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Reconstruction Packet
Reconstruction:
Simple definition: rebuilding
Full definition: The rebuilding of the South after the Civil War
Time Period: 1865 – 1877
Three Reconstruction Plans:
(An overview)
There were three competing plans on how best to rebuild the South and how to make this
area of the nation part of the country again. The three major plans were:
1) Lincoln’s Plan (very lenient)
2) Johnson’s Plan (lenient, borrowed many ideas from Lincoln’s plan)
3) Congressional Plan (a.k.a. – Radical Republican’s Plan)
(protected the rights of freedmen & punished the white Southerners)
Lincoln’s Plan:
Premise behind it:
A) Lincoln wanted to unite the Union (nation) as quickly as possible
B) Lincoln believed that since there was nothing in the Constitution that said the
Southern states could secede, these states never left the Union.
C) Lincoln also contended that the secession of the Southern states was led by a
small number of people, not the majority of Southern citizens. Therefore,
all the people of these states should not be punished on behalf of the
actions of a few.
Parts of Lincoln’s Plan:
1) Pardoned all Southerners that pledged allegiance to the Union (Waived their
treason)
2) Refused pardons to high level Confederate officials, military leaders, and those
that killed African American war prisoners
3) After 10% of population swore allegiance to the Union, new state governments
could be formed & representatives would be welcomed back into the
federal government
It was very LENIENT.
Lincoln’s Plan was deemed too lenient by the Radical Republicans and was never
adopted.
Johnson’s Plan:
After Lincoln is assassinated in April, 1865, his vice president, Andrew Johnson, is
promoted to president. Andrew Johnson was a Southern Democrat that was a moderate
like Lincoln. He borrow many of Lincoln’s ideas and also wanted to unite the nation
very quickly.
Parts of Johnson’s Plan:
1) Pardoned all Southerners that pledged allegiance to the Union (Waived their
treason) – except military leaders and wealthy
2) Recognized Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, and Louisiana (They already met
the provisions set by Lincoln’s plan)
3) Rest of states could re-enter when they:
a) repudiated (gave up) war debt
b) gave up ability to secede
c) ratified 13th Amendment (abolish slavery)
The leniency of Johnson’s plan, along with the fact that he was from the South and a
Democrat, led to open hostilities with the Radical Republicans in Congress. His plan was
never adopted.
Impeachment of President Andrew Johnson:
What caused the impeachment of Johnson?
The different beliefs on how to handle Reconstruction was the real reason for Johnson’s
impeachment.
Specific details – The House of Representatives formally charges President Johnson with
“high crimes and misdemeanors” – specifically, for violating the Tenure of Office Act. He is the
first of only two presidents to ever be impeached (Bill Clinton was the other one). The Senate
fell one vote short of the 2/3 vote minimum to remove the president from the office.
Reconstruction Quiz #1
1) Speaker B: "The nation's wounds will heal most quickly if we forgive the Southerners
and welcome them back into the Union."
The position taken by Speaker B is closest to the beliefs expressed by
1 Abraham Lincoln
3 the carpetbaggers
2 Thaddeus Stevens
4 the Ku Klux Klan
2) During Reconstruction, President Andrew Johnson tried to incorporate most of President
Abraham Lincoln's plan for
1 granting suffrage to former slaves
2 readmitting the Southern States into the Union
3 increasing the power of the North over the South
4 punishing the secessionist states
3) Which newspaper headline would have appeared during the Reconstruction Period after the
Civil War?
1) “Jim Crow Laws End”
2) “Former Slaves Made Citizens”
3) “Supreme Court Issues Dred Scott Decision”
4) “Emancipation Proclamation Issued”
4) Which newspaper headline would have appeared during the Reconstruction Period after the
Civil War?
1) “Jim Crow Laws End”
2) “Former Slaves Made Citizens”
3) “Supreme Court Issues Dred Scott Decision”
4) “Emancipation Proclamation Issued”
5) President Abraham Lincoln's post-Civil War plan for reconstruction of the South was based
on the theory that the former Confederate States
1) could be readmitted to the Union only by Congress
2) had never actually left the Union
3) should be treated as conquered territories
4) must grant full equality to all people
6) In their plans for Reconstruction, both President Abraham Lincoln and President Andrew
Johnson sought to
1) allow the Southern States to reenter the nation as quickly as possible
2) force the Southern States to pay reparations to the Federal Government
3) establish the Republican Party as the only political party in the South
4) punish the South for starting the Civil War
7) A major reason the Radical Republicans opposed President Abraham Lincoln’s
Reconstruction plan was that his plan
1) demanded payments from the South that would have damaged its economy
2) postponed the readmission of Southern States into the Union for many years
3) granted too many rights to formerly enslaved persons
4) offered amnesty to nearly all Confederates who would swear allegiance to the United
States
8) After the Civil War, serious differences between Congress and President Andrew Johnson
about how to handle Reconstruction led to the
1) resignation of President Johnson
2) impeachment of President Johnson
3) election of a Democratic President
4) end of the Ku Klux Klan
Congressional Plan (a.k.a. Radical Republican Reconstruction Plan)
(See other handout for more information on the Congressional Plan).
Major goals:
1) Protect the rights of freedmen (recently freed blacks)
2) Punish the Southern whites (because they were the ones that caused the war)
Plan:
1) Protect “Freedmen” (African Americans)
a) Freedmen’s Bureau – provided food, shelter. Created jobs and schools.
b) Civil Rights Act of 1866 – made it illegal to discriminate against blacks.
How did President Johnson feel about these provisions? He vetoed them,
but Congress overrode his veto. This shows the resentment between the
two groups that led to his impeachment.
c) The 14th Amendment – 1) Granted citizenship to people of color
2) Gave everyone “equal protection of the law”
3) Eventually applies the Bill of Rights to the states
2) Punish the Southern Whites
a) Military Reconstruction
1) South placed under military rule (martial law) – 5 districts
2) Must create new state constitutions – whites & blacks
3) Required constitutions to guarantee equal rights
4) Temporarily barred Confederate officials from voting
5) Required Southern states to ratify 14th Amendment before being
readmitted
Reconstruction Quiz #2
Base your answers to question1 on the speakers' statements below and on your knowledge of social
studies.
Speaker A: "Secession from the Union caused this war, and all those who supported it must now be
punished."
Speaker B:" The nation's wounds will heal most quickly if we forgive the Southerners and welcome
them back into the Union."
