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ICT Standards and Guidelines
Segment 106
Buildings, Rooms and
Environment
Main Document
(Version 2.0)
Disclaimer
The Office of the Minister of State for Administrative Reform (OMSAR) provides the
contents of the ICT Standards and Guidelines documents, including any component or
part thereof, submission, segment, form or specification, on an 'as-is' basis without
additional representation or warranty, either expressed or implied. OMSAR does not
accept responsibility and will not be liable for any use or misuse, decision, modification,
conduct, procurement or any other activity of any nature whatsoever undertaken by any
individual, party or entity in relation to or in reliance upon the ICT Standards and
Guidelines or any part thereof. Use of or reliance upon the ICT Standards and Guidelines
is, will be and will remain the responsibility of the using or relying individual, party or
entity.
The ICT Standards and Guidelines are works in progress and are constantly being
updated. The documentation should be revisited regularly to have access to the most
recent versions.
The last date of update for this document was June 2003.
Table of Contents - Buildings, Rooms and Environment
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
Executive Summary for Buildings, Rooms and Environment ..................... 1
The Background of Buildings, Rooms and Environment ............................ 2
2.1
The Scope of Buildings, Rooms and Environment .................................. 2
2.2
The Benefits of Standardization ........................................................... 2
2.3
Policies to Follow for Buildings, Rooms and Environment ........................ 2
2.4
Risks Resulting from the Standardization Activities ................................ 3
2.5
Related Documents ........................................................................... 3
2.6
How to Use This Document? ............................................................... 3
2.7
Related Terms and Acronyms ............................................................. 3
2.8
Related Segments and Cross References .............................................. 4
2.9
Related International Standards .......................................................... 4
2.10 All Segments in the ICT Standards and Guidelines ................................. 5
Data Center Infrastructure and Physical Considerations .......................... 6
3.1
Security/Access ................................................................................ 6
3.2
Access to Restricted and Sensitive Data ............................................... 6
3.3
Secure Housing Structures ................................................................. 7
3.4
Visitor Restrictions ............................................................................ 7
3.5
Open Doors ...................................................................................... 7
3.6
Piggy-Back Access ............................................................................. 7
3.7
Intermediate Holding Area ................................................................. 7
3.8
Terminated and Transferred Employees ............................................... 8
3.9
Validated Employees List .................................................................... 8
Building Layout ........................................................................................ 9
4.1
Structural Considerations ................................................................... 9
4.2
Equipment Racks and Cabinets ......................................................... 10
4.2.1 Rack Depth .......................................................................... 10
4.2.2 Rack Width ........................................................................... 10
4.2.3 Rack Stability ....................................................................... 10
4.2.4 Seismic Reinforcement ........................................................... 11
4.2.5 Types of Racks ...................................................................... 11
4.3
Flooring ......................................................................................... 11
Environmental Control ........................................................................... 13
5.1
HVAC ............................................................................................. 13
5.2
Data Center Supplemental Air Conditioning Requirements Calculations .. 13
5.3
Capacity......................................................................................... 14
5.4
Redundancy ................................................................................... 14
5.5
Rack Mounted Equipment Cooling ...................................................... 14
5.6
Remote Monitoring and Control Capability .......................................... 14
5.7
Acoustic Noise ................................................................................ 15
5.8
Lighting ......................................................................................... 15
5.8.1 Ambient Light levels .............................................................. 15
Power Source ......................................................................................... 17
6.1
System Capacity ............................................................................. 17
6.2
DC (Direct Current) Input Power (-48 VDC) ........................................ 17
6.3
AC (Alternating Current) Input Power ................................................ 17
6.4
Data Center Input Power .................................................................. 17
6.5
Distributed DC Power Configuration ................................................... 18
6.6
Rotary BPS ..................................................................................... 18
6.7
Types of Redundancy ....................................................................... 19
6.8
Backup Power Supplies - BPS ........................................................... 19
6.9
Available BPS Solutions .................................................................... 20
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
6.9.1 On-line BPS .......................................................................... 20
6.9.2 Line-interactive BPS .............................................................. 20
6.9.3 Off-line BPS or Standby Power Supply (SPS) ............................ 21
6.10 BPS Solutions - Additional Criteria ..................................................... 21
6.11 Guidelines for Selecting a BPS .......................................................... 22
6.11.1 Transients ............................................................................ 22
6.11.2 Line Noise Rejection .............................................................. 23
6.11.3 Harmonics ............................................................................ 23
6.11.4 Isolation .............................................................................. 24
6.11.5 Waveform and voltage conditioning ......................................... 24
6.11.6 BPS Synchronization .............................................................. 24
6.11.7 Switching Circuitry ................................................................ 24
6.12 Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) and BPS ....................... 25
6.13 Backup Generators .......................................................................... 25
6.13.1 Capacity............................................................................... 25
6.13.2 Fuel Provisioning ................................................................... 25
6.14 Multiple Circuits .............................................................................. 25
6.15 Electric Company Supply Line ........................................................... 26
6.15.1 Capacity in kVA ..................................................................... 26
6.15.2 Redundancy ......................................................................... 26
6.16 Power Planning and Considerations ................................................... 26
6.16.1 Total Power Requirement ....................................................... 26
6.16.2 Number, Location and Type of Power Connections ..................... 26
6.16.3 The Potential for Expandability/Re-Configurability ..................... 27
6.16.4 The Backup Time Required In Case of Power Outage ................. 27
6.16.5 Load Priority ......................................................................... 28
6.16.6 Recovery from Failure of Power Protection Equipment ................ 28
6.16.7 Overload Protection ............................................................... 29
Fire Retardation ..................................................................................... 30
7.1
Primary System .............................................................................. 30
7.2
Inergen Gas ................................................................................... 30
7.3
Carbon Dioxide ............................................................................... 30
7.4
FM-200 .......................................................................................... 31
7.5
Redundant Fire Suppression System .................................................. 32
7.6
Smoke Detection ............................................................................. 32
7.7
Redundant Fire and Smoke Detection ................................................ 32
Grounding and Lightning Protection ....................................................... 33
Documentation ....................................................................................... 34
9.1
General .......................................................................................... 34
9.2
Definitions ...................................................................................... 34
9.3
System Description and Documentation ............................................. 35
9.3.1 System Overall Documentation ............................................... 35
9.3.2 Subsystem Documentation ..................................................... 35
9.4
Hardware Documentation ................................................................. 35
9.4.1 General ................................................................................ 36
9.4.2 Module Documentation .......................................................... 36
9.4.3 Sub-module (Hardware Device) Documentation ........................ 36
9.5
Installation Documentation ............................................................... 36
9.6
Site Documentation ......................................................................... 37
9.7
Operation and Maintenance Document ............................................... 37
9.8
Disaster Recovery Planning Documents .............................................. 38
Appendix A – Calculating HVAC Capacity ................................................ 39
Figures - Buildings, Rooms and Environment
Figure 1 : Rack Stabilization ............................................................................. 11
1.0
Executive Summary for Buildings, Rooms and Environment
One of the strategic guidelines for the ICT infrastructure for a Ministry or an Agency is
that implementation of new concepts and products do not take place until functional
requirements have been established, system specifications are stable and mature
products are available that meet those specifications.
This is particularly true for the requirements pertaining to the Buildings, Rooms and
Environment that houses and contains the various ICT resources of the Lebanese
Government.
System specifications are to be updated and expanded as required to cater to the rapid
evolution of new concepts and technologies within the ICT Data Center. Data Center
within the context of this segment pertains not only to newly constructed data facilities,
but also to existing facilities and rooms which are modified to accommodate and support
computer systems and operations.
This segment covers such issues as:

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Data Center Infrastructure and Physical Considerations
Building Layout
Environmental Control
Power Source
Fire Retardation
Grounding and Lightning Protection
Documentation
Acquisition criteria and care for such equipment and facilities are discussed in the
Evaluation and Selection Framework segment which can be downloaded from OMSAR's
website for ICT Standards and Guidelines at www.omsar.gov.lb/ICTSG/EV.
One of the crucial issues to consider in this segment is the relationship between ICT
resources and their requirement in relation to Building laws and architectural and civil
requirements. These disciplines have to be consulted when developing current or new
Data Centers.
Buildings, Rooms and Environment
Page 1
2.0
The Background of Buildings, Rooms and Environment
This section describes a variety of issues related to the background and scope of the
segment.
2.1
The Scope of Buildings, Rooms and Environment
The segment covers the following ICT environmental and physical aspects:

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
2.2
Data Center Infrastructure and Physical Considerations
Building Layout
Environmental Control
Power Source
Fire Retardation
Grounding and Lightning Protection
Documentation
The Benefits of Standardization
The benefits of standardizing the acquisition of equipment and practices in the area of
buildings, rooms and environment are:
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
2.3
Reduce costs when bulk purchasing is followed
Reduced training
Increased experience when similar equipment is acquired
Maintaining up to date specifications
The private sector providing such equipment would gear its supplies accordingly
and would hence improve its experience, availability, support and pricing.
Experience can be shared regarding the acquisition and use of such equipment
Policies to Follow for Buildings, Rooms and Environment
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System specifications are to be updated and expanded as required
Data Center within the context of this segment should refer to newly constructed
data facilities as well as to existing facilities and rooms
Architects and civil engineers should be consulted on a variety of issues related to
building laws and practices before final specifications are set.
Coordination with the Standards and Guidelines set in related segments such as
Information Integrity and Security and Hardware should be established to reduce
conflicting requirements. (Review these segments at OMSAR's website for ICT
Standards and Guidelines at www.omsar.gov.lb/ICTSG).
Attempts should be made to develop building law frameworks to ensure that both
private and public sectors can benefit from such Standards and Guidelines.
Buildings, Rooms and Environment
Page 2
2.4
Risks Resulting from the Standardization Activities
When standardization is implemented, the following risks may arise:
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
2.5
The mandatory criteria are not observed while acquiring various equipment and
units
The additional criteria to be used when evaluating such equipment are not used
Technology changes are not incorporated while updating the specifications
Using the specifications without a firm knowledge of the Ministry’s or Agency’s
requirements
Architectural and civil engineering considerations are not followed when setting
the requirements of a Ministry or Agency.
Related Documents
There are no related documents to this segment.
2.6
How to Use This Document?
The following summarizes the organization of this document:
Data Center Infrastructure and Physical Considerations: Identifies some of the
physical considerations and security measures needed to design a Data Center. See
Section 3.0.
Building Layout: Discusses the structural considerations of a Data Center and helps in
choosing the appropriate ones. See Section 4.0.
Environmental Control: Examines the setting of the Data Center and the means
necessary to optimize it. See Section 5.0.
Power Source: Identifies the different power configurations and power management
tools and helps lay the ground for power planning and design. See Section 6.0.
Fire Retardation: Helps in choosing the best fire protection means that would not
ultimately harm neither the personnel nor the machines. See Section 7.0.
Grounding: States the guidelines for efficient and correct grounding. See Section 8.0.
Documentation: Gives all the necessary categories of documentation and what is
required in each one. See Section 9.0.
2.7
Related Terms and Acronyms
AC
BTU/HR
CO2
CD-ROMS
DB
˚C
Alternating Current
British Thermal Unit / Per Hour
Carbon Dioxide
Compact Disc Read Only Memory
Decibels
Degree Celsius
Buildings, Rooms and Environment
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˚F
DC
DP
GWP
HVAC
HSSD
ICT
I/O
KHz
KVA
LOAEL
MTBF
MHz
MG
NEC
NOAEL
O&M
PIN
PDU
SNMP
Telco
TC
THD
UL
UPS
U
VAC
VDC
2.8
Degree Fahrenheit
Direct Current
Dispersion Penalty
Global Warming Potential
Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning
High Sensitivity Smoke detector
Information Communication Technology
Input/Output
Kilo Hertz
Kilo Volt Ampere
Lowest Observed Adverse Effects Limit
Mean Time Between Failures
Mega Hertz
Motor Generator
National Electrical Code
No Observed Adverse Effects Limit
Operation and Maintenance
Personal Identification Number
Power Distribution Unit
Simple Network Management Protocol
Telecommunication
Telecommunication Closet Grounding Bus Bar
Total Harmonic Distortion
Underwriter Laboratory
Uninterruptible Power Supply
Units and in this case, EIA unit
Voltage Alternative Current
Voltage Direct Current
Related Segments and Cross References
The following segments have Standards and Guidelines that relate to this segment:
101
102
203
204
www.omsar.gov.lb/ICTSG/HW
www.omsar.gov.lb/ICTSG/NW
www.omsar.gov.lb/ICTSG/EV
www.omsar.gov.lb/ICTSG/SC
Hardware Systems
Networks
Evaluation + Selection Framework
Information Integrity and Security
Each page contains the main document and supplementary forms, templates and articles
for the specific subject.
2.9
Related International Standards
EIA-310-D:
Electric Industry Alliance
http://www.EIA.org
ISO 3741 ISO 3743: International Standard Organization
www.iso.ch/cate/d22818.html
IEEE Standard 519: www.ieee.org/grouper.ieee.org/groups/519/
FM 200:
http://www.e1.greatlakes.com/fm200/jsp/index.jsp
NFPA 2001:
http://www.nfpa.org/Codes/NFPA_Codes_and_Standards/
TIA/EIA 607:
http://web.anixter.com/anixter/anixter.nsf/StandardsGuides/ANSITIAEIA607GroundingandBonding
Buildings, Rooms and Environment
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2.10
All Segments in the ICT Standards and Guidelines
OMSAR's website for ICT Standards and Guidelines is found at www.omsar.gov.lb/ICTSG
and it points to one page for each segment. The following pages will take you to the
home page for the three main project document and the 13 segments:
101
101
102
103
104
105
106
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
www.omsar.gov.lb/ICTSG/Global
www.omsar.gov.lb/ICTSG/Cover
www.omsar.gov.lb/ICTSG/Legal
www.omsar.gov.lb/ICTSG/HW
www.omsar.gov.lb/ICTSG/HW
www.omsar.gov.lb/ICTSG/NW
www.omsar.gov.lb/ICTSG/TC
www.omsar.gov.lb/ICTSG/DB
www.omsar.gov.lb/ICTSG/OS
www.omsar.gov.lb/ICTSG/EN
www.omsar.gov.lb/ICTSG/QM
www.omsar.gov.lb/ICTSG/SW
www.omsar.gov.lb/ICTSG/EV
www.omsar.gov.lb/ICTSG/SC
www.omsar.gov.lb/ICTSG/DE
www.omsar.gov.lb/ICTSG/RM
www.omsar.gov.lb/ICTSG/CM
Global Policy Document
Cover Document for 13 segment
Legal Recommendations Framework
Hardware
Hardware Systems
Networks
Telecommunications
Database Systems
Operating Systems
Buildings, Rooms and Environment
Quality Management
Software Applications
Evaluation + Selection Framework
Information Integrity and Security
Data Definition and Exchange
Risk Management
Configuration Management
Each page contains the main document and supplementary forms, templates and articles
for the specific subject.
Buildings, Rooms and Environment
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3.0
Data Center Infrastructure and Physical Considerations
This segment outlines physical considerations critical to safe and secure operations which
need to be taken into account when designing a reliable, high availability Data Center,
facility or computer room.
3.1
Security/Access
No information is secure if the premises and media are not properly protected from
unauthorized access. The Agency Data Centers will be used to provide ICT, managed
services and, in time, data backup capabilities.
To protect Agency’s data, applications and systems, the Agency is advised to implement
stringent physical and Data Center security measures on a 24x7x365 basis.
For additional Standards and Guidelines pertaining to assuring the availability, integrity
and confidentiality of government data and information systems, review the segment on
Information Integrity and Security. This segment can be downloaded from OMSAR’s
website on ICT Standards and Guidelines at www.omsar.gov.lb/ICTSG/SC.
Whether acquiring a new computer facility or upgrading an existing facility to support
computer operations, a security and safety risk assessment is mandatory to identify
those management, operational and technical controls required to mitigate vulnerabilities
which are unique to the locale and mission of the site. For Data Centers, related facilities
and computer rooms, the following security measures are required:
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3.2
Access to the Data Center shall have one point of entry and multiple (At least 2)
emergency exits. The emergency exits shall have anti-pass back capability.
Entry into the facilities shall require the use of magnetic cards and/or biometric
data capture devices such as palm or hand scans. These latter devices can also
be used in conjunction with PIN codes to enhance access controls to sensitive or
classified information or systems.
Loading docks shall be secure. The loading dock shall terminate in a secure
receiving room. Access to the Data Center from the receiving room shall be
restricted to authorized Data Center personnel.
Security Cameras that record all activities from different angles shall be deployed
to constantly monitor all Data Centers.
Alarms and Notification: Security system shall implement automatic Police and
Management notification. Alarm notification shall use both the wired and wireless
cellular phone systems.
24 x 7 x 365 Security can be outsourced to an independent contractor.
Guard station and Data Center glass walls shall be hardened for protection from
firearm attacks.
Access to Restricted and Sensitive Data
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Access to the Agency’s restricted or sensitive data will be limited to only those
individuals who have been properly cleared for access.
Restricted and sensitive data and its associated computer equipment will be
housed in a secure environment, protected from unauthorized access and natural
disruptions. Specific physical regulations required for sites housing ICT equipment
Buildings, Rooms and Environment
Page 6
which process restricted, sensitive or uniquely important data are indicated
below.
3.3
Secure Housing Structures
ICT equipment, which processes restricted, sensitive or uniquely important data, needs
to be:
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3.4
Visitor Restrictions
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3.5
Located in a room, building or office, which can be closed and locked. Space will
be locked during off-duty hours.
Housed away from areas where serious man-made catastrophes could occur
Limited access and restricted from unescorted or unprotected public access.
Housed in areas with no identifying signs (e.g., computer room, wiring closet,
etc.).
Accessed through doors, which are self-closing, lockable (Accessible through
either magnetic cards, cypher locks, combination locks, keyed locks) and have
alarm feature for the door ajar for an extended period of time. Any type of nonkeyed lock should have a keyed backup.
Visitors will not have in their possession inappropriate material including
weapons, cameras, recording devices, etc. and must receive
authorization/clearance for entry from appropriate Reclamation staff.
All visitors must be escorted by an employee.
Visitors will be limited to access during business hours or as appropriate
scheduling requires.
Visitors or the escorted employee must sign in and out.
Visitors will wear temporary badges at all times during visits.
Visitors without badges will be challenged by employees
Open Doors
When a door to a computer or data active/storage area must be propped open, an
employee will be present to ensure no unauthorized access takes place.
3.6
Piggy-Back Access
Each employee must be verified through his/her card key or visitor pass before being
allowed access into controlled computer rooms. No piggy-back entrance behind an
authorized employee/contractor is permitted. This access control depends upon good
entry way design and regular training of security personnel and government employees,
as well as dedicated enforcement at all levels.
3.7
Intermediate Holding Area
For active computer areas, an intermediate holding area for visitors is strongly
suggested.
Buildings, Rooms and Environment
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3.8
Terminated and Transferred Employees
Upon the termination or transfer of an employee or contractor, access to the computer
room will be terminated by close of business on the day the employee leaves.
See the segment on Information Integrity and Security for additional guidance
concerning administrative controls related to terminated and transferred employees. This
segment can be downloaded from OMSAR’s website on ICT Standards and Guidelines at
www.omsar.gov.lb/ICTSG/SC.
3.9
Validated Employees List
A current list will be maintained of all validated employees who have been granted
access to those spaces where ICT equipment and data is used and/or stored.
Buildings, Rooms and Environment
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4.0
Building Layout
These are some considerations for the layout of the building housing the Data Center.
The Agency will be hosting ICT resources. By their nature, these resources will require
special consideration to avoid the risks that can damage the integrity of the Information
Systems hosted therein. This section will discuss all of the required measurements to be
taken into account when designing and building the Data Center.
4.1
Structural Considerations
This subsection highlights the structural considerations to be examined during
construction of Data Center, computer facilities and rooms.
1.
Equipment and operations areas
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2.
Other areas
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3.
Presentation area
Employee areas
o Locker room/ Shower room
o Recreation area / kitchen
o Smoking Area
Flooring
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4.
Main data room (Data Center)
Telco room (Fiber cables and Telco equipment—separate from computer
room)
Server room
Power conditioning room (Adjacent to switch room)
HVAC (Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning) room
Main switch panel room
(Executive) Briefing Center
Raised floors (Permit flexible layout and maintenance of cooling ducts and
cabling)
Cooling ducts for forced cooling
Cabling
o Cable trays (Overhead and beneath floor)
o Shield Telco cabling from electrical systems
General considerations

