriate referral to physicians and other health care team members. Average Salary* $60,000 - $85,000 Educational Requirements* Nurse Practitioners are Registered Nurses with advanced formal training. Most RN's interested in becoming a Nurse Practitioner possess a Bachelor's Degree in Nursing. Upon completion of an accredited Nurse Practitioner training program a master's degree in nursing is often awarded and licensing is then awarded after passing national boards. Occupational Therapist Occupational Therapists help patients who are mentally, emotionally, or physically disabled adjust to handicaps and regain abilities to perform daily living and self-care skills. They work as part of a team with physicians, counselors, and physical therapists. Occupational therapists design therapy programs and work closely with patients to observe them, help them, and monitor their progress. They frequently design special equipment to aid patients and help with their therapy. They also teach patients how to adjust to work and home life after becoming disabled by injury or illness. Most occupational therapists are employed at hospitals, and many work at nursing homes. Some work at schools for the handicapped, rehabilitation centers, or at adult daycare centers. Average Salary* $42,000 - $47,000 Educational Requirements* Students who want to become occupational therapists should have a high school diploma or equivalent. All states require either a bachelor's or master's degree that includes clinical experience and successful completion of a national examination to become a certified occupational therapist. Phlebotomists Phlebotomists draw blood from patients for testing purposes. They usually work under the supervision of medical technologists or laboratory managers. Average Salary* $25,000 - $29,000 Educational Requirements* People interested in becoming phlebotomists should have a high school diploma or an equivalent. 1 year phlebotomy programs are offered at vocational/technical schools awarding diplomas and 2 year phlebotomy programs are offered at community colleges awarding associate's degrees. Physical Therapist Physical Therapists evaluate patients' medical history, test and measure strength, assess range of motion, and ability to function and develop written treatment plans based primarily upon physician instructions. Physical Therapists help patients restore bodily functions, prevent permanent disability, and relieve pain after an injury or illness. Therapy can include work and massage to increase strength, coordination, and range of motion. Therapists also apply traction and heat, cold, light, and water treatments. They also train patients to use prosthetic and orthotic appliances. Physical therapist are employed in hospitals, nursing homes, rehabilitation centers, schools, and physicians' offices. Average Salary* $40,500 - $65,000 Educational Requirements* Students who want to become physical therapists must have a high school diploma or an equivalent. A bachelor's degree is also obtained through a university with an emphasis on the sciences. To become a licensed physical therapist, most states require students to earn a master's degree and pass a certification examination. Physicians Assistant Physician assistants are healthcare providers who work under the direction and supervision of physicians. They provide routine diagnostic and therapeutic tests, and offer preventative care. Physician assistants work in a variety of settings and in a number of different specialties. Physician assistants duties often include: Taking medical histories and performing physical examinations. Ordering and interpreting laboratory tests and x-rays. Diagnosing, treating, and monitoring acute and chronic illnesses. Treating injuries by suturing, casting, or splinting. Prescribing medications and other treatments. Providing patient and family education. Providing appropriate referral to physicians and other health care team members. Average Salary* $65,000 - $90,000 Educational Requirements* A high school diploma or equivalent, college science courses which include anatomy, physiology, and microbiology, in order to be accepted into a formal, academically accredited physician assistant program. As a minimum, academic physician assistant programs require two years of collegiate-level study in health care, biology, English, chemistry, math, psychology, and social sciences. Many programs end with an Associate's Degree although some colleges offer Bachelor's and Master's Degree programs. All physician assistant programs include extensive supervised clinical training. Physician M.D. Physicians, M.D.s, are medical doctors who treat disease and injury. Physicians often evaluate and provide patient care in public or private hospitals, clinics, or private practices. Physicians can prescribe medications for preventative and curative treatment. Their work hours can be long and irregular. Although many physicians become internists, generalists, or family practitioners, most specialize in other medical fields. Specialties include: Anesthesiologist - administers anesthesia Cardiologist - treats heart disease Dermatologist - treats skin conditions Gastroenterologist - treats digestive problems Gerontologist - provides care for elderly Gynecologist - treats female reproductive system problems Neurologist - treats brain and nervous system problems Obstetrician - provides pregnancy care and delivers babies Oncologist - treats cancer Orthopedist - treats musculoskeletal problems Pathologist - interprets disease in tissues Pediatrician - provides care for children Pulmonologist - treats respiratory problems Surgeon - performs operations Urologist - treats urinary problems Average Salary* $125,000 - $300,000 Educational Requirements* Students should take the most challenging high school courses (including AP or IB courses) available in science, math, and English. After three or four years of college, prospective physicians must attend medical school. Undergraduate requirements for admission to all medical schools include