Speaker C: "The freedmen must be given economic assistance and guaranteed the constitutional right
to protect themselves."
Speaker D: "The war may have ended, but the fight must continue to preserve the system of white
supremacy in the South."
1) Which speakers best represent the attitudes of the Radical Republicans who controlled Congress during
Reconstruction?
(1) A and D
(3) B and C
(2) A and C
(4) B and D
2) During Reconstruction, what was a belief of the Radical Republicans?
1 The former Confederate States should be brought back into the Union as quickly as
possible.
2 Reconstruction should be used to force political and social reform in the Southern
States.
3 The North and South should take equal responsibility for causing the Civil War.
4 The freedmen should be denied equal civil rights.
3) What was the impact of the 14th amendment on the power of state governments?
1 It allowed the National Government to place more restrictions on the actions of state
governments.
2 It increased the power of state government over its citizens.
3 It prevented congressional interference with the reserved powers of states.
4 It reduced the power of the President over the states.
4) What was a major result of the Reconstruction Period?
1 The political and economic rights of women were expanded and strengthened.
2 The power of the states increased at the expense of the Federal Government.
3 Racial segregation in United States schools ended.
4 The 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments were added to the United States Constitution.
5) “No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges . . . of citizens . . . nor
shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, with out due process of law. . . .”
The major purpose of these provisions of the 14th Amendment was to
(1) limit the power of the federal government
(2) expand the civil rights of women
(3) maintain competition in business
(4) protect the rights of African Americans
6) The 14th and 15th Amendments, passed during Reconstruction, resulted in
(1) equal rights for women in the United States
(2) expanded rights for Native American Indians on reservations
(3) increased individual rights for African Americans
(4) additional rights for Southern segregationists
7) The institution of slavery was formally abolished in the United States by the
(1) Compromise of 1850
(2) Emancipation Proclamation of 1863
(3) creation of the Freedmen’s Bureau in 1865
(4) ratification of the 13th amendment in 1865
8) After the Civil War, a major goal of the Radical Republicans in Congress was to
1) rebuild the farms and factories of the Northeast
2) restore the white plantation owners to power in the South
3) support the policies of President Andrew Johnson
4) gain voting rights for the newly freed slaves
9) The equal protection clause of the 14th amendment to the United States Constitution has been used by
the Federal Government to justify its intervention in state matters concerning
1) civil rights
2) appointment of judges
3) granting of corporation charters
4) regulation of currency
10) The 14th amendment provides that no "state [shall] deprive any person of life, liberty, or property,
without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the
laws." A direct result of this amendment was that
1) every citizen gained an absolute right to freedom of speech and assembly
2) the power of the Federal Government was sharply reduced
3) the process of amending the Constitution became slower and more complex
4) the guarantees in the Bill of Rights were applied to state actions
11) Which historic period was marked by the military occupation of a portion of the United States,
attempts to remove the President from office, and major constitutional revisions?
1) Reconstruction
2) Vietnam War Era
3) Revolutionary War
4) World War II
12) "Although important strides were made, Reconstruction failed to provide lasting guarantees of the
civil rights of the freedmen."
Which evidence best supports this statement?
1) passage of Jim Crow laws in the latter part of the 19th century
2) refusal of Southern States to allow sharecropping
3) ratification of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments
4) passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1866
13) “No State... shall... deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law."
During Reconstruction this clause was adopted to protect
1) settlers moving west of the Mississippi River
2) newly freed slaves in the South
3) Native Americans who were being settled on reservations
4) defeated Confederate soldiers returning to their homes
14) The passage of the l3th, 14th, and 15th amendments in the period following the Civil War showed
that
1) the states had increased their power at the expense of the Federal Government
2) segregation would no longer be allowed in the United States
3) the political and economic rights of women were protected
4) Federal powers could be expanded to protect the rights of minorities
15) The due process clause of the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution most nearly means
that
1) members of minority groups must be given preferential treatment in employment
2) the selection of the President and Vice President must follow a prescribed set of steps
3) a standard set of procedures must be followed before any action is taken to punish
persons accused of breaking the law
4) all labor-management contracts must be reviewed by a commission of the Federal
Government
16) The provision of the Radical Republicans' plan for Reconstruction that Southern States found most
objectionable was that a former Confederate State could not be readmitted to the Union unless that State
1) gave land and money to former slaves
2) agreed to modernize its economy
3) ratified the 14th amendment
4) granted full citizenship to former Confederate leaders
17) The long-term effect of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth amendments has been to
1. extend civil rights to all citizens.
2. permit Congress to restrict immigration.
3. limit the power of the executive branch.
4. institute reforms in the structure of government.
How Freedmen were affected in the South during Reconstruction and beyond
Positive Affects:
Politically:
13th Amendment (1865) – ends slavery
14th Amendment (1868) – 1) grants equal protection of the law, 2) grants blacks and
people of color citizenship, and 3) applies the Bill of Rights to the states
th
15 Amendments – Grants black males 21 and over the right to vote
African Americans actively assisted in the re-writing of constitutions in Southern States
600+ blacks were elected to Southern legislatures,
16 black men were elected to the House of Representatives.
1 became governor of Louisiana.
1874, first black US Senator – Blanche K. Bruce, from Ms. – former slave) All are
Republicans.
Civil Rights Act of 1866 & 1875 – further protected A-A rights in public places.
Attempted to outlaw segregation.
Economically:
Able to own land and work for money.
Socially:
Freedmen’s Bureau – created by Congress, it started hundreds of black schools in the
South, died out by 1869. Also, it provided food, clothing, housing, and jobs.
30 Black colleges created by A-A by 1870
Had new freedoms: movement, to marry, get an education, worship where they wanted
- Booker T. Washington: (late 1800’s) Supports segregation, but wants more technical
(vocational) training for African Americans to create educated & skilled laborers.
Founded the Tuskegee Institute (a technical school)
- W.E.B. DuBois: (late 1800’s, early 1900’s) fights segregation, helps create NAACP
Negative Affects:
Politically:
- Literacy tests – required blacks to pass a reading and writing test in order to vote
- Poll taxes – required blacks to pay a fee in order to vote
- Grandfather clauses – Exempted whites from having to take Literacy Tests or pay Poll
taxes
- Whites return to dominance politically – almost all Democrats
Economically:
- Sharecroppers – freedmen worked on plantations for very little money and even less
rights.
