Download Comparison of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic (Animal) Cells Structure

Comparison of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic (Animal) Cells
Structure
Or
Organelle
Nucleoid
Capsule
Cell
(plasma)
membrane
Function within
Prokaryotic cell
Composition of
structure or
organelle
Control center of cell
Single chromosome
without a
membrane
Multifunctional: protective The capsule is
covering; reservoir for
usually a viscous
stored food; place for
polysaccharide or
waste disposal
polypeptide slime.
Controls the passage of
nutrients and waste
products into and out of
the cell; with the use of
two respiratory enzymes,
cytochromes and
dehydrogenases, which
take part in aerobic
cellular respiration; a third
function includes the
excretion of hydrolytic
exoenzymes or
extracellular enzymes; the
enzymes needed for the
manufacture of the cell
wall, cytoplasmic
membrane, lipids, and
DNA are located in the
cytoplasmic membrane.
It is made up of
about 60% protein
and 40% lipid; it is
similar to the
chemical and
physical structures
of the eukaryotic
plasma membrane;
as viewed through
an electron
microscope, they
appear as two dark
bands with a light
band in the middle;
like all biological
membranes in
nature, the bacterial
cytoplasmic
membrane is
Present within Is there a structure with
Eukaryotic
a similar function within
cell (Yes/No)
Eukaryotic cell? (Please
name it)
No
Yes, nucleus
How is this structure different
from the structure within the
prokaryotic cell?
No
Yes, cell membrane
Yes
Yes, cell membrane
The cell membrane is made up of
a double layer of phospholid
molecules with protein molecules
embedded in the lipid layer; it is
not composed of slime.
It is similar to the cytoplasmic
membrane found in the
prokaryotic cell chemically and
physically, but some of its
functions are somewhat different.
For instance, it does not take part
in aerobic respiration with two
respiratory enzymes, and it does
not excrete hydrolytic
exoenzymes. Also, in the
eukaryotic cell, the cell membrane
is the outermost part of the cell,
while in the prokaryotic cell, the
cell membrane is located directly
under the capsule and cell wall.
Nucleus is membrane bound and
contains multiple chromosomes
Cell wall
Plasmid
Proper bacterial growth
and division; contributing
to the shape of the bacteria
Can transfer genetic
information between
bacterium in a
reproductive process
called “conjugation”;
information that the
plasmid transfers can
determine whether a
bacterium becomes
resistant to one or several
antibiotics
Ribosomes
Helps in the synthesis of
proteins; physical site for
the attachment of amino
acids to form long
polypeptide protein chains
Flagella
Organs of locomotion on
the bacteria that possesses
them
composed of
phospholipid and
protein molecules
Rigid;
No
No
Plasmids are small
No
molecules of
double stranded,
helical,
nonchromosomal
DNA. Like the
nucleoid, the two
ends of the doublestranded DNA
molecule that make
up plasmids
covalently bond
together forming a
physical circle.
Ribosomes are
Yes
composed of
ribosomal RNA and
protein
No
Long threadlike
extensions
composed entirely
of protein
Yes, flagella also known
as cilia. Cilia is like short
flagella
Yes
Yes, ribosomes
There is no structure in the
eukaryotic cell similar to the cell
wall in the prokaryotic cell.
There is no structure in the
eukaryotic cell similar to the
plasmid in the prokaryotic cell.
There is no significant difference
between the ribosomes found in
the prokaryotic cell and those
found in the eukaryotic cell. They
both synthesize protein and both
can be found throughout the
cytoplasm.
Eukaryotic flagella are more
complex than prokaryotic flagella.
