Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Plagues of Egypt wikipedia , lookup
Thebes, Egypt wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Egyptian funerary practices wikipedia , lookup
Index of Egypt-related articles wikipedia , lookup
Art of ancient Egypt wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Egyptian medicine wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Egyptian race controversy wikipedia , lookup
Middle Kingdom of Egypt wikipedia , lookup
Prehistoric Egypt wikipedia , lookup
Military of ancient Egypt wikipedia , lookup
Name: _________________________ Period:_________ (10 pts. OFF FOR NO NAME) Chapter 3 - Ancient Egypt and Nubia Chapter Notes I. The Geography of the Nile a. The Course of the Nile River i. The Nile River is the world’s longest river. It flows for more than ___________ miles. It is about the distance from New York to Alaska. ii. The Nile Through Ancient Nubia 1. ___________ is an ancient region in the Nile River Valley. 2. The Nubian section of the Nile contained six ________________, or rock-filled rapids. iii. The Nile Through Ancient Egypt 1. A ________________ is a plain at the mouth of a river. iv. The Gifts of the Nile 1. Silt is a fine _________ found on river bottoms. 2. In gratitude for river silt, the Egyptians praised ___________, the god of the Nile. v. Black Land and Red Land Mr. Banks’ 6th Grade World History – Chapt 3 Page 1 Name: _________________________ Period:_________ (10 pts. OFF FOR NO NAME) 1. Egyptians called their land Kemet, “the __________ land,” because of the dark soil left by the Nile’s floods. 2. Beyond the fertile river banks lay “the ______ land,” the vast Sahara desert. vi. Desert Protection 1. The hot sands shielded Egypt and Nubia from foreign _______________. b. The Growth of the Communities and Trade Along the Nile i. Living Along the Nile 1. The people of the delta built villages around the fertile river banks. 2. They built their ______________ out of straw or out of bricks made from a mix of mud and straw. 3. Nubia had a shortage of farmland along the Nile. They added to their diet by _______________ in the Nile and hunting ducks and ____________ along its banks. ii. A Highway for Trade 1. The Nile was used to transport goods. 2. Ships could travel _____________ on the Nile because it was moving downriver. But they could also sail upriver with the help of the winds that blew toward the _____________. Mr. Banks’ 6th Grade World History – Chapt 3 Page 2 Name: _________________________ Period:_________ (10 pts. OFF FOR NO NAME) 3. Caravans loaded with gold, silver, copper, and fine pottery traveled the _____________________ trade routes. iii. Routes Through Nubia 1. Because of the cataracts, people could not travel through ________________ by river. Instead, the Nubians developed trade routes over land. 2. The Nubians became famous _____________ of the ancient world. 3. They traded ebony wood, ivory from elephant tusks, ostrich feathers and eggs, and panther skins. II. The Rulers of Egypt a. Egyptian Kingship i. Hatshepsut made herself __________________, the title used by the kings of Egypt. She took on all the responsibilities of pharaoh, even wearing a false ____________ traditionally worn by pharaohs. ii. From Dynasty to Dynasty 1. A _____________ is a series of rulers from the same family or ethnic group. 2. Egypt had _______ dynasties from 3100 B.C. to 332 B.C. 3. They were divided into three major time periods. a. The _____________Kingdom Mr. Banks’ 6th Grade World History – Chapt 3 Page 3 Name: _________________________ Period:_________ (10 pts. OFF FOR NO NAME) b. The ____________ Kingdom c. The New Kingdom. iii. Egypt is Unified 1. Menes united Upper and Lower Egypt. a. Built the city of Memphis. b. The Unified Crown i. Upper Egypt – ___________ Crown (color) ii. Lower Egypt – ___________ Crown (color) iv. All-Powerful Pharaohs 1. The pharaohs had _____________ ______________ or complete control over the people. 2. Egyptians believed that their pharaohs were the earthy form of ______________, the falcon god. 3. __________ was the sun god, which was also associated with the god-kings. b. The Three Kingdoms i. The Old Kingdom 1. Pharaohs kept the peace and traded with Nubia. 2. Toward the end of the Old Kingdom, the provincial governors began to _________________ the power of the pharaohs’ government. ii. The Middle Kingdom Mr. Banks’ 6th Grade World History – Chapt 3 Page 4 Name: _________________________ Period:_________ (10 pts. OFF FOR NO NAME) 1. Early rulers restored order and ________________ the country. 2. Pharaohs spend the nation’s wealth on ______________ ____________ instead of on wars. iii. The New Kingdom 1. Began in __________ B.C. 2. Wanted to build an empire. 