Accessibility
o Walkways
o Equipment accessibility
o Exit accessibility
o Disadvantaged accessibility
o Toilets for the disabled
o Parking
o Computers
Buildings, Rooms and Environment
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o
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5.
Elevators
Floor space per employee
Parking
Secure storage rooms for equipment spares
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4.2
Hardware
Software
Backup Media
Computer furniture
Consumables (Printer cartridges, diskettes, etc.)
Equipment Racks and Cabinets
The equipment racks and cabinets to be installed shall be freestanding high quality
cabinets that save floor space organize equipment, eliminate cabling 'rat's nests', and
physically protect the investment.
The height of the enclosures will depend on the available ceiling height at the Data
Center location. Enclosure manufacturers typically provide 42U (187 cm), 36 U (160 cm)
or 22U (98 cm) of vertical equipment space for industry-standard 48 cm rack-mount
equipment. Enclosures must meet EIA-310-D requirements. Enclosures must meet the
standards required by the equipment the rack houses.
4.2.1 Rack Depth
The EIA 310-D specification does not specify how deep a rack can or should be. The
appropriate depth for a rack that will house rack-mountable components is determined
by the depth of those components and by the space required for cable management.
However, unless the rack is at least 74 cm deep, it will not be possible to use the cable
management system that is recommended. Further, to service components in the racks,
they must slide completely out of the rack. If the Agency intends to use the cable
management arm and the rack depth is greater than 76 cm, the components will not
slide all the way out of the rack. This is due to the restriction of the cable management
arm which will therefore make it unserviceable.
4.2.2 Rack Width
48 cm racks shall adhere to the EIA 310-D specification. According to the specification,
the inside distance between the vertical rails shall be a minimum of 45 cm). It should be
noted that not all vendors hold rigorously to this dimension.
4.2.3 Rack Stability
There are two main safety issues to consider when mounting components into racks:


The stability of the rack
Power distribution.
Buildings, Rooms and Environment
Page 10
For tip stability, stabilizing feet are required for the racks. The following table outlines
the stabilization guidelines:
Rack Height
22U
23U to 42U
Requirements
Two stabilizing feet extending 25 cm
from the front of the rack.
Six stabilizing feet - two fastened to
the front and two to each side – each
extending 25 cm
Figure 1 : Rack Stabilization
The height of the rack and of rack-mountable components is measured in units called ‘U’
(1U = 4.4 cm)
Each rack shall be equipped with an integrated redundant power distribution scheme.
4.2.4 Seismic Reinforcement
Additional stability may require the rack to extend through the raised floor and be
secured to the room’s load bearing floor. In some cases, it may be necessary to retrofit
the racks to achieve this goal. Furthermore, any such retrofit and or stabilization must
neither interfere with the appropriate power and network connectivity nor prevent
appropriate forced cooling if required.
4.2.5 Types of Racks
Open Racks: Each rack shall have two power supplies that come from two different
energy sources. Each rack should have two network ports each coming from a different
cell for 100% server and power redundancy. This is particularly applicable to racks
housing servers, switches/ routers; layer 4 redirectors, cache engines, firewalls, etc. This
type of rack is appropriate when the equipment is housed in a secure limited access
room.
Closed Racks: Closed racks offer the Agency the same state-of-the art benefits and
features as those in the rest of the Data Center, but with an elevated level of privacy and
security.
Caged Racks: For an even higher level of security for server equipment, the Agency
should have individual enclosed and caged areas each with its own security.
4.3
Flooring
The Data Center shall have a minimum raised floor height of .3 meter. In addition to
cabling, this gives headroom for the HVAC ducts. When designing the raised floor, the
following planning factors must be taken into consideration:
1.
Floor Loading

Average loading shall not exceed 750 Kg/m2.
Buildings, Rooms and Environment
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
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2.
Peak loading shall not exceed 1500 Kg/m2.
Dynamic loading and vibration
Weight of personnel – Up to 10 people can be in the room.
Weight of furniture
Weight of equipment
Seismic reinforcement. The size of tiles must accommodate the following:


Cable management
Forced cooling duct retrofits
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5.0
Environmental Control
Equipment failures can be minimized if the appropriate environment is maintained.
Furthermore, personnel comfort, safety and productivity is predicated upon the working
conditions provided by the facility. This section will discuss the environmental elements
needed to provide an optimal work setting for ICT employees.
5.1
HVAC
The Agency shall equip its data and network operating centers with temperature and
humidity control systems to assure optimal equipment performance and protection. To
maintain a constant, cool temperature, the refrigeration system shall inject cold air into
the racks from below through the raised floors, thus removing the excess hot air
generated by the equipment.
Each area should have its own precision temperature and humidity sensors that help
maintain constant levels within established parameters. Like all equipment and systems
in the data centers, the climate control system shall be totally redundant:
1.
Ambient temperature range
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
2.
Telco: 13–18C
Computer areas:15–21C
Work Areas:19–22C
Humidity range


Equipment Rooms: 20–50%
Work Areas: 45–65%
The design of supplemental HVAC systems for data centers should be contracted to
experienced and reputable local mechanical engineering firms. Local contractors are fully
familiar with the building materials and techniques utilized and with the range of
conditions that can complicate relevant calculations (Orientation of facility, building
warm-up, air infiltration, etc.) and impact cost.
For a new facility, the responsibility for mechanical contractor selection should lie with
the building’s general contractor. For upgrade of existing spaces, “blanket,” use-asrequired, contracts with proven contractors are recommended.
It should be emphasized that data center HVAC systems must be sized conservatively,
but reasonably accurately. Oversized systems may cycle on and off frequently, not ever
running long enough to effectively de-humidify the environment. Undersized systems
may allow room temperatures to rise well beyond an acceptable range for both
occupants and equipment.
5.2
Data Center Supplemental Air Conditioning Requirements Calculations
For budgetary purposes, a rough estimate of data center supplemental air conditioning
requirements may be calculated as follows:
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1. If an equipment vendor will provide an estimate of the number of BTUs per hour
produced by a piece of equipment, use that number and skip steps b, c and d
below.
2. For all planned or installed equipment not covered by the previous paragraph,
record the line input voltage (Volts or VAC) and continuous current requirement
(Amps) from the manufacturer’s documentation. Multiply the line voltage of the
piece of equipment by the continuous current that each draws at that input
voltage to obtain volt-amps (VA). Add these numbers for all pieces of equipment.
3. Estimate the connected load in watts by multiplying the total from paragraph 2
above by .8 (Typical power factor for a varied load of this type).
4. Multiply the number derived at in paragraph 3 above by 3.412 to obtain an
estimate of the number of BTUs per hour produced by the equipment. Add the
result to the numbers obtained in the first paragraph.
5. Divide the result of paragraph 4 above by 12,000 to calculate the capacity, in
tons, of air conditioning required. Use this result to obtain rough order of
magnitude pricing for HVAC equipment, installation and operating costs from local
suppliers.
5.3
Capacity
To calculate the capacity of the HVAC, refer to Appendix A in Section 10.0. The
calculations should account for the initial (Expected) load and should also account for
projected expansion and future resource increases.
5.4
Redundancy
1+1 redundancy shall be deployed (Discussed in Types of Redundancy, Section 6.7).
5.5
Rack Mounted Equipment Cooling
Many rack-mountable components draw in cool, ambient air through the front of the rack
and exhaust hot air through the rear of the rack. The Agency shall install racks that have
ventilated front and rear doors that support this method of cooling. This allows racks to
be used without modification in raised floor computer rooms as well as remote locations.
However, a vast majority of rack enclosures are designed to be used only in raised floor
computer rooms, with cool air being forced in from the bottom of the rack and exhausted
through the roof. Appropriate ducting must be designed to support this type of forced
cooling rack.
5.6
Remote Monitoring and Control Capability
It is desirable though not essential at the outset to remotely monitor and control the
HVAC system. There does not appear to be any standard in the industry governing such
control.
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5.7
Acoustic Noise
The equipment shall not generate acoustic noise exceeding the following levels of sound
pressure:





5.8
Not greater than 60 dB (A) re1 pW in premises where persons normally are
present.
Not greater than 80 dB (A) re 1 pW otherwise.
For impulse noise or permanent tone the above levels shall be reduced by 10 dB
(A).
No installation shall introduce acoustic noise into its environment, which exceeds
the existing ambient noise by 2 dB, during the quietest time normal to the area.
The measurement shall be made at a distance of 30 meters from the installation.
Testing procedures according to ISO 3741 or ISO 3743 shall be used to verify the
requirements to acoustic noise.
Lighting
5.8.1 Ambient Light levels
Each area must be provided with ambient light levels appropriate for safely conducting
the target operations for the area. For Data Centers, equipment rooms and spot (Or
work area) light levels refer to the following standards for proper design, installation and
maintenance:











IEC 60050-845 (1987-12); International Electrotechnical Vocabulary. Lighting
IEC 60064 (1993-12); Tungsten filament lamps for general lighting purposes Performance requirements. Maintenance Result Date: 2005-11-25.
IEC 60081 (2002-05) Ed. 5.1 Consolidated Edition; Double-capped fluorescent
lamps - Performance specifications. Maintenance Result Date: 2003-05-29.
IEC 60357 (2002-11); Tungsten halogen lamps (non vehicle) - Performance
specifications. Maintenance Result Date: 2004-11-18.
IEC 60364-1 (2001-08); Electrical installations of buildings - Part 1: Fundamental
principles, assessment of general characteristics, definitions. Maintenance Result
Date: 2003-08-31.
IEC 60364-5-55 (2002-05) Ed. 1.1 Consolidated Edition; Electrical installations of
buildings - Part 5-55: Selection and erection of electrical equipment - Other
equipment. Maintenance Result Date: 2006-12-31.
IEC 60364-7-714 (1996-04); Electrical installations of buildings - Part 7:
Requirements for special installations or locations - Section 714: External lighting
installations. Maintenance Result Date: 2008-09-30.
IEC 60364-7-715 (1999-05); Electrical installations of buildings - Part 7-715:
Requirements for special installations or locations - Extra-low-voltage lighting
installations. Maintenance Result Date: 2008-09-30.
IEC 60598-2-3 (2002-12); Luminaires - Part 2-3: Particular requirements Luminaires for road and street lighting. Maintenance Result Date: 2006-07-31.
IEC 60598-2-22 (2002-08) Ed. 3.1 Consolidated Edition; Luminaires - Part 2-22:
Particular requirements - Luminaires for emergency lighting. Maintenance Result
Date: 2005-08-22.
IEC 61547 (1995-09); Equipment for general lighting purposes - EMC immunity
requirements.
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6.0
Power Source
The convergence of information technology equipment and telecommunications networks
has brought about the need to provision equipment having a variety of input power
requirements. The designer of ICT facilities today is faced with the challenge of how to
configure the power system to support this variety of input power requirements as
reliably and economically as possible. This section provides the guidelines for power
management requirements.
6.1
System Capacity
The power system capacity must be estimated based on expected initial loads and
projected future expansion and resource increases. Capacity calculations must account
for all equipment (Telco, ICT, HVAC, lighting, etc…) and must take into account
redundancy of such equipment.
6.2
DC (Direct Current) Input Power (-48 VDC)
Traditional telecommunications equipment requires -48VDC input power. Typical
telecommunication power systems consist of multiple parallel-redundant rectifiers that
convert commercial AC power to -48VDC power, charge lead-acid storage batteries and
supply power to the critical load equipment. When other voltages are required,
inverter/converter combinations are used to convert the -48 VDC.
Long battery support times are required to support the critical load equipment in case of
commercial AC power failure or rectifier failures. Battery support times range from a
minimum of 1 hour to over 24 hours, with typical battery support times being 3 to 8
hours. Engine-generator pairs are used to provide AC power during sustained
commercial power system failures.
6.3
AC (Alternating Current) Input Power
Traditional information technology equipment, on the other hand, require AC input
power, generally matching the commercially available AC power source configurations,
typically 120 or 208 volts single phase AC. Typical information technology power
systems include the use of AC BPS systems with battery systems sized to provide either
the necessary time for an orderly shutdown or time to reliably get standby engine
generator power systems on line. Virtually all-critical information technology facilities
include permanently sited engine-generator systems and their associated automatic
transfer switches to protect against sustained commercial AC power system failures.
6.4
Data Center Input Power
The Data Center is a convergence of telecommunications and information technology
equipment and will therefore require both -48VDC power and one or more of the
commercial AC power voltages. This co-dependence demands equally high reliability and
availability for the DC and AC power systems.
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DC power systems use -48VDC battery plants with long duration backup times (Low rate
of discharge). DC power systems typically use 24 cells in series and are applied at a
relatively low discharge rate. Further, the end-of-discharge and float voltages are
carefully controlled. On the other hand, AC BPS systems typically use 120 to 240 cells in
series and are applied at very high discharge rates (10 to 20 minute backup times) and
deep discharge voltages down to 1.65 volts per cell or even lower.
Note that there are other considerations (Apart from reliability) in the selection of the
power system configuration. One of the basic considerations is the input power
requirement of the critical load equipment. Other important considerations are size,
installed cost, operating efficiency and maintenance cost.
6.5
Distributed DC Power Configuration
Typical information technology Data Centers use commercially available packaged power
distribution units (PDUs) to distribute AC power to the various load equipment. The PDU
performs the conditioning, distribution and monitoring of power for the load equipment.
The 480 VAC outputs of typical large BPS systems are distributed to a number of PDUs
located throughout the center. The PDU typically contains an isolation transformer (To
provide voltage step-down to 208/120 VAC, common mode noise isolation, local voltage
adjustment and ground referencing) and output distribution panel boards with output
circuit breakers, cables and receptacles to match load equipment requirements. The
PDUs are intentionally located close to the load equipment to minimize the output
distribution circuit length and voltage drop.
A high availability power system approach for convergent telecom/ information
technology systems has been named “hybrid distributed redundant power system.” On
the surface, this approach may seem to be expensive but it often is the most costeffective means to achieve ultra high power reliability and availability [for critical
electronic load equipment] due to reduced installation costs and smaller equipment
footprints. This system has redundant rectifier systems—in an N+1 configuration—with
integral output power distribution located very close to the load equipment and powered
from the same AC BPS systems as other associated electronic load equipment. The
footprint of these battery-less rectifier systems (DC PDUs) is often approximately the
same as the normally required secondary DC distribution bays. To mitigate potential
failures and allow maintenance within the AC or DC power systems without load
shutdown, dual-BPS systems with redundant power paths, dual rectifier systems and
dual-input load equipment can be utilized.
6.6
Rotary BPS
More modern systems employ what is known as a ‘Rotary BPS’, which consists of a
Motor-Generator (MG) pair. The basic advantages would depend on the overall
configuration but can include lower cost and isolation from utility company supply
fluctuations. More advanced systems would employ a hybrid configuration which would
marry solid-state battery backed devices with MG pairs to provide redundant, isolated,
high quality power systems. In this case MG pairs are located downstream of the DC/AC
converters (Inverters) to provide a higher quality AC supply characterized by perfect
sinusoidal waveforms.
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6.7
Types of Redundancy
The ultimate goal of redundancy is to eliminate any single points of failure that would
cripple the Data Center. There are various standard configurations for redundant BPS
system deployment that attempt to do just that. A few examples are outlined below.
1. A+B (1+1)
The 1+1 configuration is an example of parallel redundancy. In this configuration two
BPS systems are connected in parallel. Each BPS is connected to the load via a static
switch. A bypass circuit is provided for maintenance purposes. Central control is used to
allow the systems to share the load and to control switching to the bypass circuit. All
modules in this system energize a single bus to the load.
2. N + 1
The N+1 configuration is another example of parallel redundancy. In this configuration N
BPS systems are needed to supply the system load and an extra BPS module is added
for redundancy. Clearly this configuration can only provide protection for a single BPS
failure. A bypass circuit is also provided and a central switch controls the system’s
behavior. All modules in this system energize a single bus to the load.
3. Cascade
Cascade redundancy connects two BPS systems in series to the system load. Both BPS
systems are active at all times and each will support the full system load.
4. Ring-Bus and/or Tied Redundancy
The ring-bus configuration is a refinement of the parallel redundancy approach. In a
ring-bus configuration a set of bus switches are used to isolate parallel modules into one
or more parallel systems each serving a subset of the load. This is more prevalent with
rotary systems.
Tied redundancy is an alternative to the ring-bus configuration. Two parallel BPS
systems operate on separate buses, which can be tied by means of a circuit breaker.
Each BPS services its own load but is capable of operating the entire load.
5. Parallel Distributed
The distributed redundant or distributed parallel system is a configuration that attempts
to create redundancy all the way to the input terminals of the load. This means
redundant buses, power distribution systems and redundant input power. This system is
particularly effective with dual input loads. This configuration will typically consist of two
synchronized BPS systems supplying two power distribution units. Each power
distribution unit would supply one of the load’s dual inputs. For single input loads a third
power distribution unit is used which takes its inputs from the two PDUs.
6.8
Backup Power Supplies - BPS
As power moves from the generating plant through the distribution grid to the computer
installation, the power company gradually loses control of its quality. A good BPS
protects against all the various power problems like:


Blackout, a sudden, complete loss of voltage or drops when it is of very short
duration
Brownout, a significant reduction of voltage lasting from seconds to days
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

