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World War II, Cold War and 1950's Review STUDENT SUMMARY OF WORLD WAR II 1. Causes of the War: Problems unresolved after World War I, new treaties created political and economic problems—Treaty of Versailles Forceful leaders took advantage and seized power causing government instability. Examples are: Hitler—Germany Italy—Mussolini Japan—General Tojo USSR----Stalin Economic problems—German inflation and lack of resources. Italy and Japan also lacked many resources 2. Steps taken moving the World toward War Neutrality act of 1935 & 1936—prevented Americans from sending arms to nations at war. Neutrality Act of 1937—permitted trade with belligerent nations only on a “cash and carry” basis. Munitions were embargoed. This policy became known as the Cash & Carry Policy. Neutrality Act of 1939: this act provided that European democracies might buy US war materials, but again on “cash & carry” bas is. 3. War In Europe The Axis Powers in 1936 were Japan, Germany and Italy. The Munich Conference: was a meeting held between Germany, France and Great Britain. At this conference, Hitler was given part of Czechoslovakia in appeasement in return that he would promise not to take any other lands in the future. Policy of Appeasement—when Great Britain and France gave into Hitler’s demands to take Czech to avoid any future conflicts. The Non-Aggression Pact: was between Russia (Stalin) and Germany (Hitler). They agreed not to fight each other and to invade Poland and split the land. Germany invades Poland—World War II begins! 1. September 1, 1939---Germany & USSR invade Poland. 2. September 3, 1939—Great Britain and France declare war On Germany (WWII starts). “Phony War” –lull in fighting after war is declared. The Battle of Britain—after the fall of France in 1940, Britain stood alone against Germany. During the summer and fall of 1940, intense bombing of British cities took place. 4. America moves from isolationism to war A. Neutrality Acts 1935-1939 attempted to keep the USA out of the war. B. The Selective Training & Service Act –Summer of 1940 men ages 21-35 had to register—later the age was raised from 18 to 45. In one year over 1.2 million men were drafted. C. Lend-Lease Act—the United States decided to give weapons & materials to Great Britain and later USSR and let them pay later. If your neighbor's house is on fire put it out. FDR quote (March 1941). D. Japan bombs Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on December 7, 1941. Almost 20 warships and 200 planes were destroyed. 2,400 Americans were killed including 1,103 sailors entombed on the USS Arizona. During a fireside chat, FDR said, “this is a day that will live in infamy.” Examine the impact of the media. Mobilization for the USA 1. War ended the Great Depression. Unemployment decreased from 2.5 million to less than 700,000. People were earning a paycheck. 2. There were large population shifts—people moved to find work in factories. 3. Major Organizations in the War economy: A. The War Production Board and Office of War Mobilization supervised the conversion of factories to war-time production. The War Production Board was created to manage war industries. The Office of War Mobilization set production priorities and managed raw materials. B. The National War Labor Board was created to arbitrate disputes and stabilize wage rates. The War Labor Disputes Act gave the president the power to take over any was plant that threatened the USA by a strike. 4. The government controlled inflation by selling war bonds, rationing, and wages and price controls. Victory Gardens were planted to help supply goods for the war effort. The Homefront was changed. 1. Window banners—blue stars represented a family member in the service 2. Rosie the Riveter—was a symbol of patriotic women defense workers. This encouraged women to do their part in the war effort. 3. African-Americans planned a march on Washington, DC in 1941 because they wanted to protest discrimination against their race. They fought in segregated units and were usually restricted to menial work such as cooks, etc. The Double V Campaign was the African-American Campaign for victory in Europe and victory over racism in America. 4. Zoot-Suit Riots—Several US Sailors attacked Mexican Americans in Los Angeles. The Mexicans-Americans were named for a clothing fad—Zoot Suits. 5. Japanese Americans living on the west coast were forced to move to relocation camps established in the mid-section of the United States. These locations were called interment camps. Over 110,000 Japanese Americans were placed in interment camps. 5. THE UNITED STATES IN COMBAT Island Hopping Campaigns A. Island Hopping Campaign—the USA would try to attack and seize strategic islands in the Pacific Ocean. B. The Philippines—MacArthur led the invasion to recapture the Philippines. The Battle of Leyte Gulf was the last, largest and most destructive naval battle. It was a disaster for Japan. C. The Battle of Okinawa was the bloodiest battle in the Pacific. The USA lost 49,000 soldiers. Kamikazes were used against the USA. D. Battle of the Coral Sea—Japanese forces were spread in the Pacific Ocean while American forces fought to stop them. Northwest of Australia, the 2 forces were drawn into conflict. This was the first naval battle carried out entirely by air. E. Battle of Midway--- June 4, 1942 Japan v. USA . This battle was also fought entirely by air. The Japanese were loading their bombs and the USA attacked. The USA demolished 3 of 4 Japanese carriers causing the bombs on deck to explode. The 4th carrier was destroyed trying to escape. The sinking of the carriers plus the loss of 250 planes was a devastating blow to the Japanese. F. Bataan Death March-over 11,000 USA soldiers were captured by the Japanese in mid 1942. They were taken prisoner and placed in camps without adequate food or medicine and over 10,000 men died. G. Battle of Guadacanal—August 1942—over 11,000 marines landed on this island and some 2200 Japanese fled to the jungle. By February 1943, Japanese forces fled the island. H. Battle of Iwo Jima--- November 1944—American troops began to pound Iwo Jima from the air. Over 11,000 American troops were involved in this battle against 25,000 Japanese soldiers defending the island. 