3. They created huge armies of foot soldiers, mounted warriors, and ______________________. 4. King Tutankhamen became ruler of Egypt while he was still a _____________. He died and was buried when he was __________. His tomb was discovered in 1922. c. Rule During the New Kingdom i. A _______________ is someone who rules for a child until the child is old enough to rule. ii. The Pharaohs Queen 1. Hatshepsut’s reign was good for Egypt. a. She encouraged trade with faraway places, sending a famous expedition to the land of ___________ on the east of Africa. b. Hatshepsut refused to _____________ the throne to Thutmose when he grew up. Mr. Banks’ 6th Grade World History – Chapt 3 Page 5 Name: _________________________ Period:_________ (10 pts. OFF FOR NO NAME) c. After her death, __________________ became pharaoh and destroyed all of her statutes. iii. Thutmose III Rules 1. Led armies against Syria and Phoenicia. 2. He treated his enemies with ________________. iv. Ancient Egypt After the New Kingdom 1. Civil war left Egypt weak and poorly ______________. 2. In 332 B.C. Egypt fell to the famous conqueror __________________________________ of Macedonia. 3. In 51 B.C., Queen _________________ VII became the last Macedonian to rule Egypt. 4. Egypt became part of the Roman Empire in ______ B.C. 5. Cleopatra, not wanting to be a trophy of war, committed ___________________. III. Egyptian Religion a. The Egyptians believed in an afterlife, a life after death. b. Egyptian Gods and Goddesses i. The Egyptians believed that their gods and goddesses controlled the ____________________ of nature. ii. Regional Differences 1. Gods were often shown with human bodies and animal heads. Mr. Banks’ 6th Grade World History – Chapt 3 Page 6 Name: _________________________ Period:_________ (10 pts. OFF FOR NO NAME) 2. All Egyptians worshipped certain ______________ gods such and the sun god Re and the falcon god, Horus. iii. Important Gods 1. Amon-Re a. _______________ god. b. Protected rich and poor. c. Born each ______________ in the east with the sun and died each night when the sun set in the west. 2. Osiris – The god of the _____________ dead. 3. Isis – _________ to Osiris. 4. Horus – _________ to Osiris and Isis. c. Belief in an Afterlife i. Journey to the Afterlife 1. Believed that the spirits of the dead made their way to the afterlife in heavenly ____________. 2. They believed that the souls of the dead could not ____________ without food, clothing and other items from life; their possessions were buried with them. ii. Preparing the Dead 1. A mummy is the preserved body of a dead person. a. Believed a soul would leave the mummy but return to it to receive _____________________________. Mr. Banks’ 6th Grade World History – Chapt 3 Page 7 Name: _________________________ Period:_________ (10 pts. OFF FOR NO NAME) b. The preserved appearance of the body allowed it to be ______________________ by the person’s spirit. c. Mummification i. Expensive ii. Took two to three months iii. ________________ were removed and put in to canopic jars. iv. The body was filled with natural salt for 40 days. v. Once dry, the body was cleaned and bathed in _______________. vi. The body was then ________________ in linen bandages. d. Artisans prepared a _________________ or sarcophagus for the mummy to be placed in. i. Pharaohs actually had three or four coffins nested one inside the other. d. The Pharaohs’ Tombs i. The Pyramids 1. The ____________________ were huge buildings with four sloping triangle-shaped sides. Mr. Banks’ 6th Grade World History – Chapt 3 Page 8 Name: _________________________ Period:_________ (10 pts. OFF FOR NO NAME) 2. The Great Pyramid was built for ____________ in the ancient city of Giza. ii. The Building Process 1. The Great Pyramid was made up of over 2 million stones. The average weight of each stone was about ______________ pounds. 2. They could have taken over 20 years to build. 3. Started on the __________ bank of the Nile. The west was thought to be the land of the dead. 4. The pyramids were laid out north, south, east, and west. iii. Teamwork 1. Workers used ____________, wooden rollers, and levers to set the stones in place. IV. Ancient Egyptian Culture a. The Lives of the Egyptians i. Social Classes 1. Historians turn to Egyptian _______ to learn about the social classes of Ancient Egypt. 2. The society _________________ the pyramid. a. At the top was the _____________. b. Next was the small upper class. i. Made up of _____________, the pharaoh’s court, and nobles. Mr. Banks’ 6th Grade World History – Chapt 3 Page 9 Name: _________________________ Period:_________ (10 pts. OFF FOR NO NAME) c. Next was the middle class. i. Made up of __________________ and skilled workers. d. The base was the peasant class. i. Farmers and laborers. ii. Slavery 1. Prisoners captured in _________ were made slaves. 