Download Peacemaking, Peacekeeping International Relations - WCHS SS30-IB

Advice on Tackling Paper 1
What is Paper 1
 Is a source-base paper
 Lasts 1 hour
 Worth 20% of the assessment
Aims of the participants and peacemakers: Wilson and the
Fourteen Points
2. Terms of the Paris Peace Treaties 1919-20
1.
 Versailles
 St Germain
 Trianon
 Neuilly
 Sevres
 Lusanne 1923
The geopolitical and economic impact of the treaties on
Europe; the establishment and impact of the mandate system
4. Enforcement of the provisions of the treaties: US isolationism
– the retreat from the Anglo-American Guarantee;
disarmament –Washington, London, Geneva conferences
5. The League of Nations: effects of the absence of major powers;
the principle of collective responsibility and early attempts at
peacekeeping (1920-25)
3.
The Ruhr Crisis (1923); Locarno and the Locarno Spring
(1925)
7. Depression and threats to international peace and collective
security: Manchuria (1931-3) and Abyssinia (1935-6)
6.
What type of sources will be included
on the examination paper?
 The will be either primary or a mixture of primary and
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secondary
They may consist of
Written sources letters, text of a speech, extracts from
books
Visual sources paintings, cartoons, photos, diagrams and
statistical information
The number of sources will be 5
Question 1
 Asks you to explain in your own words the message of one of
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the sources or selected parts of it, e.g. ‘according to Source
A, why did...?’
It is a comprehension question
Question 1 will be subdivided into a part (a) and a part (b)
It is worth 5 marks
One part will be 2 marks the other 3
Question 2
 Asks you to compare and contrast the views expressed by
two sources, e.g. ‘compare and contrast the views expressed
in Source A and Source C and the reasons why...’
 Worth 6 marks
 Asks you to asses the value and limitations of two sources
with reference to the sources’ origins and purpose, e.g. ‘With
reference to their origins and purpose asses the value and
limitation of Sources B and D to an historian studying the
Locarno Treaty.’
 Worth 6 marks
 Asks you to use your own knowledge and the sources to
construct an argument in answer to a question about the
prescribed subject, e.g. ‘Using the sources and your own
knowledge, analyse the results of the Ruhr Crisis’
 Worth 8 marks
Advice on answering the questions
 Write in complete sentences
 Use the mark allocation for each question to determine how
long you spend on each question.
 Rough guide
 10 min on question 1
 15 min one each of questions 2 & 3
 20 min for questions 4
 Judge each source on its merits or weaknesses; avoid
generalizations e.g. ‘Source A is a secondary source and so it is unreliable
because the author will not know how exactly what happened.’
 Also because it is bias does not mean it is of no use to an
historian e.g. ‘A poster produced by German nationalists about the
Versailles Treaty might not provide the historian with objective
information about the terms of the treaty but it might tell us something
very useful about the sort of image of the treaty that German nationalists
wanted to project to the world.’
Question 1
 you need to remember to use just the source not your own
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knowledge.
Examiners are testing your understanding of the source.
Keep direct quotations from the passage brief and avoid
quoting back whole chunks of the passage.
If you need to make longer references to the text,
paraphrase.
In general based on the marking scheme you receive 1 mark
for each valid point made; ensure that your explanation is
clear and reasonably full
Question 2 (6 marks)
 Only 2 sources
 Is a comparison do not forget to indicate
both points of similarity and points of
differences between the sources.
 This question is intended for you to show
your application and interpretation of the
sources.
Question 3 (6 marks)
 Keep focused on the sources’
 origins – who produced them, when were they produced
 purpose – why and for whom were they produced
 Ensure that you identify both the sources’ values and limitations
otherwise you will be unable to score more than half marks for your
answer.
 Value – what the sources are useful for, linked to their origins and
purpose
 Limitation – what aspects of the issue referred to in the question
the sources do not tell us about, and , the extent to which the
sources may not be reliable or accurate, linked to their origins and
purpose.
 The question is intended for you to show your synthesis and
evaluation of the sources.
Question 4 (8marks)
 Examiners will expect you to produce a mini
essay.
 Be sure to use both your knowledge and the
sources otherwise you can only receive ½
marks.
 For the sake of time you may find it more
effective to integrate the sources and your own
knowledge, rather than running through what
the sources have to contribute and then using
your own knowledge.