216 Japanese were taken prisoner. US had approximately 25,000 causalities from this battle. I. Battle of Okinawa---June 1945— American and British forces attacked Japanese forces who had vowed to fight until death. After 3 months of fighting, 7200 Japanese surrendered and the American forces had over 50,000 causalities. J. FDR organized the Manhatten Project to develop the bomb. J. Robert Oppenheimer headed the project of building the A-bomb. The Manhattan Project—this secret project was created to develop the A-bomb. The bomb was dropped on August 6 & 9, 1945; against Japan. VII. Politics & Leadership A. WARTIME CONFERENCES 1. Casablanca Conference was held in January 1943. The Big agreed to invade Italy and demand an unconditional surrender. 2. Tehran Conference Big 3 meet in November 1943 and Decided to liberate France in 1944 (D-Day) and join forces to fight Japan. ' 3. Yalta Conference—the Big Three (FDR, Churchill and Stalin) met to decide plans for post war peace. They decide to divide Germany among the Allies when the war was over. They made plans for the creation of the United Nations after World War II. (Feb. 1945) 4. Potsdamn Conference—July 1945—only Stalin left of the Big 3—FDR died and Harry Truman took over and Clement Attlee was new Prime Minister in Great Britain. The members agreed to: (1) only accept an unconditional surrender of Japan, and (2) hold war-crime trails for members of the Nazi party. B. Presidential Election of 1944—FDR wins his 4th term as United States President. He selected Harry Truman to be his VP. On April 12, 1945—FDR died and Harry S. Truman became the President of the United States after only serving as the VP for less than 3 months. Truman was the President, the one, who had to make the decision to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. Truman decides to drop the atomic bomb on Japan. = 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 ___________________________________________________________________ Potsdam Taft-Hartley Act NATO passed established Truman Doctrine Communists North Korea proposed gain control invades of China South Korea Rosenbergs executed Conference Nuremberg Trials begin Racial discrimination banned in NSC and CIA military and in federal hiring UN charter drafted Korea divided established Marshall Plan passed Berlin Airlift begins into two zones Dixiecrats formed The Cold War The Cold War: 1945-1991 “Cold War”- rivalry b/t the US and Soviet Union in politics, economics, and technology Iron curtain- stated by Winston Churchill; said an “iron curtain has descended across eastern Europe” that divides communist Europe from non-communist Europe Soviet satellites- countries that were communist and looked to the USSR for leadership United Nations/Security Council- world wide peace keeping organization formed at the end of WWII; it replaced the League of Nations; the Sec. Council was made up of the US, USSR, China, France, and Great Britain and other countries that rotated membership on the council Containment Policy- George Kennan- belief that the US should and would fight to stop the spread of Communism; this guided our actions from 1945 until 1991 Aid to Greece and Turkey- US gave these countries $400 million to stop the spread of communism Marshall Plan- US gave western Europe $13 billion to stop the spread of communism NATO- North Atlantic Treaty Organization; united non-communist countries with the US as its leader b/c we were the only one with the a-bomb; an alliance of non-communist countries Truman Doctrine- an informal declaration of war when Truman said we would help anyone who was resisting communist aggression Berlin blockade/airlift- The USSR blocked all traffic in and out of West Berlin in an effort to persuade the US to leave East Germany; the US responded with an airlift of 2,500 tons of supplies daily; the USSR finally withdrew their blockade Warsaw Pact- Soviet version of NATO; an alliance of communist countries with the USSR as its leader h-bomb- 800 to 1,000 times more powerful than the a-bomb; the US made this after the USSR got the a-bomb Civil War in China- Mao Zedong was the communist leader that led the peasants to revolt; Chiang Kai Shek was the Nationalist leader who was not communist; Shek lost and he and his followers were forced to move to Taiwan Korean Conflict: June 1950, Pusan, Inchon, Gen. Douglas MacArthur, 38 th parallel, Yalu River, Chinese involvement, Truman fires MacArthur, Ike ends the war with massive retaliation Inflation- when demand exceeds supply; occurred after WWII b/c people had $ to spend but goods had not been made during the war and so prices went up drastically Fair Deal- Truman’s domestic program; his plan proposed to increase minimum wage, extend Social Security, and begin public housing GI Bill of Rights- gave returning WWII vets $ for college and homes Impact of television- I Love Lucy, Mickey Mouse Club… contributed to the conformity of the 50s Migration to suburbs- the auto allowed people to move out of the city; was seen as a “step up” in society to move to the new houses in the suburbs Interstate Highway Act- 1956; Ike’s greatest domestic achievement; tens