- Tenant farmers – rent land.
- Few property owners.
- Couldn’t work in most factories or other high paying jobs
- Tied to fields like under slavery while whites move West to make better lives or get
better paying jobs in new Southern factories & railroads
- Very poor
Socially:
- Black Codes – former slaves laws that were changed to limit the rights of freedmen (Ex.
curfews, labor contracts)
- Jim Crow Laws – segregation laws that separated whites from all people of color and
limited their rights.
- Ku Klux Klan – Terror group that attacked & lynched blacks (This group was largely
driven out of existence but reappeared again decades later and came to antiCatholic and anti-Immigrant as well as anti-black)
Reconstruction Quiz #3
1) The grandfather clause and the literacy test were similar in that both were designed to
1 drive the carpetbaggers permanently from the South
2 force Southern leaders to agree with Northern views on Reconstruction
3 prevent African Americans in the South from voting
4 stop former slaves from obtaining an education
2) Which statement best describes the status of African Americans immediately after the end of
Reconstruction in 1877?
1 Most African Americans held factory jobs in urban areas.
2 Most African Americans were able to take advantage of educational opportunities at
colleges.
3 Despite the passage of several constitutional amendments, African Americans found
that gaining equal rights was very difficult.
4 Political rights for African Americans were guaranteed in the South, but restrictions and
discrimination increased in the North.
3) One similarity between the Know-Nothings and the Ku Klux Klan is that both
1 opposed the spread of communism
2 exposed abuses in big business and government
3 believed the problems of society were caused by the growth of labor unions
4 fostered resentment against minority groups in American society
4) Which statement is accurate about state legislatures in the South following the period of
Reconstruction?
1 They established bureaus to assist the freedmen.
2 They provided 40 acres of land and a mule to all former slaves.
3 They tried to deprive the freedmen of their legal rights.
4 They were generally dominated by former slaves.
Base your answer to question 5 on the quotation below and on your knowledge of social
studies.
(Sec. 4.) Every person presenting himself for registration shall be able to read and write any
section of the Constitution in the English language and before he shall be entitled to vote he
shall have paid on or before the first day of March of the year in which he proposes to vote his
poll tax as prescribed by law for the previous year.
—Public Laws of North Carolina, 1899, chapter 218
5) The principal purpose of this law was to
1 assure equality of voting rights for all peoples
2 encourage literacy for former slaves
3 prevent African Americans from using their suffrage rights
4 promote the racial integration of Southern society
6) After the Civil War, the poll tax, literacy test, and grandfather clause were used to ensure that
1 all citizens exercised the right to vote
2 poor people were given equal voting rights
3 the voting rights of most former slaves were denied
4 the elderly in the South could vote in Federal elections
7) Southern states attempted to limit the impact of constitutional amendments passed during the
Reconstruction Era by
(1) passing Jim Crow laws
(2) ending racial discrimination
(3) seceding from the Union
(4) fighting the Civil War
8) Booker T. Washington stated that the best way for formerly enslaved persons to advance
themselves in American society was to
(1) leave their farms in the South and move to the North
(2) run for political office
(3) pursue economic gains through vocational training
(4) form a separate political party
9) During Reconstruction, the Black Codes passed by Southern states were attempts to
(1) provide land to former slaves
(2) punish former Confederate leaders
(3) repeal the Jim Crow laws
(4) deny equal rights to African Americans
10) What effect did the system of sharecropping have on the South after the Civil War?
(1) It kept formerly enslaved persons economically dependent.
(2) It brought investment capital to the South.
(3) It encouraged Northerners to migrate south.
(4) It provided for a fairer distribution of farm profits.
11) Following the Civil War, many Southern states enacted Black Codes to
(1) provide free farmland for African Americans
(2) guarantee equal civil rights for African Americans
(3) restrict the rights of formerly enslaved persons
(4) support the creation of the Freedmen’s Bureau
12) Which leader founded a vocational training institution in the late 1800s to improve economic
opportunities for African Americans?
(1) George Washington Carver
(2) Frederick Douglass
(3) W. E. B. Du Bois
(4) Booker T. Washington
Questions 13 and 14 refer to the following:
The passage below quotes a section of the law.
Sec. 2 “All freedmen, free negroes and mulattoes... over the age of eighteen years found... with
no lawful employment or business... and all white persons... usually associating with freedmen,
free negroes or mulattoes on terms of equality,... shall be deemed vagrants, and on conviction
thereof shall be fined... and imprisoned at the discretion of the court....”
-Mississippi Black Code
13) This law was most likely passed during the
1) civil rights movement of the 1960's
2) Great Depression
3) Reconstruction Era
4) pre-Revolutionary War period
14) The principal purpose of this type of law was to
1) expand economic opportunities for freedmen
2) encourage formerly enslaved persons to seek skilled jobs
3) maintain racial separation and support white supremacy
4) establish universal suffrage
15) Sharecropping was a system of farming most common in
1) the Middle Atlantic States before the Civil War
2) the Southern States after the Civil War
3) the Pacific Northwest before World War I
4) New England after the Revolutionary War
16) Which statement best summarizes the beliefs of Booker T. Washington?
1) The way to dissolve the barriers of segregation and bring about an end to Jim Crow
laws was by active, violent resistance.
2) The most immediate means for African Americans to achieve equality was to
expand their opportunities for vocational education.
3) Social equality for African Americans would be easier to achieve than legal rights.
4) The best solution for African Americans was to return to Africa.
Republican South:
Northerners that moved to the South during Reconstruction were called Carpetbaggers.
Why did they come? Many came to help blacks with the Freedmen’s Bureau (blacks & whites),
some blacks to return to land their families had left long before, some Union soldiers to go to
lands they had seen and liked, and some were there to profit from the misery of the South.
Scalawags – poor whites that had opposed secessions and supported Republicans. They were
not treated very well by Southern whites who saw them as traitors.
Birth of the “New South”: (p391)
“No man can work another man’s land [without getting] poorer and poorer every year.”
Pay on a plantation: women as low as 6 cents a day, men as much as 50 cents
Pay building railroad lines: $1.50 to $2.00
Sharecropping: freed blacks lived and worked on a plantations. Typically they were paid by
being given a share of the harvests. Sounds good, but often workers were fired before
harvest or incurred more costs than the harvest could pay, making them indebted to the
plantation owner and forced to stay.
Tenant farmer: paid to rent land. Grew what you wanted.
