Download CHIESA_Idea Paper for Phase 2_draft

International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology
P. O. Box 30772-00100 Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 20 8632710; Fax: +254 20 8632001/2
[email protected] —http://chiesa.icipe.org
CONCEPT NOTE
PHASE 2 – CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND FOOD SECURITY IN
EASTERN AFRICA (CHIESA) PROJECT – ENHANCING RESILIENCE OF THE HIGHLAND AGROECOSYSTEMS
DEVELOPMENT PROBLEM AND JUSTIFICATION: The accelerating climate change process has
serious impacts on the agricultural and livestock production systems in Africa. Increased temperatures
and rainfall variability interplay with human-induced land use change thus modifying the environmental
constraints (e.g. water, soil, pollinators, pests and diseases) which the current rain-fed small-scale farming
systems are grounded on. The resilience of agro-ecological systems is widely challenged.
High resolution ensemble climate projections for Africa (AFRICLIM 2.0) created during the 1st phase of
the CHIESA Project indicate that the mean annual temperature will be warmer in eastern Africa during
2041–2070 than in the baseline 1961–1991. Based on the IPCC greenhouse gas emission scenarios RCP
4.5 and RCP 8.5 the projections show a warming trend in eastern Africa. According to these climate
projections, the mean annual temperature will be 1.8–2.4 °C warmer in the Taita Hills in Kenya, 1.9–2.6
°C warmer in Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania and 2.3– 3.0 °C warmer in the Jimma highland in Ethiopia
by the year 2070.
The findings of the CHIESA Project indicate that increasing temperature worsens the impacts of insect
pests on staple and cash crops, such as stem borers on maize and Antestia bug on coffee, negatively
affecting food security and livelihoods of small-scale farmers on the highlands and montane regions in
eastern Africa. The results project range expansion of the harmful lowland species to the higher altitudes
above 1,200 m.a.s.l. and increase of the number of pest generations across all altitudes, thus by 2055
damage will increase in the most productive maize zones. However, increasing temperatures on the high
altitude zones also provide suitable conditions for the natural enemies of some key insect pests (e.g.
diamondback moth for crucifers) which can be utilized in the development of integrated pest management
technologies for the farmers. Our results show that diversification of plant structural composition, e.g.
using wild crucifers as companion crops, in the cropping systems will help in buffering the adverse
impacts of seasonal changes and to attract gene pool of useful parasitoids for pest insect management.
Community-based climate change adaptation action plans developed in the 1st phase call upon
interventions to enhance an integrated water and land management process which will not only address
the problems in water supply (quality and quantity) during the climate extremes but also improves the
complexity of agro-ecosystems through intercropping, cereal-agroforestry systems, and soil organic
matter management to enhance resilience. Vegetation structure in the neighboring forests and crop
surroundings play an important role in ecosystem-based adaptation to climate change, especially in water
resources, soil organic matter and pest insect management.
An FAO Reference Centre and a Stockholm Convention Regional
Centre
OBJECTIVES: DISSEMINATION, IMPLEMENTATION OF RESEARCH RESULTS AND
ADAPTATION ACTION PLANS, INVOLVEMENT OF LOCAL INSTITUTIONS
The 2nd phase of the CHIESA Project will support the implementation of the community-based climate
change adaptation action plans in the three original target areas. Research findings, technical support,
training and funds (through microfinance institutions) will be provided to local institutions, such as the
Water Resource Users Associations, Community Forestry Associations, Women’s Self Help Groups and
Conservation Groups, to enhance their capacity to implement integrated water and land management
initiatives there. Social resilience and ecological resilience will be simultaneously enhanced.
Organizational capacity building for the National Agricultural Research and Extension Services will be
organized in cooperation with a French research centre, CIRAD-Agricultural Research for Development,
which will invest their own funding for this purpose.
