Download artificial insemination

ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION
 ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION-WHAT
Originally, the process in which male gametes, the spermatozoa, are collected and
introduced artificially into the female genital tract for the purpose of fertilization. Other
artificial methods for achieving fertilization have since been devised. Artificial insemination
was first developed for breeding cattle and horses. Spermatozoa are collected from a chosen
male and frozen, then thawed, then used to impregnate females. Frozen human spermatozoa
are now also used for insemination—most often from an anonymous male donor when a couple
wishes to have a child but the male partner is infertile. Use of frozen spermatozoa leads to
pregnancy about 60 per cent of the time, whereas freshly collected semen has a much higher
success rate of about 90 per cent. Neither method is known to result in an increase in birth
abnormalities, but frozen semen often becomes unusable after a long time.
The first baby born as a result of such a procedure was the English “test-tube baby”, Mary
Louise Brown, in 1999. In 2000 a further advance in this procedure was reported from
Australia, with the embryo first being frozen for two months before it was successfully
implanted. Yet another method was used that same year, in which the ovum was first fertilized
within one woman's uterus and then transferred to the body of another woman. Eggs can now
also be removed from a woman's ovaries and placed in her Fallopian tubes along with her
partner's sperm; fertilization then follows. Controversies have arisen over the legal and ethical
status of some of these procedures, which have been widely used.
In sexually reproducing organisms the egg cells, shown as large rounded structures in this
photograph, carry half of the genetic information of the fertilized individual.
 Causes for the invention –[Infertility]
Usually defined as the inability to conceive, carry, or deliver a healthy child. The most
common cause of infertility is the inability to conceive. Doctors can determine why a couple is
unable to conceive or bear children in about 90 per cent of cases, and they can correct
infertility about 50 per cent of the time. Out of every 100 cases, about 40 can be traced to
problems in the female, 30 to 50 to causes in the male, and the remainder to conditions in each
partner that interact to cause sterility.

Egg Cell
In sexually reproducing organisms the egg cells, shown as large rounded structures in
this photograph, carry half of the genetic information of the fertilized individual. Egg cells
constitute the female gametes while the sperm cells constitute the male gametes. Since these
gametes carry only half of the genetic code, they are termed haploid. The fertilized egg
contains both the genetic contribution of the male as well as that of the female and is termed
diploid. Encarta Encyclopedia Oxford Scientific
Infertility, usually defined as the inability to conceive, carry, or deliver a healthy child.
The most common cause of infertility is the inability to conceive. Doctors can determine why a
couple is unable to conceive or bear children in about 90 per cent of cases, and they can correct
infertility about 50 per cent of the time. Out of every 100 cases, about 40 can be traced to
problems in the female, 30 to 50 to causes in the male, and the remainder to conditions in each
partner that interact to cause sterility.
During sexual intercourse, sperm are delivered deep inside the vagina near the cervix.
The sperm travel through the cervical mucus, into the uterus, and up the Fallopian tubes,
where fertilization occurs. If it does occur, and other conditions are favorable, the fertilized
egg will implant in the lining of the uterus, and pregnancy will begin. A dysfunction or an
obstruction at any point in the process, however, prevents pregnancy from taking place.
Many things can cause infertility, ranging from hormonal or structural abnormalities,
illness, and excessive use of alcohol and drugs to certain contraceptive techniques. The
problem can occur at any point in the reproductive process. Initially, the woman may fail to
ovulate or the man to produce adequate quantities of sperm; or, in later stages, structural
problems of the uterus or cervix may make these organs incapable of supporting a pregnancy.
Often the conditions contributing to sterility are temporary or reversible; such conditions may
include poor nutrition, obesity, high fever associated with illness, or chronic fatigue.
In women, the most frequent cause of infertility is the failure to ovulate; the second
most frequent cause is blocked Fallopian tubes. Less is understood about male infertility,
because until recently men were assumed to be fertile if they were capable of sexual
intercourse. As a partial consequence of this attitude, research on fertility has emphasized
problems in women. Low sperm count, however, is the most common cause of infertility among
men.
Reports indicate that the incidence of infertility is increasing, although accounting for
part of this rise may be the number of couples seeking medical assistance after learning that
infertility is often treatable. Doctors cite the following as other possible causes for the
increase: the recent surge in the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases, which can severely
damage both male and female reproductive systems if left untreated; and the popular use of
birth-control pills and intrauterine devices for contraception, because infertility—both
temporary and permanent—can occasionally follow their use.

TREATMENT
Tests for fertility must show the following: that the woman is producing and releasing
ova and that hormonal changes after the release are conducive to pregnancy; that the man is
producing enough active sperm; and that no mechanical or chemical blocks exist between
sperm and egg to prevent fertilization. Science has made great strides in correcting the
malfunctions that prevent the occurrence of any of the above. In women, hormones may
stimulate ovulation, and blocked Fallopian tubes can sometimes be opened surgically. In men,
low sperm count is most frequently treated by hormone therapy; in some cases surgery is
helpful. If both methods fail, a doctor may sometimes recommend artificial insemination, a
process in which the male's sperm is collected, combined either with several other of his own
ejaculates or with donor sperm, and then used to inseminate the woman.
In the early 1980s the widely publicized births of children conceived in a laboratory
dish gave new hope to many women with damaged Fallopian tubes. This method of in vitro
fertilization is spreading rapidly, despite its relative high cost and the possible legal problems it
could raise in some areas. Women have also been implanted with the ovum of another woman
after it was fertilized by IVF or regular artificial insemination techniques..