Was it better to be a sharecropper or a tenant farmer? Tenant farmers at least ha d a chance to
make a profit.
South emphasized cash crops – had to import their food.
Sharecropping, tenant farmers, and need to import food create a need for stores. A new
merchant class began in the South.
Growth of industry in the South – new textile mills and intermediary factories (ones that
created the first steps of iron or turned wood into lumber) began. With the laying of
thousands of miles of new railroad tracks, a new South, an urban South was born.
With all of the money flowing into the South from the federal government, private businesses
and state governments, there was created a new magnitude of corruption that was
unrivaled up until this point.
Plantations increase in size and efficiency, resulting in an overproduction of many crops,
therefore causing prices of farms goods to drop drastically.
End of Reconstruction:
March 1870, last Southern States restored to the Union.
White backlash to Radical Reconstruction:
Ku Klux Klan – began in 1866 in Tennessee as a social club, became a group of terror.
(burned crosses, harassed whites, but mostly blacks, beatings, lynchings). President Grant
signed the Force Act of 1870, banned the use of force or terror to keep people from voting.
Other laws banned the KKK. Most of KKK was wiped out by early 1870’s.
Reconstruction Dies:
1) spent too much, put Southern states in great debt
2) came to symbolize corruption, greed (During President Grant’s Administration, the
federal government provide huge sums of money to rebuild the South, but much of it was taken
by corrupt politicians and large corporations. Although Grant himself seemed unaware of much
of this corruption, this graft led to huge scandals like The Credit Mobilier Scandal – Railroad
officials swindled stockholders, then bribed members of Congress to block any investigation.
The “Salary Grab” – Congress voted itself a 50% pay raise and added two years of back pay.
The “Whiskey Ring” – Whiskey distillers pad graft/bribes to federal tax collectors rather than
pay taxes on liquor.
3) as the military left, whites regained power, and took away freedmen’s rights
4) newly dominated white Southern governments began blocking reforms
5) Most whites in the North never fully supported true equality
6) Economic crisis of 1873 – money is more important than equal rights
7) All ex-Confederates pardoned or dead by 1872
Solid South: Whites again dominated Southern politics, voting for Democrats overwhelmingly
for the next 90+ years.
Compromise of 1877:
Election of 1876 – Republican Rutherford B. Hayes lost the popular vote to Democrat
Samuel Tilden. Electoral vote was disputed. Congress, dominated by Republicans, convenes a
committee to resolve dispute, wants to rule in favor of Hayes, but enough Democrats are in
Congress to block final decision. Result:
Compromise of 1877: Democrats gave Hayes the election. Hayes would remove all of
the federal troops from the South and provide large amounts of money for more railroads.
Reconstruction – Success or Failure?? (p397)
Success:
1) restored Union rebuilt South
2) stimulated more growth in the South and North
3) passed the 14th and 15th Amendments
4) Freedmen’s Bureau helped blacks obtain housing, jobs, and schooling
5) Mandatory, publicly funded education began in the South
Failures:
1) Blacks still remain in poverty – no property, limited economic opportunities,
limited political power
2) Blacks rights guaranteed by Amendments were limited by Black Codes & Jim
Crow laws
3) Racism in South & North continued, feelings of white superiority
4) Whites developed a long-term bitterness toward the North & the Republican Party
Reconstruction Quiz #4
1) After 1877, which economic changes were encouraged in the "New South"?
1 free land and public education for the freedmen
2 return to small family-owned farms and introduction of cottage industries
3 industrial development and agricultural diversification
4 elimination of sharecropping and increased subsistence farming
2) A cause of economic hardship for farmers in the decades following the Civil War was
1 cheap money, which inflated prices for farm machinery
2 many railroad lines disappearing in the West
3 overproduction lowering prices of farm goods
4 high prices for land, which limited agricultural expansion
3) Following Reconstruction, the term New South was most often used to describe
(1) changes in the Southern economy
(2) new attitudes in race relations
(3) the growth of the Republican Party in the South
(4) the decline of the sharecropping system
4) During the late 1800's, the growing of cash crops by an increasingly large number of farmers
resulted in
1) less food available for export
2) general economic prosperity for all farmers
3) greater isolation of farmers from American economic life
4) a shift from self-sufficiency to commercial farming
5) The “Solid South” refers to the political situation in the post-Reconstruction South where
1) freedmen held most government posts
2) civil rights issues were strongly supported
3) the Democratic Party was dominant
4) most eligible voters supported the Prohibition Party
This discussion of constitutional amendments took place just after the Civil War.
Speaker A: Some slaves were freed after the Emancipation Proclamation; others were
freed by an amendment to the Constitution- We all know that free men may vote, and we
do not need further amendments to tell us that.
Speaker B: If we pass these amendments, we still do not ensure the rights of the freed
people. In states where white people traditionally have run the government, freed people
will find it difficult to exercise their rights.
Speaker C: As a member of the Republican Party, I want to see these amendments adopted
to ensure the voting strength of our party in the South.
Speaker D: These amendments must be passed. The passage of these amendments will
guarantee equal rights with no further governmental action required.
6) Speaker C assumed that the Republican Party could count on the votes of the
1) urban factory workers
2) Western farmers
3) former Confederate soldiers
4) former slaves
7) Which speaker clearly describes the political situation that actually occurred after
Reconstruction?
1) A
2) B
3) C
4) D
8) The constitutional amendments under discussion are the
1) first and second
2) twenty-first and twenty-second
3) fifth and tenth
4) fourteenth and fifteenth
9) A cause of economic hardship for farmers in the decades following the Civil War was
1) many railroad lines disappearing in the West
2) high prices for land, which limited agricultural expansion
3) cheap money, which inflated prices for farm machinery
4) overproduction lowering prices of farm goods
10) The Reconstruction Era ended when congressional Democrats agreed to the election of
Rutherford B. Hayes, and the Republicans promised to
1) do away with the electoral college
2) give each freedman 40 acres and a mule
3) repeal the 15th Amendment
4) withdraw Federal troops from the South
Questions 11 and 12 refer to the following:
The passage below quotes a section of the law.
Sec. 2 “All freedmen, free negroes and mulattoes... over the age of eighteen years found... with
no lawful employment or business... and all white persons... usually associating with freedmen,
free negroes or mulattoes on terms of equality,... shall be deemed vagrants, and on conviction
thereof shall be fined... and imprisoned at the discretion of the court....”