Peacemaking, Peacekeeping
International Relations
1918 - 1936
THE AIM OF THE PARTICIPATING
PEACEMAKERS
WARTIME AGREEMENTS
Treaty of London 1915
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Britain and France
agreed that Italy should
receive South Tyrol
Secret pact
Italy leave the Triple
Alliance and joint the
Triple Entente
This area included a
large number of
German-speaking
citizens
Treaty nullified by the T
of V
Tyrol (or Tirol) is a state in
the western part of Austria
The McMahon Declaration
1915
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British High Commissioner
in Cairo
Promises British support for
Arab independence if the
Arabs rose up against
Turkish rule.
Accepted by the Palestinians.
Cannot by purely Arab
Two schools of thought at the
end of the war.

Promised to the Arabs or
support to Jewish homeland.
Saudi Arabia
The Sykes-Picot
Agreement 1916
Britain and France
reach an
understanding about
the Middle East.
 They define their
spheres of influence
following the end of
the war.

Aims
Britain would dominate
Mesopotamia
 France would control
Syria.
 Palestine would come
under an international
administration

Belfour Declaration1917

Arthur Belford
(foreign
secretary)
supported the
establishment in
Palestine of a
national home for
the Jewish
people.
http://www.bradfordstopwar.org.uk/olderstuff/gaza/factsheet.html
THE AIMS OF THE BIG FOUR
BIG FOUR
Vittorio Orlando of Italy
Woodrow Wilson of
the
United States
David Lloyd George
of Britain
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Georges Clemenceau of France
What were the objectives of the French and
British governments at the Treaty of Versailles?
French Objectives
National Security / Disarmament
•Remove the threat from German military power
•Demand the return of Alsace-Lorraine
•Demanded annexation of the Rhineland region but
accepted it be neutralized creating a demilitarized zone
•Germany prohibited from placing troops within 50km
of the east bank of the Rhine River
•Allied forces would occupy the west bank for 50 years
•Immediate military assistance from Britain and the
United States
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•Reduction in the size of the army to 100 000 men
FINANCIAL REPARATIONS
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Financial compensation for the losses incurred
from the war
Northern France destroyed in German occupation
Reconstruction of mines, railways, farmland that
was destroyed by the Germans and the rigors of
war
France awarded coal rights to Germany’s Saar
Valley until 1935
Demand for full reparations of war damages by
Germany 52% of the $30+ billion dollar bill for the
war
30-year limit of the repayment
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BRITISH OBJECTIVES
 Security
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of sea-lanes to its colonies
Reduce the German navy to 6 warships,
no submarines
Redistribution of German colonies to the
Allies
Return all territory it had occupied during
the war.
Self-government for the nations of the
Austro-Hungarian empire and the nonTurkish people of the Ottoman Empire.
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BRITISH / FRENCH REACTION
USA
Woodrow Wilson 14
points
 Idealistic
 Base on assessment of
his reasons why war
had broken out.
 War should be to
“make the world safe
for democracy”
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Britain & France’s attitude
to the Wilson’s 14 points
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Uncertain and unhappy
Clemenceau sceptical
about the effectiveness of
the
L of N (to
idealistic) only god had 10
commandments.
Lloyd George hostile to
point 2
Accepted the 14 points for
fear of the USA making
separate peace with
Germany which Wilson
threatened in Oct. 1918.
ITALY
Agreed to enter the
war as an allie of GR
& France on the
premises that it would
receive territory in the
Ottoman Empire and
share in Germany's
colonies
 Dodecanese Islands,
Trentino, South Tyrol,
Istria
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Against the guidelines
of Wilson’s 14 points
TERMS OF THE PARIS PEACE TREATIES
1919-1920

The treaty of Versailles was an attempt to establish a
framework for settling the war and restoring European
peace.
HOW DID THE BIG THREE DISAGREE
OVER GERMANY’S TREATMENT?
USA
 Wilson emphasis on the need to balance punishment
due to aggression with redemption and maintaining a
stable Germany that would play a part in peace time
Europe.
G.B. & France determined to see Germany
permanently weakened. George pressed for a tough
line of particular issues ie. Reparations, but he did
see a need for moderation.
Wilson recognised that Poland needed access to the
Baltic and so agreed that West Prussia and Posen
should be awarded to Poland and the Port of Danzig
should become a free city. Contravening his principle
of national self-determination
ANGLO-AMERICAN GUARANTEE FOR
FRANCE
 France
willing to make concessions
(Rhineland)
 USA & G.B. Agree to protect to guarantee
military supporting if Germany was to attack
 Never ratified by the USA, thus G.B. would
not give French the support they expected.
THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES WITH
GERMANY JUNE 1919
Diktat
 treaty
un-fair “dictated peace”
 Location and manners were staged to
humiliate Germany
 1871 German unification Hall of
Mirrors.
 German representatives brought before
the allies like prisoners in a dock.
Territory lost:
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THE TERMS
Lost 13% of her European Territory
Lost of territory meant loss of resources > 10% loss of industrial capacity
Lost 48% of iron ore capacity
Alsace-Loraine to France
 West Prussia and Posen to Poland
 North Schleswig to Denmark
 Eupen and Malmedy to Belgium
 Danzig was designated an international city, with Poland give the
right to use its port facilities
 The Saar was placed un L of N control for 15 yrs.
 French to control the coalmines for 15 yrs.
 Plebiscite was to be held in 15 yrs. To determine its final sovereignty
 Upper Silesia war partitioned with the poles who got 2/3 of the
mines.
Lost colonies:
 Africa, China and the Pacific handed over to the victors as
Mandates.
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Namibia under control of South Africa
Tanganyika controlled by Britain
Togoland & Cameroons controlled by Britain and France
Rwanda controlled by Belgium
Article 231 War Guilt & Reparations
 Accepting responsibility for the damage Germany had done to the countries she attacked
 French and British In debt to USA > insisting repayment
 Germany to pay the sum of 132 billion gold marks
 Paid in regular instalments gold, coal, pig iron telegraph poles
Military restrictions
 Army limited to 100,000 volunteers
 General staff abolished
 No air force
 6 battleships
 No submarines, tanks or heavy artillery
 Surrender of entire battle fleet of warships
 Permanent demilitarization of the Rhine land (50km), occupation by allied forces for 15
years.
 Impact
Political:
 Bread lasting resentment
•
Newly created states were politically and economically unstable
•
Unable to be deterrent to Germany
•
Large groups of German minorities were spread though the new states
Territorial:
 Can be argued that territorial boundary decisions continue to remain a source of contention
and conflict. E.g. Balkans
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It partitioned central Europe in a group of small unstable political units
•
promoted ultra-nationalism
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held minorities within its borders which helped to promote instability.
THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS

Was a compromise between the proposals of
Wilson, Lloyd George and Clemenceau.
THE TREATY OF ST. GERMAIN: WITH
AUSTRIA (SEPT. 1919)
 Austro-Hungarian
Empire had already split up
 St. Germain recognizes this
 Austria argues it’s treated as a new state rather
than a successor to the old Austro-Hungarian
Empire.
 Subject to the same range of punishments
handed out to Germany
 Except war guild reparations
 Limits to its armed forces 30,000
 Bohemia
and Moravia went to
Czechoslovakia
 Damatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina went to
Yugoslavia ---- cause of tension
 Istria, the Trentino and South Tyrol went
to Italy
 Galicia went to Poland
 Bukovina went to Romania
 Population reduced from 22 to 6.5 million
 Lost most of its former industrial areas
 1/3 German-speaking population now
belong to successor states other than
Austria.
THE TREATY OF NEUILLY WITH
BULGARIA (NOV. 1919)
 Required
to pay reparations
 Armed forces limited to 20,000 men
 Western Thrace goes to Greece
 Northern Macedonia went to
Yugoslavia
 Dobrudja went to Romania
THE TREATY OF TRIANON WITH HUNGARY
(JUNE 1920)

Hungary was treated as the successor to the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
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Obligated to accept reparations
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Limited armed forces 35000 men
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Loss of territory to new successor states
 Slovakia and Ruthenia went to Czechoslovakia
 Croatia and Slovenia went to Yugoslavia
 Transylvania went to Romania
 Burgenland went to Austria
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Population was reduced from 21 mill. To 7.5 mill
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Hungarians were now apart of neighbouring countries
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Majority of raw materials lay in territories ceded to its neighbours.