Surge, where delivered voltage is substantially (20% to 100%) higher than
nominal
Spike, also called a transient, an extreme over-voltage of very short duration
The damage from electrical problems, particularly spikes, is incremental and cumulative.
There really is a difference between an Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) and a
Standby Power Supply (SPS), but common usage now designates a unit properly
termed SPS as BPS. We will call a unit of either sort a Backup Power Supply (BPS)
All supplies have three common elements:



6.9
A battery, which stores electrical energy against power failures
An inverter, which converts DC voltage supplied by the battery to the AC voltage
required by the load
A charging circuitry, which converts AC mains power to the DC voltage required
to charge the battery
Available BPS Solutions
IEEE recognizes three categories of BPS, which they term BPS
6.9.1 On-line BPS
On-line BPS: This is often called a true BPS to differentiate it from a SPS which
connects the load directly to the inverter and the equipment always runs from battery
power supplied by the inverter.
Advantages:
 first, no switch-over time and no switch to fail ;
 second, the computer is effectively isolated from AC line problems;
Disadvantages:
 first, cost is higher than an equivalent SPS;
 second, BPS batteries require more frequent replacement since they run
constantly;
 third, the BPS running its inverter all the time results in a lower efficiency
6.9.2
Line-interactive BPS
Line-interactive BPS, also called a single-conversion on-line BPS, differs from an online BPS in that the load normally runs primarily from utility power as long as the power
is available. The inverter runs at all times and the load is always dynamically shared
between inverter and utility power. Although line-interactive units do not isolate the load
from the AC line to the extent that an on-line BPS does, they are quite good at
maintaining clean steady AC to the load.
Line-interactive BPS are common in data centers but uncommon in the PC environment.
Line-interactive BPS is the recommended solution for Servers.
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6.9.3 Off-line BPS or Standby Power Supply (SPS)
Any BPS used with a PC (Or even a small server) nowadays is almost certainly an off-line
power supply, sometimes called a Standby Power Supply (SPS). They are often
described as “uninterruptible” power supply which they are not. The defining
characteristics of an SPS are that it has a switch and that the inverter is not always
running. During normal operation the switch routes utility power directly to the load.
When utility power fails that switch quickly disconnects the load from the utility power
and reconnects it to the inverter.
SPS are less expensive than on-line and line-interactive units because they can use a
relatively inexpensive inverter, one rated for low duty cycle and short run time.
Several SPS variants exist:
Standard SPS has only two modes -full utility power or full battery power. Most entrylevel SPS models are standard SPS.
Line-boost SPS adds line-boost mode to the two modes of the standard SPS. They have
an extra transformer tap, which they use to increase output voltage by a fixed
percentage (Typically 12% to 15%) when input voltage falls below threshold. Most
midrange and high-end desktop SPS are line-boost SPS. Line-boost SPS are the
recommended BPS for standalone desktops
Ferro-resonant SPS uses a ferro-resonant transformer rather than the tap-change
transformer used by a line-boost unit. These SPS units have several serious drawbacks.
This is not recommended.
6.10
BPS Solutions - Additional Criteria
The important characteristics of a BPS are the following:
Volt-Ampere (VA) rating: the VA rating of a BPS specifies the maximum power the
BPS can supply and is determined by the capacity of the inverter
Run time: The runtime of a BPS is determined by many factors, including battery type
and condition, Amp-hour capacity and state of charge; ambient temperature; inverter
efficiency; and percentage load. The number of Amp-hours a battery an supply depends
on how many amps you draw from it: the relationship between load and run time is not
linear. Doubling load cuts run time by much more than half; halving load extends run
time by much more than twice
Output waveform: The output waveform is determined by the inverter, the most
expensive component of a BPS. Better inverters-those that generate a sine wave or a
close approximation- are more expensive. The cheapest units generate square wave
output, which is essentially bipolar DC voltage with near zero rise-time and fall-time.
Battery replacement method: Batteries must be replaced periodically. Better units
have user-replaceable batteries. It’s less expensive and much more convenient to be
able to replace batteries on site.
Warranty: The length of warranty is a reasonably good indicator of the quality of the
unit.
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Configuration options: Better BPS offer flexible options for setting such things as
transfer voltage threshold, warning type (Audible, visual, email and or pager notification,
etc.), delay before warning, warning duration and so on.
Status indicator: Better units provide detailed LED or LCD status displays to indicate
such things as load percentage, battery charge status, overload conditions and battery
replacement required.
Overload protection: Better units use a circuit breaker that can be reset by pressing a
button instead of a fuse that is found on less expensive units.
Receptacle configuration: Most units include two types of receptacle. The first sort are
backed up by the battery; the second sort are surge-protected only and are useful for
connecting items that need not to be run from the BPS.
Manageability: All but entry-level BPS units include a network interface port that can
be used with appropriate software for automatic shutdown. Midrange and high-end SPS
may include Simple Network Management Protocol allowing SNMP manageability.
(Simple Network Management Protocol)
6.11
Guidelines for Selecting a BPS
Select BPS type according to application: Online and line interactive units are too
large and expensive for most desktop applications. Consider them only for departmental
servers and critical systems.
For standard desktops and workgroup servers, buy an off-line unit. If your location is
subject to frequent power problems, choose a line boost unit, which greatly extends runtime under brownout conditions.
Here are some good practices:



Consider buying one BPS for multiple desktops
Get the best waveform you can afford
Make sure the BPS has user-replaceable batteries
6.11.1 Transients
Startup (Inrush) Currents
The BPS must support short duration startup loads. Repeated power cycling should not
affect the life expectancy or the MTBF of the system.
Brownouts
Brownouts are periods of low voltage in utility lines that can cause lights to dim and
equipment to fail. Also known as voltage sag, this is the most common power problem,
accounting for up to 87% of all power disturbances. The BPS must provide reliable
protection from brownouts.
Spikes
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Spikes are instantaneous high voltage transients that result from lightning and other
(Potentially catastrophic) large-scale discharges. The power distribution system must
provide reliable protection from spikes.
Surge Protection
Power surges are an increase in the voltage that powers your electrical equipment.
Surges often go unnoticed, often lasting only 1/120th of a second, but they are quite
common and are potentially destructive. The BPS must provide reliable surge protection.
Blackouts
Power failures, also known as blackouts, are the easiest power problem to diagnose.
Redundancy is described above. The BPS must provide power during blackouts for the
duration it takes the backup generator(s) to go live.
6.11.2 Line Noise Rejection
The term "line noise" refers to random fluctuations - electrical impulses that are carried
along with standard AC current.
Standard BPSs include special noise filters that remove line noise. The amount of
filtration is indicated in the technical specifications for each unit. Noise suppression is
stated as Decibel level (db) at a specific frequency (kHz or MHz).
6.11.3 Harmonics
In recent years, there has been an increased concern about the effects of nonlinear loads
on the electric power system. Nonlinear loads are any loads, which draw current that is
not sinusoidal and include such equipment as, solid-state motor drives, battery chargers,
BPS systems and the DC power supply. While nonlinear loads are not new, their
increased use means a larger percentage of any power system tends to be nonlinear.
Nonlinear loads generate harmonic currents that flow from the load toward the power
source, following the paths of least impedance. Harmonic currents are currents that have
frequencies that are whole number multiples of the fundamental (Power supply)
frequency. The harmonic currents superimposed on the fundamental current result in the
non-sinusoidal current waveforms associated with nonlinear loads.
There is also concern about the effects of harmonics on the rest of the power system.
Harmonic current flows cause additional heating in the power system components, cause
voltage distortion and may excite resonance or cause undesirable interactions in the
power system. Very severe voltage distortion can result when the power system's
inductive and capacitive reactance happen to be equal (Parallel resonance) at one of the
nonlinear load's significant harmonic current frequencies (Typically the 5th, 7th, 11th or
13th harmonic). Harmonic current flows also reduce the system power factor. Simply
adding power factor correction capacitors cannot compensate for the harmonic distortion
power factor. To deal with the problems associated with harmonics, some utilities are
even considering a harmonic current surcharge. For these reasons, IEEE Standard 519 is
being revised to specify limits to the amount of current distortion a user may inject into
the utility power system. These limits vary from 5% to 20% total harmonic distortion
(THD), depending on how large the user is relative to the capacity of the utility system.
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Power system designs for Data Centers tend to be much more conservative than designs
for general office areas or typical building wiring systems where harmonic currents from
electronic loads (Like personal computers and terminals) have caused problems. Data
Center designs usually anticipate nonlinear loads and specify capacities accordingly.
Allowances for growth and expansion may increase capacities further.
Because of the increasing incidence of building distribution transformers being
overheated by nonlinear loads, UL introduced a transformer nonlinear load rating system
in UL1561, called K-Factor, which is based on C57.110. K-Factor is a weighting of the
harmonic load currents based on their heating effects on dry-type transformers. A KFactor of 1.0 indicates a linear load. The higher the K-Factor, the greater the harmonic
heating effects. Transformers designed to accommodate the additional heating effects of
particular levels of harmonic currents can be certified under UL1561 as having a
particular K-Factor rating. Standard ratings are 1, 4, 9, 13, 20, 30, 40 and 50. Individual
loads with K-Factors greater than 20 have not been widely observed. Computer rooms
have been observed to have K-Factors of 4 to 9. Areas with high concentrations of
single-phase computers and terminals have observed K-Factors of 13 to 17.
6.11.4 Isolation
See the discussion in Harmonics in Section 6.11.3.
6.11.5 Waveform and voltage conditioning
One important characteristic of BPS systems is the shape of the waveform downstream
of the inverters. While it is a fact that many system power supply modules are the
switching type, it is still important to provide these systems with a waveform that is as
close to sinusoidal as possible.
6.11.6 BPS Synchronization
A subtle aspect of certain redundant configurations is phase synchronization of the
output AC signal of multiple BPS units. This is typically an issue when input power is
absent and the BPS systems are operating on battery power. Out of phase transfers can
cause undue system overloads and thus trip over-current protection devices (Circuit
breakers). The BPS system must therefore be equipped with fail-safe synchronization
circuitry.
6.11.7 Switching Circuitry
Switching circuitry is perhaps the trickiest component to design in a redundant BPS. The
MTBF of the system is inversely proportional to the complexity of the switching circuitry,
which must accomplish the following:



Isolate faulty components from the system bus
Provide a maintenance bypass circuit
Protect systems from current overloads (Except for startup load)
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6.12
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) and BPS
With Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) communications on a BPS, the unit
can suddenly do much more than power conditioning and protection. It can:






Log and print both events and data
Provide multiple screen views, simple to complex
Continuously monitor power quality
Report on battery status, load and temperature
Remotely reset locked equipment
Perform self-diagnostics
An SNMP-compatible BPS is able to report its status to multiple management consoles
and it can be directed to change operating parameters. If the BPS has provisions for
individually turning on and off the devices connected to it, the network manager can
isolate sections of the network for security purposes, shut down devices to achieve
electrical savings, even manage redundant portions of the network.
In short, through SNMP, a BPS can become an intelligent part of a communications
network.
6.13
Backup Generators
6.13.1 Capacity
The Agency’s Data Center should be equipped with powerful, industrial generators that
are capable of supporting the Data Center in case of prolonged power outage. Given the
number and ratings on equipment and equipment-laden racks provided and which can be
accommodated in the data room, a back-up generator should be placed in the most
suitable configuration for redundancy purposes.
6.13.2 Fuel Provisioning
The Data Center shall have high capacity fuel tanks that prolong the operation of the
generators for several days. These are contingency measures and such tanks may not be
used for normal operations. Environmental and city ordinances have to be met for such
installations of fuel tanks.
6.14
Multiple Circuits
Locating different equipment on different circuits allows a higher degree of flexibility in
managing power source requirements. The following shall be on different circuits.




Computer equipment
Security/Access and monitoring equipment
Environmental equipment
Safety equipment
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6.15
Electric Company Supply Line
6.15.1 Capacity in kVA
Each center shall have its usage calculated accounting for future expansion in the data
hardware, HVAC and lighting needs.
6.15.2 Redundancy
Redundancy in the utility company supply is mitigated by the use of backup generation
and BPS equipment. A higher level of reliability however can be achieved by provisioning
redundant multi-utility supply lines.
6.16
Power Planning and Considerations
To maximize uptime and minimize problems and cost, a logical approach to power
protection design is outlined below. A power protection solution must address the
following elements:







Total power requirement of the loads
Number, location and type of power connections required by the loads
Potential for expandability/re-configurability
Method for management of the power protection equipment
Load priority
Recovery from failure of power protection equipment
Overload protection
6.16.1 Total Power Requirement
This needs to be calculated from the published equipment rating to be deployed. As with
any installation, the load will grow with time and a careful log shall be maintained.
6.16.2 Number, Location and Type of Power Connections
A typical BPS in the range of 1 to 5kVA provides 4 to 8 receptacles. In some cases, this
may be enough receptacles. In most cases, more receptacles are required.
It is not advisable to use extension cords or outlet strips to accomplish power
distribution in a network room (Outlet strips are permitted only for temporary
installations). This causes a problem if the loads are too many for the BPS or located too
far from the BPS. To avoid that, it is necessary to permanently wire a BPS into the
building wiring if more outlets or distant outlets are required. The network room must
then be fitted with sufficient wall receptacles to supply all of the loads and these
receptacles must be hard-wired back to the BPS. This is a significant cost that is often
overlooked.
In the case of a small network room with less than 8 loads, a single BPS may provide
sufficient receptacles. If the BPS required is rated at less than about 1.4kVA, then the
BPS can be plugged into a standard wall receptacle. If a larger capacity BPS is specified,
Buildings, Rooms and Environment
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then the BPS must be supplied by either a hard-wire arrangement or a special high
power connector. Therefore, costly electrical wiring may be required at the BPS input
even when the BPS output appears to be able to supply the load.
In many installations, the number of power connections required by the loads is larger
than the number of outlets available on the BPS. An additional problem is that the power
cords of the protected equipment may not be long enough to bring them all to a central
place. Therefore, when there is a significant number of a load connected to a single BPS
some method of power distribution is required. The use of extension cords and outlet
strips is not favorable, as explained above. The loads would then depend on the BPS to
provide appropriate outlets. If the BPS needs to be shut down or removed for
maintenance, this can lead to the situation where there may be no place for the loads to
be plugged in.
An alternative solution is to use multiple BPS systems in which each BPS has a common
AC connector which plugs into a standard wall receptacle. Here, the BPS systems are
distributed around the room such that the power cords of each protected component can
reach a BPS. The loads can be plugged into the wall receptacle if the BPS needs to be
removed for any reason.
6.16.3 The Potential for Expandability/Re-Configurability
Most network rooms are subject to expansion or reconfiguration as user needs and
networking technology change. The power protection scheme for the wiring center must
be flexible, reconfigurable and expandable to allow for these inevitable changes.
Purchase of a greatly oversized BPS along with permanent installation of a large quantity
of wall receptacles hard-wired from the BPS is a solution.
A more flexible scheme is to distribute BPS systems. BPS systems are chosen that can
be plugged into standard wall power receptacles. This limits the power capacity of the
BPS. Enough BPS systems are installed to meet the total power requirement of the
loads. BPS systems can be added or moved to meet shifting requirements. Adaptability
for future growth is assured and initial cost is reduced.
6.16.4 The Backup Time Required In Case of Power Outage
The backup time required during an outage is directly related to the size of the BPS
battery and has a large effect on the cost of the BPS. Therefore, it is important to
consider this issue carefully. To determine the run time available from a BPS, it is
necessary to know the size of the load accurately. Load sizes are usually overestimated
during the BPS sizing process in order to ensure that the BPS is not overloaded.
However, such overestimates can cause large errors in determining the run time and
result in unnecessary expense.
In most situations, the system administrator expects the BPS to provide power fault
correction that is transparent to the users for brief outages, while providing safe and
orderly system shutdown during extended outages. Although most operating systems
can be shut down in less than 2 minutes, some database servers, particularly on UNIX
based servers, can take up to 10 minutes to shut down. Therefore, a backup time of at
least 10 minutes is recommended.
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For systems where the network must stay up, a BPS system with extended run capability
must be used (This expense can be mitigated somewhat by using a "load priority"
system as described later). One important factor in choosing an extended run BPS is the
recharge time. The recharge time of all BPS systems increases as the number of
batteries is increased.
If there is a chance that the backup time requirement will increase in the future, then it
is advisable to install a BPS that has expansion and heavy duty recharge capability.
Additional battery packs ship by parcel post and can be plugged in by the administrator
without the need to power down the load.
6.16.5 Load Priority
In some Data Centers, it may be desirable that some loads continue operation for a very
long time, while others simply need to be shut down gracefully. This objective can be
accomplished using one of the following three techniques:



Use a single large BPS with very long run time: This can be a good solution if the
devices that require long run time consume most of the power. However, if the
non-critical loads make up a large fraction of the total power consumption, then
providing the unneeded extended run for these loads gives rise to a cost penalty,
both in up-front and service costs.
Use a large BPS with an intelligent load-shedding system: In this case the large
BPS is equipped with a load-shedding accessory which allows the network
manager to switch off less critical loads either manually or automatically. The
accessory is expensive and requires programming but the cost can be more than
offset by other savings.
Use multiple smaller BPS with different run times: In this case, the critical loads
are simply connected to BPS systems that have extended run capability while
loads that require shorter run time are assigned to BPS systems with shorter run
time. In this way the problem is solved in a very cost effective manner.
6.16.6 Recovery from Failure of Power Protection Equipment
Every BPS will eventually require some form of attention or maintenance. The network
administrator must have a plan for how to deal with this eventuality and try to ensure
that the users of the network are affected as little as possible.
There are basically only two kinds of failures of the BPS; either the BPS electronics can
fail or the BPS battery can wear out.
These failures can give rise to different or unexpected effects on the network users
depending on how the power protection system was planned. A comprehensive recovery
plan shall consider the following elements:


Advance notification systems: Some BPS systems have the capability to test the
battery system and determine that battery failure is imminent. Proper use of
these systems can allow for scheduled (Instead of unexpected) maintenance and
avoid system downtime.
Hot-swap capability: Some BPS systems are capable of being removed for service
or repair without the need to power down the load. These systems are useful
Buildings, Rooms and Environment
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
when "after hours" shutdown for maintenance is not desired due to a 24hr uptime requirement.
Single point failure minimization: A key advantage of using multiple BPS systems
is that with minimal planning it can often be arranged that the failure of a single
BPS will affect only a portion of system operations. It would be wise, for example,
not to put all hubs on a single BPS. This benefit cannot be provided when using a
single, large BPS.
6.16.7 Overload Protection
All power systems are equipped with overload protection that is required for safety
reasons. In the design of a network room, it is important to ensure that power circuits
are not overloaded to avoid unexpected trips and downtime.
There are three points of concern for overload protection; namely, the circuit breaker
panels that feed the wiring center, the circuit breakers at the input of the BPS and those
at the output of the BPS.
The BPS will maintain the loads for a finite time if the side breaker trips. Unfortunately,
in some cases this time is not adequate since only certain unavailable individuals may
have access to the breaker panel. If the input breaker to the BPS trips, the BPS will
again respond by maintaining the load. In this case, the administrator must identify the
BPS affected, identify the breaker as the problem and reset it.
There is no protection if the BPS output breakers trip. For this reason, this is the worst
kind of fault condition. However, this problem can occur only with BPS systems of
greater than approximately 1.5kVA capacity since these are the only BPS that have
output breakers. An output breaker is required for any BPS that has a power capacity
greater than the AC power receptacle rating. Unfortunately, the BPS warns only when
the total load on all circuits is excessive.
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7.0
Fire Retardation
This section will discuss the fire protection mechanisms needed to ensure the safety of
the equipment as well as the employees.
7.1
Primary System
It is recommended to utilize an FM-200 gas-based system that extinguishes fire by
molecularly cooling the protected area. Inergen gas and carbon dioxide fire retardant
systems can pose an unacceptable risk to humans in some operational environments and
their use must be thoroughly reviewed prior to the decision for implementation. Water,
which can damage sensitive electronic equipment, is not initially discharged.
We shall compare briefly the three types of gas based extinguishing systems.
7.2
Inergen Gas
This is a mixture of three gases: approximately 52% nitrogen, 40% argon and 8%
carbon dioxide. The basic concept with Inergen is to flood an enclosure with a mixture of
these three gases to a 43% to 52% concentration. This reduces the available oxygen
concentration below that necessary for combustion. It should be noted that any gas that
displaces oxygen could also create an atmosphere detrimental to human life. The claim
of Inergen is that the small amount of carbon dioxide in the mixture causes humans
exposed to extinguishing concentrations to breathe faster and deeper and promote the
uptake of oxygen by the blood.
Therefore, it depends on the modification of human physiology to claim safety for
personnel exposed to extinguishing concentrations of the agent. The "envelope" of life
safety with this concept is rather narrow. A little too much Inergen and there may not be
enough available oxygen, despite the CO2. A little less Inergen and the extinguishing
concentration may not be reached. Any modifications to the protected space – even the
addition of equipment could change the volume of the space and thereby significantly
alter the desired design criteria.
To ensure safety, it is required that the design concentration result in at least 10%
oxygen. If the oxygen concentration falls below 10%, personnel must be evacuated
within 30 seconds. This agent is approved for use in occupied areas under NFPA 2001 if
it meets the stated criteria. Because Inergen is stored as a gas, it cannot be discharged
to achieve rapid buildup of total flooding concentration. Discharge times in excess of one
minute and as long as three minutes have been noted. Additionally, because Inergen is
stored as a very high-pressure gas, as opposed to FM-200 that is stored as a liquid, its
storage efficiency is low. Substantial numbers of containers are necessary to store
enough Inergen for even the smallest hazards. The additional floor space required to
accommodate the numerous Inergen cylinders along with added service costs to
maintain, weigh and check all these cylinders must also be considered.
7.3
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon dioxide suppression systems are another clean agent alternative to Halon. When
released the stored pressure acts as a propellant. Normally, there is about 21% oxygen
Buildings, Rooms and Environment
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in air. The addition of CO2 reduces the oxygen content to a point where combustion
cannot exist and the fire is literally suffocated. As with Inergen, however, life safety
consideration must be heavily weighed. It is not recommended that total flooding CO2
systems in normally occupied spaces unless arrangements can be made to ensure
evacuation before discharge. The same restriction applies to spaces that are not
normally occupied but in which personnel may be present for maintenance or other
purposes. Evacuation can be difficult once the discharge starts because noise, greatly
reduced visibility and the physiological effects of the carbon dioxide concentration may
confuse the occupants.
Other technical difficulties relative to temperature and humidity can arise with the
release of carbon dioxide. When released, this agent is very cold and will cause a sudden
drop in the temperature of the room. Some sensitive electronic equipment is limited to a
maximum change of 15 F (9 C) per hour. Concurrent with a rapid drop in temperature
will be a rapid increase in the relative humidity. Experimental evidence shows that the
dew point can be reached quickly. This causes condensation to form on many equipment
components.
7.4
FM-200
Chemically known as heptafluoropropane is a clean agent alternative to Halon 1301
which NFPA 2001 accepts for use in total flooding situations where human exposure is
expected. FM-200 contains no ozone depleting chlorine or bromine. Additionally, it has a
very low GWP (Global warming potential) of 0.7 and an atmospheric lifetime of 17–31
years. This is the shortest atmospheric lifetime zero-DP new clean agent available.
In assessing the toxicity of halocarbon alternatives, the main concern is the consumer
and worker exposure during a fire. The principal guideline is cardiac sensitization that is
defined as increased susceptibility of the heart to adrenaline that may result in
potentially fatal heart arrhythmias. Two terms, NOAEL and LOAEL, are used in evaluating
cardiac sensitization. NOAEL is the No Observed Adverse Effects Limit when dogs are
subjected to a predetermined concentration. LOAEL is the Lowest Observed Adverse
Effects Limit and is the lowest concentration where at least one dog has begun to
experience cardiac sensitization. The criteria for human exposure in alternative total
flooding agents are judged on these two terms as to suitability for a normally occupied
space.
FM-200 has a low toxicity. It is an acceptable substitute for Halon 1301 and is currently
listed by U.L. in systems. It has a NOAEL of 9% and a LOAEL of at least 10.5%, while it’s
design concentration is 7%. Therefore, it can be used in normally occupied spaces.
FM-200 is a low-pressure gas and can be housed in cylinders similar to the traditional
Halon 1301 equipment. The concentration requirement of 7% by volume avoids any
concerns of enclosure over–pressurization that must be carefully considered with the
installation of Inergen and carbon dioxide.
With a discharge of FM-200 suppression agent, total extinguishing concentration is
reached in approximately 10 seconds.
FM-200 is life supporting within design concentrations and has been found to be
electrically non–conductive and safe for use on electrically charged equipment. The
relatively high boiling point of FM-200 reduces the danger of thermal shock to delicate
electronics that might possibly occur from the direct discharge of other agents such as
CO2. The Environmental Protection Agency has stated that "FM-200 does not deplete
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stratospheric ozone and that it is the most effective of the proposed substitutes for Halon
1301".
7.5
Redundant Fire Suppression System
A secondary dry-pipe water system is utilized only as a backup should the gas-based
systems not fully extinguish a raging fire. The dry-pipe system is preloaded with water
while the gas-system attempts to extinguish the fire and only discharges water in the
event of a prolonged fire, which cannot be extinguished by gas alone.
7.6
Smoke Detection
Early warning devices monitor the air for signs that indicate an impending fire condition.
As a recommendation, for conventional smoke detection in sensitive electronic areas
there should be a combination of photoelectric and ionization principle smoke detectors.
photoelectric smoke detector is normally most responsive to fuels whose products of
combustion are best defined as cool smoke. This type of smoke characteristically
accompanies plastic type materials. Therefore when a raised floor is utilized it is
recommended that photoelectric detectors be exclusively used in the sub floor.
These detectors are most responsive to the cool type wiring/plastic fire that would be
anticipated and they are very stable in high airflow areas. The ionization detector is most
responsive to fires that typically are associated with hotter and/or flaming combustion
such as paper. Because it is not known whether a plastic or a paper fire would be had
depending upon the fire loading/contents, it is recommended that the ceiling be
protected with both ionization and photoelectric detectors. Special emphasis must be
made to strict adherence to the manufacturers and the NFPA No. 72 spacing
requirements especially when high air flows are involved.
7.7
Redundant Fire and Smoke Detection
An alternate and preferred method for many areas may be the use of an air sampling
type system. This detection generally is up to 1000 times faster than conventional
smoke detection however despite its high sensitivity it is a very stable and reliable
detector. Unlike conventional detectors that are static devices that must wait until the
smoke comes to the sensor. The HSSD air-sampling device actually draws air throughout
the system. This sensor is relatively unaffected due to high airflow and stratification
affects that typically reduce the sensitivity of conventional detectors.
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8.0
Grounding and Lightning Protection
This section discusses standards and guidelines for proper grounding and lightning
protection. All Data Centers, facilities and rooms shall adhere to the grounding guidelines
set forth in TIA/EIA-607 (COMMERCIAL BUILDING GROUNDING AND BONDING
REQUIREMENTS FOR TELECOMMUNICATIONS) plus any additional codes in Article (250 –
GROUNDING) and (800 - COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS) of the NEC 1999.
(http://www.tiaonline.org/standards).
For lightning protection conform to standards established by the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) (http://www.iec.ch/), as discussed below.
For an explanation of what constitutes a proper ground point for the Telecommunications
bus bar to be attached to in a Telecommunications Closet see NEC-1999 Article 800-40.
Briefly:



Any surface to be grounded must be free of paint or any other coating that may
affect a proper ground to be achieved.
The surface must be prepared to provide a proper path to ground.
Paint should be scraped or filed away until a metallic surface has been exposed.
Then the proper grounding component can be attached to complete the system.
Below are three general possibilities of acceptable ground points as long as they meet all
the detailed requirements of the above-mentioned TIA/EIA-607 (COMMERCIAL
BUILDING GROUNDING AND BONDING REQUIREMENTS FOR TELECOMMUNICATIONS)
plus any additional codes in Article (250 – GROUNDING) and (800 - COMMUNICATIONS
SYSTEMS) of the NEC 1999.