-Mississippi Black Code
11) This law was most likely passed during the
1) civil rights movement of the 1960's
2) Great Depression
3) Reconstruction Era
4) pre-Revolutionary War period
12) The principal purpose of this type of law was to
1) expand economic opportunities for freedmen
2) encourage formerly enslaved persons to seek skilled jobs
3) maintain racial separation and support white supremacy
4) establish universal suffrage
13) Sharecropping was a system of farming most common in
1) the Middle Atlantic States before the Civil War
2) the Southern States after the Civil War
3) the Pacific Northwest before World War I
4) New England after the Revolutionary War
14) Which statement best summarizes the beliefs of Booker T. Washington?
1) The way to dissolve the barriers of segregation and bring about an end to Jim Crow
laws was by active, violent resistance.
2) The most immediate means for African Americans to achieve equality was to
expand their opportunities for vocational education.
3) Social equality for African Americans would be easier to achieve than legal rights.
4) The best solution for African Americans was to return to Africa.
Reconstruction Packet
Reconstruction:
Simple definition: rebuilding
Full definition: The rebuilding of the South after the Civil War
Time Period: 1865 – 1877
Three Reconstruction Plans:
(An overview)
There were three competing plans on how best to rebuild the South and how to make this
area of the nation part of the country again. The three major plans were:
1) Lincoln’s Plan (very lenient)
2) Johnson’s Plan (lenient, borrowed many ideas from Lincoln’s plan)
3) Congressional Plan (a.k.a. – Radical Republican’s Plan)
(protected the rights of freedmen & punished the white Southerners)
Lincoln’s Plan:
Premise behind it:
A) Lincoln wanted to unite the Union (nation) as quickly as possible
B) Lincoln believed that since there was nothing in the Constitution that said the
Southern states could secede, these states never left the Union.
C) Lincoln also contended that the secession of the Southern states was led by a
small number of people, not the majority of Southern citizens. Therefore,
all the people of these states should not be punished on behalf of the
actions of a few.
Parts of Lincoln’s Plan:
1) Pardoned all Southerners that pledged allegiance to the Union (Waived their
treason)
2) Refused pardons to high level Confederate officials, military leaders, and those
that killed African American war prisoners
3) After 10% of population swore allegiance to the Union, new state governments
could be formed & representatives would be welcomed back into the
federal government
It was very LENIENT.
Lincoln’s Plan was deemed too lenient by the Radical Republicans and was never
adopted.
Johnson’s Plan:
After Lincoln is assassinated in April, 1865, his vice president, Andrew Johnson, is
promoted to president. Andrew Johnson was a Southern Democrat that was a moderate
like Lincoln. He borrow many of Lincoln’s ideas and also wanted to unite the nation
very quickly.
Parts of Johnson’s Plan:
1) Pardoned all Southerners that pledged allegiance to the Union (Waived their
treason) – except military leaders and wealthy
2) Recognized Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, and Louisiana (They already met
the provisions set by Lincoln’s plan)
3) Rest of states could re-enter when they:
a) repudiated (gave up) war debt
b) gave up ability to secede
c) ratified 13th Amendment (abolish slavery)
The leniency of Johnson’s plan, along with the fact that he was from the South and a
Democrat, led to open hostilities with the Radical Republicans in Congress. His plan was
never adopted.
Impeachment of President Andrew Johnson:
What caused the impeachment of Johnson?
The different beliefs on how to handle Reconstruction was the real reason for Johnson’s
impeachment.
Specific details – The House of Representatives formally charges President Johnson with
“high crimes and misdemeanors” – specifically, for violating the Tenure of Office Act. He is the
first of only two presidents to ever be impeached (Bill Clinton was the other one). The Senate
fell one vote short of the 2/3 vote minimum to remove the president from the office.
Reconstruction Quiz #1
1) Speaker B: "The nation's wounds will heal most quickly if we forgive the Southerners
and welcome them back into the Union."
The position taken by Speaker B is closest to the beliefs expressed by
1 Abraham Lincoln
3 the carpetbaggers
2 Thaddeus Stevens
4 the Ku Klux Klan
2) During Reconstruction, President Andrew Johnson tried to incorporate most of President
Abraham Lincoln's plan for
1 granting suffrage to former slaves
2 readmitting the Southern States into the Union
3 increasing the power of the North over the South
4 punishing the secessionist states
3) Which newspaper headline would have appeared during the Reconstruction Period after the
Civil War?
1) “Jim Crow Laws End”
2) “Former Slaves Made Citizens”
3) “Supreme Court Issues Dred Scott Decision”
4) “Emancipation Proclamation Issued”
4) Which newspaper headline would have appeared during the Reconstruction Period after the
Civil War?
1) “Jim Crow Laws End”
2) “Former Slaves Made Citizens”
3) “Supreme Court Issues Dred Scott Decision”
4) “Emancipation Proclamation Issued”
5) President Abraham Lincoln's post-Civil War plan for reconstruction of the South was based
on the theory that the former Confederate States
1) could be readmitted to the Union only by Congress
2) had never actually left the Union
3) should be treated as conquered territories
4) must grant full equality to all people
6) In their plans for Reconstruction, both President Abraham Lincoln and President Andrew
Johnson sought to
1) allow the Southern States to reenter the nation as quickly as possible
2) force the Southern States to pay reparations to the Federal Government
3) establish the Republican Party as the only political party in the South
4) punish the South for starting the Civil War
7) A major reason the Radical Republicans opposed President Abraham Lincoln’s
Reconstruction plan was that his plan
1) demanded payments from the South that would have damaged its economy
2) postponed the readmission of Southern States into the Union for many years
3) granted too many rights to formerly enslaved persons
4) offered amnesty to nearly all Confederates who would swear allegiance to the United
States
8) After the Civil War, serious differences between Congress and President Andrew Johnson
about how to handle Reconstruction led to the
1) resignation of President Johnson
2) impeachment of President Johnson
3) election of a Democratic President
4) end of the Ku Klux Klan
Congressional Plan (a.k.a. Radical Republican Reconstruction Plan)
(See other handout for more information on the Congressional Plan).
Major goals:
1) Protect the rights of freedmen (recently freed blacks)
2) Punish the Southern whites (because they were the ones that caused the war)
Plan:
1) Protect “Freedmen” (African Americans)
a) Freedmen’s Bureau – provided food, shelter. Created jobs and schools.
b) Civil Rights Act of 1866 – made it illegal to discriminate against blacks.