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1920-30’s Foreign policy focused on desire to revise the treaty & re-unite
Hungarians
Czech., Yugo. & Rom Create the Little Entente 1920-21 – feared Hungary
Isolationism forced Hungary to signed a friendship treaty with Mussolini
1927
TREATY OF SEVRES: WITH TURKEY
(1919)
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Dardanelles placed under an international
commission & permanently open to all countries
ships,
Lost all rights to the Sudan and Libya
Had to recognise French Morocco and Tunis, British
Egypt and Cyprus
Saudi Arabia became independent
Syria, Mesopotamian (Iraq) & Palestine became L of
N mandates administered by France & Britain
Greece received some Turkish Aegean islands
Kurdistan became autonomous
Armenia became independent
TREATY OF LAUSANNE (1923)
 Sevres
altered
 Nationalist revolt and war against
Greece led by Mustapha Kemal
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Paris Peace settlement was an uneasy compromise
between the Big Three.
Crucial issues Wilson’s failure to ratify the T of V and
no military guarantee for France.
Geopolitical impact on Germany
Weimar Republic tarnished by association with the
T of V
Created a strong nationalist movement in Germany
 Felt they could have fought on.
 Stabbed in the back by cowardly democratic politicians

Historians are divided over the
T of V
 Germany needed to remember that it could have fared
worse. If Clemenceau had it his way. Britain & USA
tempered France
 Rhineland – independent state
 Saarland annexed to France
 Danzig integral part of Poland
 Germany imposed much harsher peace terms on Russia in
1918 – Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
 Russia ordered to give up vast territories to Germany.
If you see your enemy in the water up to
his neck, you will do well to push him
under, but if he is only in it up to his
knees, you will do well to help him to the
shore.
Political writer Machiavelli
Treaty Of Versailles
 Constituted a dangerous halfway house between
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generous (help him to shore) and harsh (pushing him under)
treatment.
Created resentment
1920’s committed to recovering land in the east.
Gustav Stresemann (foreign minister) willing to
recognized German western borders (Locarno Pact
1925) see handout
British perusal of a policy of appeasement could be
partly due to a feeling the T of V was to harsh
Economic impact on Germany
 Destabilized the German economy---struggling at the end of
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the war
Reparation did not allow Germany to focus on rebuilding its
economy as quickly as it could have
Germany couldn’t pay
Fell behind in payments
Lead to loss of public support for the Weimer Republic
Lead to hyper inflation 1923
Raising taxes is a solution rather than printing money
German Colonies
49
Economic impact
 Dislocation of an integrated
economic unit
 Limited economic resources
 Weakened each state
Geopolitical impact on Central &
Eastern Europe
 Territories held under German control (Treaty of
Brest-Litovsk) become independent countries
 Austrian-Hungary / Turkish empires dismantled
 Destroyed the old balance of power that existed
 Creation of successor states unable to stand up to
the aggression of up-coming leaders in Russia and
Germany
 Border disputes and issues of ethnic tensions
minorities were created
 Czechoslovakia comprised of 6 separate racial
groups included were 3 million Germans.
 Turkey had regained territory lost in the treaty of
Sevres this demonstrated that Britain & France
were unwilling to defend the Paris Peace
settlements.
 Italy after war --- angry that territory that was
promised to them at the end of the war went to
Yugoslavia
Treaty of Rapallo
 Germany and USSR are outcasts
 Trade and financial cooperation
 Germany able to test military
 Cooperate against Poland
The Establishment and the impact of the
mandate system
• The process by which the L.G. administered the
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colonies of the defeated central powers after WW1
Idea was to help them to become self-sufficient and
politically independent.
G.B. & France received the bulk of the Ottoman
Empire
G.B. & Japan administering the Pacific Empire of
Germany
G.B., France, South Africa received mandates over
Germany’s African processions
Types of Mandates
• Class A - close to self-governance (immediate
independence)
• Class B - considerable support required in
political and social issues (eventual independence)
• Class C – lacking any necessary sense of
developed & annexed by the mandate state.
(perpetual colonial status)
WHAT WERE THE PROBLEMS OF ENFORCEMENT
OF THE PROVISIONS OF THE TREATIES?
Germany resentment
 Failure of the USA to join
 USA retreated into isolationism
 USSR remained isolated
 Italy angered over results after the war
 Japan not interested in European affairs

WHY WAS GB RELUCTANT TO DEFEND THE
PARIS PEACE SETTLEMENT?
 Focused
on maintaining their colonial
empire
 Independence movements
 Financial indebtedness
 Financial and military strength were in
weak
 British public and politicians reluctant
WHAT WAS FRANCE’S STANCE?