They function as organs of
locomotion. Both organelles
consist of a bundle of nine pairs
of hollow protein fibers on
Fimbriae
Also known as Pili; there
are two types: the ordinary
and the F or sex pili
ordinary Pili allow
bacteria to stick to another
or to other membrane
surfaces such as the
intestinal lining and red
blood cells; help to keep
bacteria near the surface of
a liquid or to absorb more
oxygen and nutrients when
the supply is low. The F or
sex pili allows a bacterium
to transfer genetic
information from one
bacterium to another via
an attachment called the
pilus bridge. This process
is called conjugation
Pili are thin, protein
tubes originating
from the
cytoplasmic
membrane. They
are found in
virtually all gramnegative bacteria
but not in many
gram-positive
bacteria. The pilus
has a shaft
composed of a
protein called pilin.
At the end of the
shaft is the adhesive
tip structure having
a shape
corresponding to
that of specific
glycoprotein or
glycolipid receptors
on a host cell
No
No
microtubules surrounding a
central pair. This entire
arrangement is enclosed in a
membraneous sheath, or covering.
In prokaryotic flagella, there are
four groups depending on the
number and arrangement of their
flagella. The four groups are:
montrichous, amphitrichous,
lophotrichous, peritrichous.
There is no structure in the
eukaryotic cell similar to the
fimbriae in the prokaryotic cell
Endospore
Ensures the survival of a
bacterium through periods
of environmental stress.
They are therefore
resistant to ultraviolet and
gamma radiation,
desiccation, lysozyme,
temperature, starvation,
and chemical disinfectants.
Endospores may survive
for long periods of time
The completed
endospore consists
of multiple layers
of resistant coats
(including a cortex,
a spore coat, and
sometimes an
exosporium)
surrounding a
nucleoid, some
ribosomes, RNA
molecules, and
enzymes.
No
No
There is no structure in the
eukaryotic cell similar to the
endospore in the prokaryotic cell
1. You are working in a laboratory and your job is to inoculate media from the samples provided and place the plates in
the correct growth requirements for optimal growth of the bacteria within the sample. Unfortunately you were on a
break when the samples were delivered to the lab and there are only locations as to where the samples were taken, but
no information on growth requirements. For each of the samples received describe the pH, temperature and oxygen
requirements for the bacteria to be able to grow. (Hint there is not any wrong or right answer, but think about
where the sample came from and explain why you chose each temperature, pH or oxygen requirement.)
-
A soil sample from a depth of 2 feet
-
A water sample from a mine shaft where acidic compounds are used during the mining process
-
A soil sample from the edge of an active volcano.
Answer
1. A soil sample from a depth of 2 ft.
-
I would choose a pH value of 7 because most bacteria grow best with a pH value of neutral of 7.
-
Most bacteria grow best in moderate temperatures, and some grow only at body temperatures, which is 37*C.
-
Some bacteria grow without oxygen. Those that do are called aerobic bacteria. Bacteria that require oxygen
need about a molecule of oxygen.
2. A water sample from a mine shaft
-
I would chose a pH value of 7 because bacteria prefer that value, but water from a mine shaft would be slightly
more alkaline in nature because of all the materials that have infected it, so I would say that water from a mine
shaft would be around pH 10. Bacteria could live in that given that since it is not acidic.
-
The temperature should be cold in a mine shaft, so I don’t think that a lot of bacteria could live in that since they
prefer body temperature. I would choose body temperature for the bacteria to grow.
-
I believe that there is a lot of oxygen in the mine shaft so I think that bacteria would be able to prosper there but
I would choose about 2 molecule of oxygen for bacteria to growl.
3. A soil sample from the edge of an active volcano.
-
A soil sample from the edge of an active volcano would be very acidic. Therefore I don’t think that bacteria
could find a way to survive in soil near an active volcano which could have a pH value of 1. Anyway, when
lava flows down from the volcano, there is no way that bacteria can survive that since boiling kills most
bacteria. Anyway, I would choose for the lava to have a pH value of 7 or 8 for the bacteria to grow.
-
As the temperature of lave is very hot, I doubt there will be any bacteria at all around it, but I would say there
should be a temperature of about 40 – 50 *C for the bacteria to grow.
-
There is a lot of oxygen in lava, due to the fact that lava is made up of two elements, silica and oxygen. I would
choose to have one to two molecules of oxygen in the lava for the bacteria to successfully grow.