Continue dissemination of the research results of the 1st phase to the central governments to achieve
policy interventions. Up-scale the species distribution and land use change models and validate these in
other highland areas in Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania and also in two other Finland’s long-term
development partner countries, Mozambique (Mount Mabu http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Mabu
and/or Namuli Mountain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Namuli) and Zambia (Mafinga Hills, part of
the Eastern Afromontane Biodiversity Hotspots are located in the border of Zambia and Malawi and are
the source of the Luangwa river in Zambia which is one of the major tributaries of the Zambesi river).
Widely disseminate environmentally friendly and climate resilient cropping methods among the smallscale farmers in the African highlands through implementation of Conservation Agriculture practices,
IPM (e.g. push-pull technology for maize), cereal-agroforestry/farm forestry systems to provide over
story to reduce soil evaporation and improve soil water infiltration, and soil organic matter management
to create healthy soils with improved water retention capacity and enhanced tolerance to drought.
Other objectives discussed: Interactions between the vegetation structure and pest incidences, Pollinators
and other service providers for other crops, Underground soil macrofauna.
Results from the 1st phase will be linked with and incorporated in the implementation of National Forestry
Programmes e.g. in Kenya where forest productivity includes cross-cutting components, such as Farm
Forestry and Forestry for Food. Here our results can advise decision-makers on the importance of
(mountain/highland) forests in pollination service and pest control for the adjacent farmlands as well as in
water retention during heavy rain events.
METHODOLOGY AND ACTIVITIES: Establish a large number of demonstration plots for integrated
water and land management initiatives. Training the trainer at different levels (lighthouse farms,
extension service agents, local authorities, small-and-medium enterprises? agricultural training colleges).
Mobile Advisory Service for IPM (see http://www.cabi.org/services/knowledge-managementservices/mobile-advisory-services/). Continue meteorological monitoring in the montane and highland
areas. Science interface to support CC adaptation. Participatory Land Use Planning, as a tool for
integrating climate change and land use change risk maps with adaptation planning. Establish farmers’
field schools (FFSs) and demonstration plots to equip farmers with better understanding on improving
water use efficiency at field level. Facilitate implementation of Integrated Water Resources Management
at basin level. Facilitate implementation of water related adaptation strategies in collaboration with local
organizations.
Use Taita Hills, Kenya as a Testing Laboratory for the above mentioned interventions and demonstration
sites. Do we need more or less field sites to the development interventions for the 2 nd phase? In my
opinion, perhaps for subsidiary research we may reduce the number of sites and target countries but for
dissemination and involvement of local institutions we need to expand and spread the findings to a larger
number of farmers across the region.
Specific activity/objective to coffee: the implementation of a certification program of the production. This
activity would have an important economic dimension (transfer of added value to producers), with lot’s of
training and information dissemination, but a large part of scientific characterization is required and could
support some research.
SUBSIDIARY RESEARCH: to look at interactions between pest incidence and vegetation structure /
biodiversity, between land use and climate change, historical climate vs. future trends.
GENDER AND EQUITY CONSIDERATIONS: The role of women, youth and minority groups in
development interventions. What are the key considerations, opportunities, innovations and challenges to
be addressed in terms of gender equity and equal opportunities?
DISSEMINATION STRATEGY AND ANTICIPATED OUTCOMES AND IMPACT: How many
farmers will we target in the next 2 years time and the next ⁿ years time? Organizational capacity
building- how many organizations/how many staff members? What are the anticipated outputs in 4 years
time & outcomes in 5-10 years time? What about impact regarding the food security and resilience of
agro-ecosystems? Which are the indicators? What will be the role of ASARECA, CARE International
(Adaptation Learning Programme) and other organizations working with similar questions?
PRELIMINARY SCHEDULE: January 2016-December 2019
TENTATIVE BUDGET: 5.0 million euro
AVAILABLE RESOURCES: Which are the currently available resources (data sets, equipment,
personnel, in kind funding, etc.) that can be transferred to the CHIESA Phase 2?