 Failure
to secure a military alliance with
USA an GB
 Ruhr occupation was an embarrassment
 Germany failed to comply
 Consider a collaborative approach
 Locarno honeymoon (common boundaries
& an invite into the L of G)
 Still anxious built the Maginot Line
Meuse river in the Ardennes
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TREATY
COUNTRIES
INTENT (TERMS)
RESULT
Washington
Treaties
•USA
•GB
• Japan
• Italy
• France
•Promote security & peace
Treaty of
Rapallo
1922
Germany
Russian
Diplomatic & economic
cooperation
•German economic support
•Access to Russian for military maneuvers
•Violation of the treaty of Versailles
•Ends isolation of Germany
Locarno Pact
1925
International
cooperation
Germany
France
Belgium
British
Italian
Czech
Poland
•Mutual defence pacts against
German aggression
•Guaranteed the common
boundaries of Belgium, France,
and Germany
•Agreed to change the eastern
boundaries of Germany
(arbitration)
•Germany allowed into the League of
Nations 1926
•Demilitarize the Rhineland 1930
•Repudiated the Pact 1936 & sent troops in
the Rhineland
Kellogg-Briand
Pact 1928
Pact of Paris
Peace
Building
15 countries
62 total
•Renounce war as a national
policy
•USA right to defense – no
obligation to participate in
stopping nations that broke the
treaty.
•Illusion of security, no plan to deal with
aggression
•Japan – Manchuria 1931
•Italy – Abyssinia 1935
•Germany – Poland
•Legal basis for Crimes against peace
•Nuremburg trials
USA, France
G.B, Italy
France
•Froze the number of capital
ships nations could build for 10
years
•Discontent by they those not receiving
equitable limits
•Maintain American superiority
•5 USA /GB - 3 Japan - 1.75 Italy & France
•Discontent over equitable limits
Treaty
Countries
Intent
Four Power
Pact
USA, Britain, Japan,
France
A treaty of mutual consultation among
its members in the event of territorial
disputes in the Far East
The Little
Entente
Czechoslovakia
Yugoslavia, Romania
A treaty to resist territorial expansion by
the former members of the AustroHungarian Empire
US ISOLATIONISM THE RETREAT FROM THE
ANGLO-AMERICAN GUARANTEE
 USA
refused to honour Wilsons pledge of
military guarantee for France
 Refuse to sign the T of V
 Not committed to act as the world police
 Article 10 promise to defend others
boarders and independence in conscience
not in law.
 Wilson would not accept modifications
DISARMAMENT
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Washington Conference 1921-22
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London Naval Conferences 1930 35-36
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Extension of W.C.
London Naval Conferences 1935-36
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Prevented an naval arms race
End of British naval domination
USSR not invited
Japan wants parity – walks out
Geneva Disarmament Conference 1932-34
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Germany wants parity with France
France smaller population
German industrial capacity
Cast-iron guarantees over inspection and verification
Hitler withdraws – France's refusal of parity.
Gave Hitler what he had been hoping for felt free to rearm openly
1933 withdrew from the L of V
 What were the league’s aims?
 Promote international co-operation
 To end war by promoting disarmament
 How as the League structure?
 Council
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Met 3-4 time a year
5 original permanent members France, Britain Italy, Japan USA
USA never joined
Italy & Japan withdrew
Germany & USSR came and went
 Assembly
 Met once a year
 42 countries grew to 55 by 1924
 Decisions
 One vote
 Departments
 International court of Justice
 International labour organization
 Abolish social and economic injustice was successful in this area.
The Principle of collective security
 League members to respect and preserve as
against external aggression
 Arbitration
 International court of Justice
 Diplomatic pressure
 Suspension of trade
 Armed force to prevent a war
Problems
 No way to compel a nation to submit to any method.
 Not required to accept any decision reached
 Economic sanctions tried once (Italy)
 No army and no police force
 No mechanism for raising peacekeeping force
 Absents of great powers
 Weakness is League’s structure
 Meeting were infrequent
 Unanimous vote required in both the assembly and the
council
Early attempts at peacekeeping
(1920 – 1925)
EARLY SUCCESSES
 Aaland Islands 1920-21
 They had traditionally belonged to Finland but most of the islanders wanted to be
governed by Sweden.
 given to Finland
 Mosul (kurdistan)1923-24
 Dispute between Turkey and Iraq. Turkey accepted that it should remain part of Iraq.