one year of basic chemistry, one year of organic chemistry, one year of biology, and one year of physics. Some medical schools also require course work in calculus, English, humanities, or social sciences. Prospective students who want to attend medical school must also take the MCAT (Medical College Admissions Test). Medical school usually includes two years of additional study in both basic and clinical sciences and is followed by a two year-long hospital internship. Physicians who want to specialize must then undertake a residency in their specialty which may take 3-6 years. X-Ray Technician Radiology Technicians use x-ray machines, ultrasound machines, magnetic resonance scanners, positron emission scanners, and other technologically advanced machines to help diagnose and treat illnesses and injuries under the direction of a physician. They are responsible for explaining and getting patients ready for radiological tests and treatment that will be performed. They place the equipment at the right distance and right angle from the patient to make the appropriate images for the physician. Radiographers also assist physicians in performing sophisticated procedures. It is their responsibility to ensure that the radiology equipment is properly maintained. They work in hospitals, clinics, medical laboratories, nursing homes, and in private industry. Average Salary* $29,000 - $39,500 Educational Requirements* Students interested in becoming an X-Ray Tech should have a high school diploma or an equivalent. To become a registered radiology technician, students must complete a two year training program in a hospital or school. A high school diploma or GED certificate is required for entry into these programs. Registered Nurse RN Registered Nurses (RNs) do specialized and skilled nursing. They are responsible for supervising and planning the care of ill patients. They oversee the care that is given by practical nurses and nurses’ aides. Registered nurses make sure that physicians' orders are followed. They may give injections and administer fluids. Registered nurses often specialize in fields like post-surgery care or pediatrics. They work in doctors' offices, dentists’ offices, hospitals, schools, public health clinics, industrial plants, private practice, and many other places where health care is provided. Average Salary* $35,000 - $49,000 Educational Requirements* Students should take college preparation courses in high school that emphasize the sciences. Some colleges offer Nursing Programs leading to a Diploma or and Associate's Degree. These are usually two year programs that are combined with clinical practice in hospitals. Although many colleges offer four year programs leading to bachelor degrees. Almost all nursing management positions require four year college degrees. Masters degrees are required to teach or to specialize. Speech Pathologists Speech pathologists and audiologists specialize in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of speech, language, and hearing problems. Speech Pathology and Audiology are areas of endeavor which have developed out of concern for people with speech and hearing disorders. Audiologists and Speech Language Pathologists, or speech therapists, as they have formerly been called, devote themselves to helping both children and adults overcome speech and hearing problems. Because speech and hearing are so interrelated, Speech Pathologists and Audiologists work closely with each other, as well as with other professionals and as consultants to educational, medical and other professional groups. Speech Pathologists primarily specialize in helping people with problems of speech, language and voice disorders. They primarily diagnose and evaluate the individual's speech and language ability, then plan, direct and conduct a treatment program to restore or develop patient's communication skills. Audiologists concentrate on individuals with hearing problems they assess the type and degree of hearing impairment, then plan, direct and conduct aural rehabilitation and training programs. Speech Pathologists and Audiologists may advance to administrative or supervisory positions such as clinic director or coordinator of clinical services. They may also become professors or department heads in colleges or universities, or choose to engage in research activities. Professional mobility is generally based on experience, skills, and level of education. A person entering this work must have academic ability and intellectual curiosity. One must have an interest in people and the ability to approach problems with a scientific attitude. Another requirement is the ability to become involved with patients without letting them develop an unhealthy dependence. Average Salary* $45,000-$65,000 Educational Requirements* A number of professional degree programs in Speech Pathology or Audiology are available. The American SpeechLanguage and Hearing Association certification requires masters level training and 1 year experience in addition to successful completion of a national exam. Preprofessional course work should provide a broad liberal arts background, including biology, anatomy, physiology, physics, general psychology, child and adolescent psychology, sociology, and anthropology. Ultrasound Technician Ultrasound techs provide patient services in a variety of medical settings in which the physician is responsible for the use and interpretation of ultrasound procedures. The medical sonographer is able to obtain ultrasound images by the use of equipment that sends high-frequency sound waves into areas of the patient's body, which then creates reflected echoes collected to form an image on a screen. This diagnostic data in the form of an image is then interpreted by a physician. Average Salary* $30,500-$40,000 Educational Requirements* People interested in becoming an ultrasound technician should have a high school diploma or an equivalent. There are one, two, and four year programs depending on the degree awarded. Health Professions Sports Medicine 2007