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Comparison of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic (Animal) Cells Structure Or Organelle Nucleoid Capsule Cell (plasma) membrane Function within Prokaryotic cell Composition of structure or organelle Control center of cell Single chromosome without a membrane Multifunctional: protective The capsule is covering; reservoir for usually a viscous stored food; place for polysaccharide or waste disposal polypeptide slime. Controls the passage of nutrients and waste products into and out of the cell; with the use of two respiratory enzymes, cytochromes and dehydrogenases, which take part in aerobic cellular respiration; a third function includes the excretion of hydrolytic exoenzymes or extracellular enzymes; the enzymes needed for the manufacture of the cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, lipids, and DNA are located in the cytoplasmic membrane. It is made up of about 60% protein and 40% lipid; it is similar to the chemical and physical structures of the eukaryotic plasma membrane; as viewed through an electron microscope, they appear as two dark bands with a light band in the middle; like all biological membranes in nature, the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane is Present within Is there a structure with Eukaryotic a similar function within cell (Yes/No) Eukaryotic cell? (Please name it) No Yes, nucleus How is this structure different from the structure within the prokaryotic cell? No Yes, cell membrane Yes Yes, cell membrane The cell membrane is made up of a double layer of phospholid molecules with protein molecules embedded in the lipid layer; it is not composed of slime. It is similar to the cytoplasmic membrane found in the prokaryotic cell chemically and physically, but some of its functions are somewhat different. For instance, it does not take part in aerobic respiration with two respiratory enzymes, and it does not excrete hydrolytic exoenzymes. Also, in the eukaryotic cell, the cell membrane is the outermost part of the cell, while in the prokaryotic cell, the cell membrane is located directly under the capsule and cell wall. Nucleus is membrane bound and contains multiple chromosomes Cell wall Plasmid Proper bacterial growth and division; contributing to the shape of the bacteria Can transfer genetic information between bacterium in a reproductive process called “conjugation”; information that the plasmid transfers can determine whether a bacterium becomes resistant to one or several antibiotics Ribosomes Helps in the synthesis of proteins; physical site for the attachment of amino acids to form long polypeptide protein chains Flagella Organs of locomotion on the bacteria that possesses them composed of phospholipid and protein molecules Rigid; No No Plasmids are small No molecules of double stranded, helical, nonchromosomal DNA. Like the nucleoid, the two ends of the doublestranded DNA molecule that make up plasmids covalently bond together forming a physical circle. Ribosomes are Yes composed of ribosomal RNA and protein No Long threadlike extensions composed entirely of protein Yes, flagella also known as cilia. Cilia is like short flagella Yes Yes, ribosomes There is no structure in the eukaryotic cell similar to the cell wall in the prokaryotic cell. There is no structure in the eukaryotic cell similar to the plasmid in the prokaryotic cell. There is no significant difference between the ribosomes found in the prokaryotic cell and those found in the eukaryotic cell. They both synthesize protein and both can be found throughout the cytoplasm. Eukaryotic flagella are more complex than prokaryotic flagella. They function as organs of locomotion. Both organelles consist of a bundle of nine pairs of hollow protein fibers on Fimbriae Also known as Pili; there are two types: the ordinary and the F or sex pili ordinary Pili allow bacteria to stick to another or to other membrane surfaces such as the intestinal lining and red blood cells; help to keep bacteria near the surface of a liquid or to absorb more oxygen and nutrients when the supply is low. The F or sex pili allows a bacterium to transfer genetic information from one bacterium to another via an attachment called the pilus bridge. This process is called conjugation Pili are thin, protein tubes originating from the cytoplasmic membrane. They are found in virtually all gramnegative bacteria but not in many gram-positive bacteria. The pilus has a shaft composed of a protein called pilin. At the end of the shaft is the adhesive tip structure having a shape corresponding to that of specific glycoprotein or glycolipid receptors on a host cell No No microtubules surrounding a central pair. This entire arrangement is enclosed in a membraneous sheath, or covering. In prokaryotic flagella, there are four groups depending on the number and arrangement of their flagella. The four groups are: montrichous, amphitrichous, lophotrichous, peritrichous. There is no structure in the eukaryotic cell similar to the fimbriae in the prokaryotic cell Endospore Ensures the survival of a bacterium through periods of environmental stress. They are therefore resistant to ultraviolet and gamma radiation, desiccation, lysozyme, temperature, starvation, and chemical disinfectants. Endospores may survive for long periods of time The completed endospore consists of multiple layers of resistant coats (including a cortex, a spore coat, and sometimes an exosporium) surrounding a nucleoid, some ribosomes, RNA molecules, and enzymes. No No There is no structure in the eukaryotic cell similar to the endospore in the prokaryotic cell 1. You are working in a laboratory and your job is to inoculate media from the samples provided and place the plates in the correct growth requirements for optimal growth of the bacteria within the sample. Unfortunately you were on a break when the samples were delivered to the lab and there are only locations as to where the samples were taken, but no information on growth requirements. For each of the samples received describe the pH, temperature and oxygen requirements for the bacteria to be able to grow. (Hint there is not any wrong or right answer, but think about where the sample came from and explain why you chose each temperature, pH or oxygen requirement.) - A soil sample from a depth of 2 feet - A water sample from a mine shaft where acidic compounds are used during the mining process - A soil sample from the edge of an active volcano. Answer 1. A soil sample from a depth of 2 ft. - I would choose a pH value of 7 because most bacteria grow best with a pH value of neutral of 7. - Most bacteria grow best in moderate temperatures, and some grow only at body temperatures, which is 37*C. - Some bacteria grow without oxygen. Those that do are called aerobic bacteria. Bacteria that require oxygen need about a molecule of oxygen. 2. A water sample from a mine shaft - I would chose a pH value of 7 because bacteria prefer that value, but water from a mine shaft would be slightly more alkaline in nature because of all the materials that have infected it, so I would say that water from a mine shaft would be around pH 10. Bacteria could live in that given that since it is not acidic. - The temperature should be cold in a mine shaft, so I don’t think that a lot of bacteria could live in that since they prefer body temperature. I would choose body temperature for the bacteria to grow. - I believe that there is a lot of oxygen in the mine shaft so I think that bacteria would be able to prosper there but I would choose about 2 molecule of oxygen for bacteria to growl. 3. A soil sample from the edge of an active volcano. - A soil sample from the edge of an active volcano would be very acidic. Therefore I don’t think that bacteria could find a way to survive in soil near an active volcano which could have a pH value of 1. Anyway, when lava flows down from the volcano, there is no way that bacteria can survive that since boiling kills most bacteria. Anyway, I would choose for the lava to have a pH value of 7 or 8 for the bacteria to grow. - As the temperature of lave is very hot, I doubt there will be any bacteria at all around it, but I would say there should be a temperature of about 40 – 50 *C for the bacteria to grow. - There is a lot of oxygen in lava, due to the fact that lava is made up of two elements, silica and oxygen. I would choose to have one to two molecules of oxygen in the lava for the bacteria to successfully grow.