 Greek-Bulgarian Clash 1925
 Helped avert a Balkan war between Greece and Bulgarian
 Fined Greece for a border attach on Bulgarian
 successful plebiscites
 social successes
 simply informing the world at large that these problems did exist and that they should
be tackled
 improve the status of women child slave labour ,drug addiction and drug smuggling
 dig fresh water wells, the Health Organisation started a campaign to wipe out leprosy.
This idea - of wiping out from the world a disease - was taken up by the United
Nations with its smallpox campaign.
EARLY FAILURES
 Poland's seizure of Vilna (1920)
 Fighting between Poland and Lithuania over Vilna (Lithuania’s capital)
 Russo-Polish War (1920-21)
 Attempt by Russia to export it’s civil war
 Poland was a bridge to western Europe
 Conflict was subdued for 20 years, no successful culmination
 Greek-Turkish War (1920-230
 Turkey went to war with Greece over the treaty of Sevres.
 Unable to bring about a settlement --- revised the settlement at
Lausanne 1923
 The Corfu incident (1923)
 Italy occupied Corfu – general murdered by Greek bandits
 Greeks appeal to league Italy required to leave, Greeks paid
indemnity
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Characterized by defaulting payments by the Germans, international
discussions regarding reparations and French intervention.
Ruhr produced 80% of Germany’s steel & 70 % of its coal.
French troops enter the Ruhr 1923
Germany engage in passive resistance
Germany suffers from the burden of reparations and international isolation
France suffers from international isolation and economy is threatened by
burdens of Ruhr occupation
Dawes Plan 1924
Accepted by all
Germany receive an initial loan of 200 million from USA and other foreign
countries
Didn’t alter the total reparations to be paid but rescheduled them 1 billion
gold marks in the first year, increasing to 2.5 from the 5th year on.
German taxes and bonds earmarked to pay for reparations if Germany failed
to follow through
French to evacuate the Ruhr within a year
LOCARNO AND THE LOCARNO SPRING (1925)
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
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Following the Ruhr Crises and Dawes plan
Gustav Stresemann (Foreign. Min.) proposes a security pact
with Britain and France.
Saw a pact as a way to obtain revisions to the T of V --Polish boarders, Rhineland
Terms
Guaranteed the common boundaries of Belgium, France and
Germany
 Agreed to change the eastern boundaries of Germany (arbitration)
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Results
Confirmed the T of V
 Germany treaty as an equal again rather than a criminal
 International co-operation –evacuation of part of the Rhineland
 USSR / German agreement to remain neutral in the event of an
attack by a 3rd party
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http://nigelgraves.co.uk/history/intrel.htm
ADDITIONAL INTERNATIONAL
AGREEMENTS THAT SUPPORTED THE
SPIRIT OF LOCARNO
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Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928 (Pact of Paris) Peace
Building
USA, France, G.B, Italy ,France
Intent
Renounce war as a national policy
 USA right to defense – no obligation to participate in
stopping nations that broke the treaty.
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Result
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Illusion of security, no plan to deal with aggression
Japan – Manchuria 1931
Italy – Abyssinia 1935
Germany – Poland
Legal basis for Crimes against peace
Nuremburg trials
Young Plan (1929)
Intent / Results
 Reduction of reparations by 11 billion gold marks
 To pay annually until 1988
 Additional foreign loan to Germany of $ 300 million
 All allied troops to be withdrawn from the Rhineland
 Hitler campaigned against the plan
 Plan never got off the ground ---wall street crash
Lausanne Conference (1932)
 Intent / results
 Suspend reparations for 3 years
 Reduce reparation to a final bill of 3 billion marks (2%
of the original amt. in 1921)
 Hitler gains power in 33 and reneges on payments.
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THE GREAT DEPRESSION AND THREATS TO
INTERNATIONAL PEACE AND COLLECTIVE
SECURITY
Protectionism
 Nations reacting by implementing tariff barriers
against imported goods.
 World trade fell by 2/3rd between 1929 -32
 By 1938 trade was only 40% of 1929 era
 Impact on Germany
 Fragile economy
 Dependent on US loans
 Hitler’s rise to power would result in challenges to the
Paris Peace settlements and the pacts.
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HITLER’S FOREIGN POLICY AIMS
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Nazis promised prosperity & employment, & gave people someone to blame for their problems –
politicians, communists, Jews
Appealed to nationalism – promised to rebuild a strong Germany.
Hitler was a superb politician and speaker – appealed to emotions rather than reason. Told people
what they wanted to hear.