Attach to Building or Structure grounding system.
Metallic power service raceway or equipment enclosure
Properly installed 2.7 meter ground rod to earth.
All system components (i.e. ladder-rack, equipment racks, etc.) will be connected
together and eventually will connect to the TC’s Grounding Bus Bar with a
minimum of a # 6 solid or stranded copper wire with a green insulator
The Bus bar shall be connected to the above mentioned building ground systems
in such a manner as that it meets the above mentioned requirements set forth in
TIA/EIA-607 (COMMERCIAL BUILDING GROUNDING AND BONDING
REQUIREMENTS FOR TELECOMMUNICATIONS) plus any additional codes in Article
(250 – GROUNDING) and (800 - COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS) of the NEC 1999.
The Telecommunications Closet Grounding Bus bar shall attach to the above
mentioned grounding system by a wire that is a minimum of # 6 solid or stranded
green insulator copper wire.
One of the greatest threats to computer equipment in Lebanon is lightning. Proper
lightning protection is built upon the foundation for proper grounding, discussed above.
Lightning protection level requirements are a function of the computing infrastructure
supported by the Data Center, facility or room in question. Follow the IEC 61024-1-1
standard for tailoring the lightning protection systems to the computing protection levels
dictated by the scope of the facility. For design, installation, maintenance and inspection
of these lightning protection systems comply with IEC 61024-1-2. To establish or
improve lightning protection for equipment in existing rooms and structures refer to
IEC/TS 61312-4.
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9.0
Documentation
This section specifies the overall requirements for documentation covering all systems
and elements included as part of the project. The documents stated below are not
necessarily complete and shall be considered as general guidelines.
9.1
General
Documentation includes all information such as text, tables, drawings, computer printouts, listings, printed circuit board layouts and schematics, films, video recordings,
microfilm aperture cards, microfiche, magnetic disks/tapes, CD-ROMs etc.










9.2
Documentation for all hardware, software, firmware, installation, testing,
maintenance, diagnostics, training, procedures and operations shall be provided.
The documentation shall be expressed in clear, consistent, readily understandable
and defined terms and be well structured to:
o Support installation, testing and commissioning of new equipment.
o Support operation and maintenance of installed equipment.
o Plan and dimension new systems or extensions to existing systems.
The documentation shall be top-down structured from overall system descriptions
down to the details of individual hardware elements and software source code.
The documentation shall be organized in a form adapted and applicable for its
specific use by specialized groups of staff.
A catalogue showing the contents of each binder and a description and detailed
list of all documentation for a system shall be provided.
A Table of Contents shall be provided as an integral part of each
manual/handbook.
An index representing the level of detail in the documentation shall be provided
for each manual/handbook.
The Vendor shall describe the updating procedures applicable to the
documentation System. The procedures used to maintain compatibility between
the installed and/or modified equipment (Hardware and software) shall also be
stated.
In order to plan and dimension future extensions, the Vendor shall provide
detailed records for each system he has delivered to the Agency. These records
shall be kept for the lifetime of each system.
Electronic documentation should be cross-referenced and linked as appropriate
Definitions
Terms that are relevant for documentation are defined as follows:




System: This term will comprise a set of specified functions (e.g. an exchange)
that is implemented as a group of individual (sub) systems.
Subsystem: A subsystem is a part of the system that takes care of closely
related functions of the system. Each subsystem can comprise combinations of
both hardware and software.
Module: A module is a part of the subsystem that takes care of closely related
functions of the subsystem. Each module can comprise combinations of both
hardware and software.
Sub module: A sub module is a part of a module that takes care of either:
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o
o
9.3
A special software task (Program) within a module
A special hardware task (Hardware device) within a module.
System Description and Documentation
Any system deployed within the Data Center or network of the Agency shall have
documents that describe the system architecture, its features and facilities and how the
system interoperates with the telecommunication network and the Data Center. The
system description documentation shall be organized to various degrees of detail and as
a minimum comprise the following:
9.3.1 System Overall Documentation
This document is the top-level part of the documentation and shall describe the main
functions (Subsystems) and components of the System. The system overall document
shall as a minimum comprise documentation of the following:








Overall system architecture and its partitioning in subsystems (e.g. network
peripherals, switching blocks, transmission links, control, maintenance aids).
Operation and maintenance (O&M) features
Equipment and technology
Reliability
Dimensioning and capacity
Grounding of the overall system
Subsystem documentation
Module documentation
9.3.2 Subsystem Documentation
The subsystem documentation shall provide details of each functional subsystem
identified in the overall system description and how the subsystems are divided into
modules.







9.4
The subsystem documentation shall describe both hardware and software
subsystems.
The division of functions performed by hardware and software and their
interaction shall be explained for each subsystem.
Module documentation: Detailed description of the hardware and software
aspects of the module documentation shall be according to the hardware and
software documentation sections respectively.
The module documentation shall provide details of each functional module
identified in the subsystem description and how the modules are divided into submodules.
The module documentation shall describe both hardware and software modules.
The division of functions performed by hardware and software and their
interaction shall be explained for each module.
The lower level documentation, i.e. the sub-module documentation, shall be
according to the requirements specified in the hardware documentation and
software documentation sections respectively.
Hardware Documentation
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9.4.1 General
Detailed hardware documentation as defined in this section shall be provided for each
module identified and described in the previous sub-section. The detailed hardware
documentation shall be provided in sufficient and appropriate levels and provide a
comprehensive coverage of system principles of at least the following two levels:


Module documentation.
Sub-module (Hardware device) documentation.
9.4.2 Module Documentation
The hardware functions of the module documentation shall provide hardware details of
each functional module identified in the subsystem description. The hardware module
documentation shall describe the physical realization of the equipment and contain
diagrams, drawings and descriptions of all hardware elements and the following as a
minimum:











System description comprising, e.g. for switching, routers and server systems:
The processor system
The switching network
Peripheral units
The transmission network
Survey schematics and module descriptions
Functional block diagrams
Functional descriptions
Circuit descriptions comprising:
o Functional description
o Component list, including part numbers
o Component data
o Test points with indication of normal values
o Adjustment data including test sets, cords and set up details.
Rack layout
Shelf layout
9.4.3 Sub-module (Hardware Device) Documentation
The sub-module documentation shall provide details of each hardware sub-module
identified in the module description.
9.5
Installation Documentation
The installation documentation shall cover all activities to ensure that the system is
installed and tested as specified and according to schedule.
The installation documentation shall contain the following as a minimum:


Detailed procedures for the installation and operational checks to verify
installation.
Detailed configuration documentation comprising:
o System drawings
o System capacities (e.g. exchange size)
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









9.6
o Number of lines
Installation drawings comprising:
o Site drawings
o Floor plans
o Assembly drawings.
Material list. The material items shall be listed under the various subsystem
headings and the existing and added quantities for each item shall be reflected.
Cabling plans comprising:
o Cable route lists
o Cable connection schematics.
Wiring diagrams
Grounding grid diagrams
Installation schedule documentation
Earthquake bracing diagrams
Test lists and procedures
List of test equipment required
Total index (Catalogue) of all documentation
Site Documentation
The site document shall provide all as-built plant dependent documents such as
mounting, allocation, cabling and termination documents as well as the site
configuration.
The site document shall contain the following as a minimum:









9.7
Site configuration
Floor plan
Cable running list
Trunking diagram
Power allocation
Straps
Grounding diagram
Alarm connection
I/O device manual
Operation and Maintenance Document
This documentation, covering all functions for operation and maintenance, shall
adequately guide the operation and maintenance (O&M) staff in their assigned activities.
Documentation for operation and maintenance shall contain:




Description of O&M principles
User manual
Operation manual comprising:
o Normal operation routines
o Emergency routines
o Back-up routines
Maintenance manual comprising:
o Maintenance routines
o Description of routines to change data
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








9.8
Fault diagnostic manual comprising:
o Fault diagnostic routines
o Fault localization programs
Test and repair manual
Command descriptions
Alarm descriptions
System analysis and statistics
Documentation of performance monitoring
Principles and description of special test equipment
Functional test and procedure description to check special test equipment
Operational limits on the following parameters:
o Temperature
o Humidity
o Voltage supply
o Earth resistance
o Radio frequency fields
o Electrostatic fields
Disaster Recovery Planning Documents
See the segment on Data Integrity and Security for documentation pertaining to Disaster
Recovery Planning and associated requirements pertaining to Data Center and computer
facility planning. This segment can be downloaded from OMSAR’s website on ICT
Standards and Guidelines at www.omsar.gov.lb/ICTSG/SC.
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10.0 Appendix A – Calculating HVAC Capacity
All Temperatures are in deg F.
Windows exposed to the Sun
Area (Sq feet)
Max outside
Temperature
BTU/HR
South
E/W/SE
NW
NE
N
Maximum value
0
0
0
0
0
0
Inside Windows and Sky Lights
Walls exposed to Sun
0
Linear Feet
Max outside
Temperature
BTU/HR
Light Construction
Heavy Construction
0
0
Shade Walls not included in line 13
Partition
0
0
Ceiling or roof
Area
Max outside
Temperature
Ceiling with unconditioned or unoccupied space above
Ceiling with attic space above (NO Insulation)
Ceiling with attic space above (2 inch Insulation)
Flat roof with no ceiling and no insulation
Flat roof with no ceiling and 2 inch or more insulation
Floor
People (includes allowance for ventilation)
Lights (if total wattage is known use line 34 else 35)
Enter watts in next column
Enter area in the next column
Computer Load
Enter total BTU/Hr for all machines if available
Enter max wattage for computers if BTU/Hr value is not known
Total Load Factor Sum all the load factors
BTU/HR
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Refer to Section 5.3 for a discussion on the requirements calculations.
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