How did President Johnson feel about these provisions? He vetoed them,
but Congress overrode his veto. This shows the resentment between the
two groups that led to his impeachment.
c) The 14th Amendment – 1) Granted citizenship to people of color
2) Gave everyone “equal protection of the law”
3) Eventually applies the Bill of Rights to the states
2) Punish the Southern Whites
a) Military Reconstruction
1) South placed under military rule (martial law) – 5 districts
2) Must create new state constitutions – whites & blacks
3) Required constitutions to guarantee equal rights
4) Temporarily barred Confederate officials from voting
5) Required Southern states to ratify 14th Amendment before being
readmitted
Reconstruction Quiz #2
Base your answers to question1 on the speakers' statements below and on your knowledge of social
studies.
Speaker A: "Secession from the Union caused this war, and all those who supported it must now be
punished."
Speaker B:" The nation's wounds will heal most quickly if we forgive the Southerners and welcome
them back into the Union."
Speaker C: "The freedmen must be given economic assistance and guaranteed the constitutional right
to protect themselves."
Speaker D: "The war may have ended, but the fight must continue to preserve the system of white
supremacy in the South."
1) Which speakers best represent the attitudes of the Radical Republicans who controlled Congress during
Reconstruction?
(1) A and D
(3) B and C
(2) A and C
(4) B and D
2) During Reconstruction, what was a belief of the Radical Republicans?
1 The former Confederate States should be brought back into the Union as quickly as
possible.
2 Reconstruction should be used to force political and social reform in the Southern
States.
3 The North and South should take equal responsibility for causing the Civil War.
4 The freedmen should be denied equal civil rights.
3) What was the impact of the 14th amendment on the power of state governments?
1 It allowed the National Government to place more restrictions on the actions of state
governments.
2 It increased the power of state government over its citizens.
3 It prevented congressional interference with the reserved powers of states.
4 It reduced the power of the President over the states.
4) What was a major result of the Reconstruction Period?
1 The political and economic rights of women were expanded and strengthened.
2 The power of the states increased at the expense of the Federal Government.
3 Racial segregation in United States schools ended.
4 The 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments were added to the United States Constitution.
5) “No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges . . . of citizens . . . nor
shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, with out due process of law. . . .”
The major purpose of these provisions of the 14th Amendment was to
(1) limit the power of the federal government
(2) expand the civil rights of women
(3) maintain competition in business
(4) protect the rights of African Americans
6) The 14th and 15th Amendments, passed during Reconstruction, resulted in
(1) equal rights for women in the United States
(2) expanded rights for Native American Indians on reservations
(3) increased individual rights for African Americans
(4) additional rights for Southern segregationists
7) The institution of slavery was formally abolished in the United States by the
(1) Compromise of 1850
(2) Emancipation Proclamation of 1863
(3) creation of the Freedmen’s Bureau in 1865
(4) ratification of the 13th amendment in 1865
8) After the Civil War, a major goal of the Radical Republicans in Congress was to
1) rebuild the farms and factories of the Northeast
2) restore the white plantation owners to power in the South
3) support the policies of President Andrew Johnson
4) gain voting rights for the newly freed slaves
9) The equal protection clause of the 14th amendment to the United States Constitution has been used by
the Federal Government to justify its intervention in state matters concerning
1) civil rights
2) appointment of judges
3) granting of corporation charters
4) regulation of currency
10) The 14th amendment provides that no "state [shall] deprive any person of life, liberty, or property,
without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the
laws." A direct result of this amendment was that
1) every citizen gained an absolute right to freedom of speech and assembly
2) the power of the Federal Government was sharply reduced
3) the process of amending the Constitution became slower and more complex
4) the guarantees in the Bill of Rights were applied to state actions
11) Which historic period was marked by the military occupation of a portion of the United States,
attempts to remove the President from office, and major constitutional revisions?
1) Reconstruction
2) Vietnam War Era
3) Revolutionary War
4) World War II
12) "Although important strides were made, Reconstruction failed to provide lasting guarantees of the
civil rights of the freedmen."
Which evidence best supports this statement?
1) passage of Jim Crow laws in the latter part of the 19th century
2) refusal of Southern States to allow sharecropping
3) ratification of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments
4) passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1866
13) “No State... shall... deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law."
During Reconstruction this clause was adopted to protect
1) settlers moving west of the Mississippi River
2) newly freed slaves in the South
3) Native Americans who were being settled on reservations
4) defeated Confederate soldiers returning to their homes
14) The passage of the l3th, 14th, and 15th amendments in the period following the Civil War showed
that
1) the states had increased their power at the expense of the Federal Government
2) segregation would no longer be allowed in the United States
3) the political and economic rights of women were protected
4) Federal powers could be expanded to protect the rights of minorities
15) The due process clause of the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution most nearly means
that
1) members of minority groups must be given preferential treatment in employment
2) the selection of the President and Vice President must follow a prescribed set of steps
3) a standard set of procedures must be followed before any action is taken to punish
persons accused of breaking the law
4) all labor-management contracts must be reviewed by a commission of the Federal
Government
16) The provision of the Radical Republicans' plan for Reconstruction that Southern States found most
objectionable was that a former Confederate State could not be readmitted to the Union unless that State
1) gave land and money to former slaves
2) agreed to modernize its economy
3) ratified the 14th amendment
4) granted full citizenship to former Confederate leaders
17) The long-term effect of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth amendments has been to
1. extend civil rights to all citizens.
2. permit Congress to restrict immigration.
3. limit the power of the executive branch.
4. institute reforms in the structure of government.
How Freedmen were affected in the South during Reconstruction and beyond
Positive Affects:
Politically:
13th Amendment (1865) –
14th Amendment (1868) – 1)
2)
3)
15th Amendments –
African Americans actively assisted in the re-writing of ___________ in Southern States
____+ blacks were elected to Southern legislatures
____ black men were elected to the House of Representatives.
___ became governor of Louisiana.
1874, first black US Senator – (Blanche K. Bruce, from Ms. – former slave) All are
_______________________ .
Civil Rights Act of 1866 & 1875 – further protected ____________________ rights in
public places. Attempted to outlaw ___________________.
Economically:
Able to _______ land and work for money.
Socially:
___________________ – created by Congress, it started hundreds of black schools in the
South, died out by 1869. Also, it provided food, clothing, housing, and jobs.