Masterful use of propaganda to make their points and political violence to disrupt opponents.
Offered striking alternative to Weimar government –
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strength versus weakness
decisiveness versus caution,
order versus chaos
Four chief aims underlay Hitler’s foreign policy
To extend Nazism into more areas of Germany
He planned to defy and revise the terms and the spirit of Versailles
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Reunion with the Saar (1935)
Reintroduction of conscription and rearmament (1935)
Anglo –German Naval convention (1935) allowing Germany to have a navy with 35% of the size of Brittan's
Re-militarizing the Rhineland (1936)
He intended to unite all German-speaking peoples of central Europe into a greater Reich.
He wanted to make conquests in the east to provide Lebensraum.
IMPACT OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION ON JAPAN
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Until 1931 co-operated with the west
Washington naval treaty
 Permanent member in the L of N
 Close trading partners with the USA & Europe
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Wall St. Crash created an economic crisis in Japan
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lead to a change in Foreign Policy and an undermining of
the political system by the military.
Dependence on exports of silk farmers blamed the
government for the drop in price by 80%
Military turned their back on co-operation with the West
and China
Imperialism seen as the way out of economic difficulties
Embarked on a aggression challenge, china 1937, IndoChina 1940, Pearl Harbour 1941
IMPACT OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION ON
ITALY
No different than anywhere else
 2000 000 unemployed
 Wage cuts to workers
 Agriculture dropped between 20-40% in the 30’s
 Citizen see Mussolini as a weak leader
 Mussolini's foreign policy becomes more aggressive
 Invasion of Abyssinia seen as a way to revive support
for his government
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IMPACT OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION ON
GREAT BRITAIN
Links between the depression and appeasement
 Britain faced with the prospects of a variety of
challenges to its interests and to the international order.
 Hitler, Italy, Japan were all becoming more aggressive
 Growing unrest in Britain’s Empire made it difficult to
consider being drawn into any possible European or far
eastern war
 Rearmament was delayed because of the results of the
Wall St. Crash
 Reluctant to confront Germany -- could not count on
support for the USA
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IMPACT OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION ON
FRENCH
Similar
to Britain
Steel production was only 1/3 of
what it had been
Political divided right concerned
about the French communist Party
& Soviet expansion
WWI memories
IMPACT OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION ON
USA
Reluctant
to confront Japanese
aggression (Manchuria 1931) until
1941 – oil embargo
1935 Neutrality Act
Committed USA to neutrality in the
event of a war between two foreign
countries
IMPACT OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION ON
USSR
 Behind
in terms of industrialisation
 Looked to the west for collective
security against Hitler
 Attempted to sign pacts with France,
Czechoslovakia and Baltic states
 Joined the L of N in 1934 with a
permanent seat
 1939 signed the Nazis Soviet Pact.
MANCHURIA INCIDENT 1931-1933
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Japan – desire to develop a colonial empire (imperialism)
Increased demands for natural resources
Abundant natural resources in Manchuria made it a target
Deliberate breach of the Covenant of the League of Nations
Demonstrates the ineffectiveness of the League of Nations and
maintaining peace and security. “Toothless”
Reinforced the concept of expansionism through force (Europe and
Japan).
Encouraged European dictators to follow similar expansion in Africa.
(Mussolini & Abyssinia)
Q2.What did the Lytton commission decide about the Manchurian
incident?
In Part sympathetic to the Japanese position
Accepted they had a long standing investment that should be protected.
Named Japan as the aggressor in the overall incident
Japan withdraws from the League of Nations
ABYSSINIA 1933-1936
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The death blow to the League of Nations
Mussolini wanted war and glory.
Abyssinia would make up for the lack of territory it received in the Treaty of
Versailles. Help to create an Italian Empire
Increase political support.
Reaction to the Invasion was caution – diplomacy
Gave time for Mussolini to send his army into Ethiopia
League implements trade arms, rubber & metals sanctions.
Nations would not support sanctions as they were more interested in protecting
their own economy.
Abyssinia secretly given to Italy by Britain & France
Hitler exploited the event --- re-occupation of the Rhineland
Why did Sanctions not prove effective?
Not introduced until 6 weeks after Mussolini began the invasion
Did not include materials needed to support invasion (oil, iron, steel, coal)
Non L of N members continued to trade
Fear of Hitler they wanted to keep the two Fascist apart