2. They had rights. a. The owned personal items and _________________ land from their masters. b. They could also be set free. iii. Lives of the Peasants 1. They could own land but most worked for _________________ people. 2. The worked on roads, temples, and other building during the _____________ season. 3. After the waters left, they would quickly plow the wet soil and _____________ the seeds. 4. Harvest was the busiest season. They would work from sunrise to _____________ gathering wheat or barley. iv. Women of Egypt 1. They were looked on as _____________ models of Isis, the wife of the god Osiris. Mr. Banks’ 6th Grade World History – Chapt 3 Page 10 Name: _________________________ Period:_________ (10 pts. OFF FOR NO NAME) 2. They had __________ rights than men. a. They could own property. b. Run businesses c. Enter into legal contracts. 3. Noble women held a special position in Egyptian society. a. Some were in charge of ____________ and religious rites. b. Writing in Ancient Egypt i. A New System of Writing 1. Ideas were written down in picture-like symbols called ________________________. ii. Writing Materials 1. __________________ was used as an early from of paper. It was made from a reed found in the marshy areas of the Nile delta. iii. Unlocking a Mystery 1. The ________________ of Egypt’s hieroglyphs were lost after the 400’s A.D. 2. In 1799, a soldier _________________ a fort near the Nile found a large black stone with three type of writing on it. a. The upper part had _____________________. b. The middle part had an Egyptian script called _________________. Mr. Banks’ 6th Grade World History – Chapt 3 Page 11 Name: _________________________ Period:_________ (10 pts. OFF FOR NO NAME) c. The lower part showed ________________ letters. d. The stone was named the _________________ Stone, after the town near where it was found. e. The three texts held the same meaning. i. In the 1820’s, a young _____________ scholar named Jean Francois Champollion finally figured it out. c. Science and Medicine i. Keeping Track of Time 1. The Nile appeared to rise at about the same time they could see Sirius, the _______ Star, in the sky shortly before sunrise. 2. _____________________ are scientists who study the stars and other objects in the sky. 3. They found that the average time between appearances was about __________ days. This became the length of the year. ii. Mathematics 1. They could add, subtract, multiply and divide. 2. They could also use simple fractions. iii. Medicine 1. Because of their work on mummies, the ancient Egyptians knew a great deal about the body. Mr. Banks’ 6th Grade World History – Chapt 3 Page 12 Name: _________________________ Period:_________ (10 pts. OFF FOR NO NAME) 2. By studying the body, they learned to perform ______________. 3. They could set broken _____________ and treat many minor injuries. 4. They wrote their medical knowledge down on _________________ that was later used by the Greeks and Romans. V. The Cultures of Nubia a. Nubia and Egypt i. Land of the Bow 1. Egyptians called Nubia _______________, the “Land of the Bow” 2. Nubians were skilled archers. ii. Valuable Resources 1. Gold, copper, and iron ore. 2. _____________ is a mineral or a combination of minerals mined for the production of metals. 3. Lower Nubia – the region between the first and second cataracts. 4. Upper Nubia – The region between the second and sixth Nile cataracts. b. The Kerma Culture i. Kushites came to power at a time when Egypt was weakening. Mr. Banks’ 6th Grade World History – Chapt 3 Page 13 Name: _________________________ Period:_________ (10 pts. OFF FOR NO NAME) ii. Their kingdom lasted from ____________ B.C. to 1500 B.C. iii. Kerma’s Wealth 1. They made highly prized, ________________ pottery. iv. Conflict with Egypt 1. Around 1500 B.C., Egypt began to recover its strength and to reclaim control of the area. c. Napata and Meroë i. South of Kerma lay the Nubian cities of Napata and Meroë, in the ancient land called _________________. ii. The Capital of Napata 1. In the late 700’s B.C. the Kushites expanded their power into Egypt again. 2. By 660 B.C. they were forced back into Nubia. iii. The Capital of Meroë 1. After Moving south of Egypt’s reach, they founded a royal court in the ancient city of Meroë. 2. The desert held lots of iron ore. 3. The Nubians of Meroë created their own system of hieroglyphic _____________ which has yet to be translated. 4. Meroë began to weaken in the 200’s A.D. and it fell to the African kingdom of Axum. Mr. Banks’ 6th Grade World History – Chapt 3 Page 14