______ Black colleges created by 1870
Had new freedoms:
- Booker T. Washington: (late 1800’s)
- W.E.B. DuBois: (late 1800’s, early 1900’s)
Negative Affects:
Politically:
- Literacy tests –
- Poll taxes –
- Grandfather clauses –
- Whites return to dominance politically – almost all ______________________
Economically:
- _______________________ – freedmen worked on plantations for very little money
and even less rights.
-___________________________ – rent land.
- Few property owners.
- Couldn’t work in most _______________ or other high paying jobs
- Tied to fields like under slavery while whites move West to make better lives or get
better paying jobs in new Southern factories & railroads
- Very poor
Socially:
- Black Codes –
- Jim Crow Laws –
- Ku Klux Klan –
Reconstruction Quiz #3
1) The grandfather clause and the literacy test were similar in that both were designed to
1 drive the carpetbaggers permanently from the South
2 force Southern leaders to agree with Northern views on Reconstruction
3 prevent African Americans in the South from voting
4 stop former slaves from obtaining an education
2) Which statement best describes the status of African Americans immediately after the end of
Reconstruction in 1877?
1 Most African Americans held factory jobs in urban areas.
2 Most African Americans were able to take advantage of educational opportunities at
colleges.
3 Despite the passage of several constitutional amendments, African Americans found
that gaining equal rights was very difficult.
4 Political rights for African Americans were guaranteed in the South, but restrictions and
discrimination increased in the North.
3) One similarity between the Know-Nothings and the Ku Klux Klan is that both
1 opposed the spread of communism
2 exposed abuses in big business and government
3 believed the problems of society were caused by the growth of labor unions
4 fostered resentment against minority groups in American society
4) Which statement is accurate about state legislatures in the South following the period of
Reconstruction?
1 They established bureaus to assist the freedmen.
2 They provided 40 acres of land and a mule to all former slaves.
3 They tried to deprive the freedmen of their legal rights.
4 They were generally dominated by former slaves.
Base your answer to question 5 on the quotation below and on your knowledge of social
studies.
(Sec. 4.) Every person presenting himself for registration shall be able to read and write any
section of the Constitution in the English language and before he shall be entitled to vote he
shall have paid on or before the first day of March of the year in which he proposes to vote his
poll tax as prescribed by law for the previous year.
—Public Laws of North Carolina, 1899, chapter 218
5) The principal purpose of this law was to
1 assure equality of voting rights for all peoples
2 encourage literacy for former slaves
3 prevent African Americans from using their suffrage rights
4 promote the racial integration of Southern society
6) After the Civil War, the poll tax, literacy test, and grandfather clause were used to ensure that
1 all citizens exercised the right to vote
2 poor people were given equal voting rights
3 the voting rights of most former slaves were denied
4 the elderly in the South could vote in Federal elections
7) Southern states attempted to limit the impact of constitutional amendments passed during the
Reconstruction Era by
(1) passing Jim Crow laws
(2) ending racial discrimination
(3) seceding from the Union
(4) fighting the Civil War
8) Booker T. Washington stated that the best way for formerly enslaved persons to advance
themselves in American society was to
(1) leave their farms in the South and move to the North
(2) run for political office
(3) pursue economic gains through vocational training
(4) form a separate political party
9) During Reconstruction, the Black Codes passed by Southern states were attempts to
(1) provide land to former slaves
(2) punish former Confederate leaders
(3) repeal the Jim Crow laws
(4) deny equal rights to African Americans
10) What effect did the system of sharecropping have on the South after the Civil War?
(1) It kept formerly enslaved persons economically dependent.
(2) It brought investment capital to the South.
(3) It encouraged Northerners to migrate south.
(4) It provided for a fairer distribution of farm profits.
11) Following the Civil War, many Southern states enacted Black Codes to
(1) provide free farmland for African Americans
(2) guarantee equal civil rights for African Americans
(3) restrict the rights of formerly enslaved persons
(4) support the creation of the Freedmen’s Bureau
12) Which leader founded a vocational training institution in the late 1800s to improve economic
opportunities for African Americans?
(1) George Washington Carver
(2) Frederick Douglass
(3) W. E. B. Du Bois
(4) Booker T. Washington
Questions 13 and 14 refer to the following:
The passage below quotes a section of the law.
Sec. 2 “All freedmen, free negroes and mulattoes... over the age of eighteen years found... with
no lawful employment or business... and all white persons... usually associating with freedmen,
free negroes or mulattoes on terms of equality,... shall be deemed vagrants, and on conviction
thereof shall be fined... and imprisoned at the discretion of the court....”
-Mississippi Black Code
13) This law was most likely passed during the
1) civil rights movement of the 1960's
2) Great Depression
3) Reconstruction Era
4) pre-Revolutionary War period
14) The principal purpose of this type of law was to
1) expand economic opportunities for freedmen
2) encourage formerly enslaved persons to seek skilled jobs
3) maintain racial separation and support white supremacy
4) establish universal suffrage
15) Sharecropping was a system of farming most common in
1) the Middle Atlantic States before the Civil War
2) the Southern States after the Civil War
3) the Pacific Northwest before World War I
4) New England after the Revolutionary War
16) Which statement best summarizes the beliefs of Booker T. Washington?
1) The way to dissolve the barriers of segregation and bring about an end to Jim Crow
laws was by active, violent resistance.
2) The most immediate means for African Americans to achieve equality was to
expand their opportunities for vocational education.
3) Social equality for African Americans would be easier to achieve than legal rights.
4) The best solution for African Americans was to return to Africa.
The End of Reconstruction
Republican South:
Northerners that moved to the South during Reconstruction were called ___________________.
Why did they come? Many to help blacks with the Freedmen’s Bureau (blacks &
whites), some blacks to return to land their families had left long before, some Union soldiers to
go to lands they had seen and liked, and some were there to profit from the misery of the South
__________________ – poor whites that had opposed secessions and supported Republicans.
They were not treated very well by Southern whites who saw them as traitors.
Birth of the “New South”: (p391)
“No man can work another man’s land [without getting] poorer and poorer every year.”
Pay on a plantation: women as low as __ cents a day, men as much as _____ cents
Pay building railroad lines: __________________
___________________: freed blacks lived and worked on a plantations. Typically they were
paid by being given a share of the harvests. Sounds good, but often workers were fired
before harvest or incurred more costs than the harvest could pay, making them indebted
to the plantation owner and forced to stay.
