Download 主題科學論文寫作坊

科學論文寫作第二講 960712
主題與主題句
段落(paragraph)：一串有相關意義句子的組合(a group of sentences that are related each other
and develop a main idea)
主題(topic)：每一個段落欲闡述的事物或概念。
練習：
structure of the first ray
muscle architecture and fascicle angle
reliability of PSFS
主題句(topic sentence)：每一段落中表達該段落的樞紐想法(controlling idea)的句子，通常在
第一句、第二句、或最後一句。
1. 主題句不是主題(topic)的意思，而是對某一主題有意見的論述，所以是一個含有論述的
句子(sentence)，而非一個片語(phrase)。
topic sentence = topic + controlling idea
2. 主題句是用來介紹該段落的主題與主題論述，而其餘的句子都是用來闡述這個樞紐想法
的。因此，與主題相關、但與樞紐想法無關者不應置入該段落。
練習：閱讀下列文章並找出其主題與主題句，並且看看是否有與主題不相干的句子。
Low-voltage microamperage stimulation (LVMAS), characterized as an electrical stimulation
with very low current, is advocated to promote tissue healing. It is theorized that healthy tissue is
the result of the direct flow of electrical current throughout the body. It is the opinion of Becker
and Sheldon that when the body is injured, the electrical balance is disrupted in that particular
region, causing the electrical current to change course. The use of LVMAS over the injured site
is thought to realign this flow, thus aid in tissue repair.
Individuals who participate in skiing, football, soccer, and other turf (草地) sports that involve
planting of the foot and cutting may have the greatest risk for ankle syndesmotic sprains. Even
though the skier’s foot and ankle might receive some protection from the rigid shell of the ski
boot, Fritschy has noted that syndesmosis injuries have been observed frequently in elite (菁英)
professional skiers. Contributing factors to this injury among elite skiers may be the extremely
rapid turns and sudden forceful external rotation of the widening of the ankle mortise and
rupture of the ligamentous structures responsible for stabilizing the distal syndesmotic
articulation. Injury mechanisms other than those incurred during sporting activities include falls,
twisting weight-bearing injuries, and motor vehicle accidents.
HC/960712
2
科學論文寫作第二講 960712
3. 樞紐想法應該是清楚(clear)，且針對特定主題 (specific)。
練習：First ray mobility is important.
topic
controlling idea
 First ray mobility is important during the propulsive phase of a gait cycle.
4. 段落的大小，並無一定規範，一般約為 7-15 句。如果無法在 7-15 句中完成論述，那表
示主題或樞紐想法太大，必須縮窄。
練習：
[1] The use of kinematics and electromyography (EMG) to determine the type of muscle action
assumes that the change in length of the muscle-tendon complex will reflect the change in length
of the muscle fibers. [2] However, it is well known that the compliance (順性) of the tendon
and aponeurosis will affect the length of the muscle fibers. [3] Recently, several studies using
ultrasonography have identified an interaction between the change in length of the muscle
fascicles and tendon during fixed joint angle (isometric actions), as well as during dynamic
activities in humans. [4] For example, there has been much attention given to the mechanical
properties of the tibialis anterior (TA) tendon and aponeurosis during fixed joint angle muscle
contractions. [5] From these reports it is clear that the TA tendon and aponeurosis contribute
substantially to the compliance of the muscle-tendon complex during isometric muscle actions,
resulting in nonisometric behavior of the fascicles. [6] Similarly, during isometric actions of
the medial gastrocnemius, the fascicles shorten and the tendon/ aponeurosis lengthens. [7] It is
generally understood that the plantar flexor muscles act eccentrically to control tibial
advancement during mid and terminal stance. [8] However, it has recently been established
that the medial gastrocnemius fascicles remain at constant length during stance, suggesting that
they function isometrically. [9] During jumping, the medial gastrocnemius fascicles remain at
constant length during the time just prior to toe-off, when the ankle plantar flexes and the
muscle-tendon complex is shortening. [10] On the other hand, the vastus lateralis (VL)
fascicles lengthen during the eccentric phase of the squat jump and shorten during the concentric
phase. [11] This suggests that the interaction between the fascicles and the tendon may be
muscle specific.
5. 隨時記錄並列出主題及相關內涵來構思主題句。
主題：first ray mobility
內涵：(1) 65-70 is required during gait cycle
(2) dorsiflexed first ray can be seen in individuals with pronated foot
(3) open kinematic chain ROM: 55-65
(4) plantar glide of the first metatarsal head is associated with extension of the big toe
HC/960712
3
科學論文寫作第二講 960712
A muscle’s ability to produce force during a specific movement is determined by the type of
muscle action (concentric, eccentric, or isometric). For example, based on the force-velocity
relationship of muscle, the muscle force decreases with increasing speed of movement during a
concentric action, and the force increases during an eccentric action. Superimposing the
force-velocity relationship on the length-tension relationship, the force will be optimal at a
certain muscle (sarcomere) length during isometric and slow concentric actions.
HC/960712
4