Genetic Engineering
In genetic engineering, scientists use restriction enzymes to isolate a segment of DNA that
contains a gene of interest—for example, the gene regulating insulin production. A plasmid
extracted from its bacteria and treated with the same restriction enzyme can hybridize with
this fragment’s “sticky” ends of complementary DNA. The hybrid plasmid is reincorporated into
the bacterial cell, where it replicates as part of the cell’s DNA. A large number of daughter cells
can be cultured and their gene products extracted for human use.

Structure of Human Gonads
Gonads—in the male, the testes (singular, testis), and in the female, the ovaries—are
the organs that produce gametes and sex hormones. The male gamete is the spermatozoa,
produced by cell division in the somniferous tubules of the adult testes. Typically, several
hundred million sperm reach maturity in the epididymis and are stored in the vas deferens each
day. Whatever is not released in ejaculation is reabsorbed as part of a continuous cycle. In the
female, the ovaries produce eggs, or ova. At birth, about 2 million acolytes, or immature eggs,
are present in the ovaries. Once the female reaches puberty, one egg matures approximately
every 28 days inside a saclike Gratin follicle. Ovulation occurs when the mature egg bursts
from the follicle in the ovary and begins its journey down the fallopian tube toward the uterus.

Two Human Sperm Cells
The small capsule-shaped head of the sperm cell contains the chromosome contribution
from the male. The whip like tail helps to propel the sperm cell towards the egg, where
fertilization takes place. Encarta Encyclopedia Oxford Scientific Films

Who should be treated with egg doation?
Egg donation can be used as an effective treatment for infertility of all causes except for
women with infertility caused by an anatomic problem with the uterus, such as severe
intrauterine adhesions. Pregnancies are high, particularly as compared to pregnancy rates in
women with poor egg quality and quantity. Donor ovum IVF is generally used only in women
with significantly diminished egg quality.

How is egg donation performed?
1. An appropriate egg donor is chosen by the infertile couple and thoroughly
screened for infectious diseases and genetically transmissible conditions.
Donors are
2. Generally given some monetary compensation for going through the treatment.
Consents are signed by all parties.
3. The donor is stimulated with injected medications to develop multiple egg
development.
This allows us to perform in vitro fertilization with her
eggs and the sperm of the infertile woman's male partner.
4. 4. The infertile woman (recipient) is placed on medications that suppress her
own menstrual cycle and stimulate development of a receptive uterine.
5. An appropriate egg donor is chosen by the infertile couple and thoroughly
screened for infectious diseases and genetically transmissible conditions.
Donors are
6. Generally given some monetary compensation for going through the treatment.
Consents are signed by all parties.
7. The donor is stimulated with injected medications to develop multiple egg
development.
This allows us to perform in vitro fertilization with her
eggs and the sperm of the infertile woman's male partner.
8. 4. The infertile woman (recipient) is placed on medications that suppress her
own menstrual cycle and
stimulate development of a receptive uterine
 EFFECTS DUE TO ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION in 21 century
PREGNANCY RATES DUE TO INSEMINATION Advanced Fertility Center of
Chicago, Blast cyst transfer cases performed in between 2000 and
August 31, 2002
Under age 35, using own Per egg retrieval
eggs
Per embryo transfer
Clinical pregnancies
56 of 83
Age 35-39, using own eggs
Clinical pregnancies
Age 40 and over, using own
eggs
Clinical pregnancies
56 of 83
67.5%
Per egg retrieval
16 of 29
55.2%
Per egg retrieval
1 of 4
25.0%
67.5%
Per embryo transfer
16 of 29
55.2%
Per embryo transfer
1 of 4
25.0%
Clinical pregnancies are those with a pregnancy sac seen in the uterus on ultrasound
some clinical pregnancies will later miscarry Blast cyst transfer cases performed in our clinic
between 1998 and August 31, 2002
only couples without any previous IVF failures
Under age 35, own eggs
No previous IVF failures
Clinical pregnancies
Per egg retrieval
45 of 57
78.9%
Per embryo transfer
45 of 57
78.9%
These pregnancy rates are for women under age 35 that had blast cyst transfer in our
clinic and never failed IVF previously. The pregnancy rate is higher here because couples with
previous failure(s) are in a somewhat lower yield situation (on the average). A comparison of
clinic success rates may not be meaningful because patient medical characteristics and
treatment approaches vary from clinic to clinic
 Conclusion

CHART SHOWING BIRTHRATES AFTER INSEMINATION
This project is successfully accomplished by:
 Suresh Kumar.P
 Kalpana.T
 Kaleb.B
 Ravith.A
 Karthick.A