___________________: paid to rent land. Grew what you wanted.
South emphasized _________________ – had to import their food.
Plantations increased in size and efficiency, resulting in an overproduction of many
crops, therefore causing prices of farms goods to _______________ drastically.
Sharecropping, tenant farmers, and the need to import food create a need for stores. A new
_______________________ began in the South.
Growth of industry in the South – new textile mills and intermediary factories (ones that
created the first steps of iron or turned wood into lumber) began. With the laying of
thousands of miles of new railroad tracks, a new South, an urban South was born.
With all of the money flowing into the South from the federal government, private businesses
and state governments, there was created a new magnitude of corruption that was
unrivaled up until this point.
End of Reconstruction:
March _________ , last Southern States restored to the Union.
White backlash to Radical Reconstruction:
_________________ – began in 1866 in Tennessee as a social club, became a group of
terror. (burned ____________, harassed whites, but mostly blacks, beatings, _____________.
President Grant signed the Force Act of 1870, banned the use of force or terror to keep people
from voting. Other laws banned the KKK. Most of KKK was wiped out by early 1870’s.
Reconstruction Dies:
1)
2)
(During President ___________’s Administration, the federal government
provide huge sums of money to rebuild the South, but much of it was taken by
corrupt politicians and large corporations. Although Grant himself seemed
unaware of much of this corruption, this graft led to huge scandals like:
____________________________ – Railroad officials swindled
stockholders, then bribed members of Congress to block any investigation.
________________________ – Congress voted itself a 50% pay raise and
added two years of back pay.
_______________________ – Whiskey distillers pad graft/bribes to
federal tax collectors rather than pay taxes on liquor.
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
________________________: Whites again dominated Southern politics, voting for Democrats
overwhelmingly for the next 90+ years.
Compromise of 1877:
Election of 1876 – Republican Rutherford B. Hayes lost the popular vote to Democrat
Samuel Tilden. Electoral vote was disputed. Congress, dominated by Republicans, convenes a
committee to resolve dispute, wants to rule in favor of Hayes, but enough Democrats are in
Congress to block final decision. Result:
______________________: Democrats gave Hayes the election. Hayes would remove
all of the federal troops from the South and provide large amounts of money for more railroads.
Reconstruction – Success or Failure?? (p397)
Success:
Failures:
Reconstruction Quiz #4
1) After 1877, which economic changes were encouraged in the "New South"?
1 free land and public education for the freedmen
2 return to small family-owned farms and introduction of cottage industries
3 industrial development and agricultural diversification
4 elimination of sharecropping and increased subsistence farming
2) A cause of economic hardship for farmers in the decades following the Civil War was
1 cheap money, which inflated prices for farm machinery
2 many railroad lines disappearing in the West
3 overproduction lowering prices of farm goods
4 high prices for land, which limited agricultural expansion
3) Following Reconstruction, the term New South was most often used to describe
(1) changes in the Southern economy
(2) new attitudes in race relations
(3) the growth of the Republican Party in the South
(4) the decline of the sharecropping system
4) During the late 1800's, the growing of cash crops by an increasingly large number of farmers
resulted in
1) less food available for export
2) general economic prosperity for all farmers
3) greater isolation of farmers from American economic life
4) a shift from self-sufficiency to commercial farming
5) The “Solid South” refers to the political situation in the post-Reconstruction South where
1) freedmen held most government posts
2) civil rights issues were strongly supported
3) the Democratic Party was dominant
4) most eligible voters supported the Prohibition Party
This discussion of constitutional amendments took place just after the Civil War.
Speaker A: Some slaves were freed after the Emancipation Proclamation; others were
freed by an amendment to the Constitution- We all know that free men may vote, and we
do not need further amendments to tell us that.
Speaker B: If we pass these amendments, we still do not ensure the rights of the freed
people. In states where white people traditionally have run the government, freed people
will find it difficult to exercise their rights.
Speaker C: As a member of the Republican Party, I want to see these amendments adopted
to ensure the voting strength of our party in the South.
Speaker D: These amendments must be passed. The passage of these amendments will
guarantee equal rights with no further governmental action required.
6) Speaker C assumed that the Republican Party could count on the votes of the
1) urban factory workers
2) Western farmers
3) former Confederate soldiers
4) former slaves
7) Which speaker clearly describes the political situation that actually occurred after
Reconstruction?
1) A
2) B
3) C
4) D
8) The constitutional amendments under discussion are the
1) first and second
2) twenty-first and twenty-second
3) fifth and tenth
4) fourteenth and fifteenth
9) A cause of economic hardship for farmers in the decades following the Civil War was
1) many railroad lines disappearing in the West
2) high prices for land, which limited agricultural expansion
3) cheap money, which inflated prices for farm machinery
4) overproduction lowering prices of farm goods
10) The Reconstruction Era ended when congressional Democrats agreed to the election of
Rutherford B. Hayes, and the Republicans promised to
1) do away with the electoral college
2) give each freedman 40 acres and a mule
3) repeal the 15th Amendment
4) withdraw Federal troops from the South
Questions 11 and 12 refer to the following:
The passage below quotes a section of the law.
Sec. 2 “All freedmen, free negroes and mulattoes... over the age of eighteen years found... with
no lawful employment or business... and all white persons... usually associating with freedmen,
free negroes or mulattoes on terms of equality,... shall be deemed vagrants, and on conviction
thereof shall be fined... and imprisoned at the discretion of the court....”
-Mississippi Black Code
11) This law was most likely passed during the
1) civil rights movement of the 1960's
2) Great Depression
3) Reconstruction Era
4) pre-Revolutionary War period
12) The principal purpose of this type of law was to
1) expand economic opportunities for freedmen
2) encourage formerly enslaved persons to seek skilled jobs
3) maintain racial separation and support white supremacy
4) establish universal suffrage
13) Sharecropping was a system of farming most common in
1) the Middle Atlantic States before the Civil War
2) the Southern States after the Civil War
3) the Pacific Northwest before World War I
4) New England after the Revolutionary War
14) Which statement best summarizes the beliefs of Booker T. Washington?
1) The way to dissolve the barriers of segregation and bring about an end to Jim Crow
laws was by active, violent resistance.
2) The most immediate means for African Americans to achieve equality was to
expand their opportunities for vocational education.
3) Social equality for African Americans would be easier to achieve than legal rights.
4) The best solution for African Americans was to return to Africa.