of thousands of miles of roads were built which impacted transportation of goods and people etc. Baby Boom- when vets came home they settled down and started families; people could now afford to have children; boom was from 1945- 1960 Taft Hartley Act- limited the power of labor unions; required a cooling off period before striking; allowed the pres. the power to intervene and end a strike Joseph McCarthy and McCarthyism- “second red scare”; people were concerned about communists in our govt; Senator McCarthy led the hysteria and was later censured The Rosenbergs- couple executed for selling atomic secrets to the Soviets; showed how scared we were of communist taking over Dixiecrats and Strom Thurmond- southern political party that believed in states’ rights and denying rights to Af-Am; led by South Carolinian Strom Thurmond Brinkmanship- threatening an all-out war in an attempt to confront communist aggression Eisenhower Doctrine- Ike promised to help all countries in the Middle East that wanted our help in stopping the spread of communism Castro comes to power- Castro leads a revolution to overthrow Batista but then becomes communist; 1959 U-2 spy plane incident (1960)- Ike is president; the USSR shot down our spy plane and captured the pilot, Gary Powers; it made our relationship with the USSR worse Sputnik- 1957; the USSR launched the first successful artificial earth satellite; it scared us to death! Eisenhower funds- the govt started to pump more $ into education to help us catch up with the Soviets in technology NASA- space program established to help us win the space race Automation- making things by machine; reduces the number of workers but increases productivity “rock and roll”- new music of the 50s Cold d War Chart Analysis 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 Soviet Union pressures Turkey for military bases Soviet Union announces there will be no Eastern Europe Winston Churchill makes the “Iron Curtain speech Great Britain pulls out of Greece Great Britain pulls out of Turkey Truman Doctrine issued Marshall Plan helps Europe Soviet Union takes over Czechoslovakia Congress Approves Marshall Plan United States, France & Great Britain combine their sectors in Germany Berlin Blockade & Airlift occur Berlin Airlift brings blockade to an end Federal Republic of Germany is formed (West Germany) Senate ratifies North Atlantic Treaty Organization USSR explodes its first atomic bomb 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 ____________________________________________________________________________________ Armistice Signed in Korea Montgomery Bus Boycott ArmyMcCarthy hearings held Supreme Court issues ruling in Brown vs. Board of Education Suez Crisis occurs Interstate Highway Act passed Explorer I launched Eisenhower Doctrine issued U-2 Plane Incident Castro comes to power Sputnik launched Federal troops ordered to Little Rock Key Terms for post World War II trough 1950's “Cold War”- rivalry b/t the US and Soviet Union in politics, economics, and technology Iron curtain- stated by Winston Churchill; said an “iron curtain has descended across eastern Europe” that divides communist Europe from non-communist Europe Soviet satellites- countries that were communist and looked to the USSR for leadership United Nations/Security Council- world-wide peace keeping organization formed at the end of World War II; it replaced the League of Nations; the Sec. Council was made up of the US, USSR, China, France, and Great Britain and other countries that rotated membership on the council Containment Policy- George Kennan- belief that the US should and would fight to stop the spread of Communism; this guided our actions from 1945 until 1991 Truman Doctrine- an informal declaration of war when Truman said we would help anyone who was resisting communist aggression h-bomb- 800 to 1,000 times more powerful than the a-bomb; the US made this after the USSR got the a-bomb Korean Conflict: June 1950, Pusan, Inchon, Gen. Douglas MacArthur, 38th parallel, Yalu River, Chinese involvement, Truman fires MacArthur, Ike ends the war with massive retaliation Inflation- when demand exceeds supply; occurred after WWII b/c people had $ to spend but goods had not been made during the war and so prices went up drastically Fair Deal- Truman’s domestic program; his plan proposed to increase minimum wage, extend Social Security, and begin public housing Taft Hartley Act- limited the power of labor unions; required a cooling off period before striking; allowed the president the power to intervene and end a strike Joseph McCarthy and McCarthyism- “second red scare”; people were concerned about communists in our government; Senator McCarthy led the hysteria and was later censured The Rosenbergs- couple executed for selling atomic secrets to the Soviets; showed how scared we were of communist taking over; they were executed Alger Hiss- a government worker who was accused of stealing government documents Dixiecrats and Strom Thurmond- southern political party that believed in states’ rights and denying rights to African Americans led by South Carolinian Strom Thurmond Brinkmanship- threatening an all-out war in an attempt to confront communist aggression Eisenhower Doctrine- Ike promised to help all countries in the Middle East that wanted our help in stopping the spread of communism Castro comes to power- Castro leads a revolution to overthrow Batista but then becomes communist; 1959 U-2 spy plane incident (1960)- Ike is president; the USSR shot down our spy plane and captured the pilot, Gary Powers; it made our relationship with the USSR worse Sputnik- 1957; the USSR launched the first successful artificial earth satellite; it scared us to death! Eisenhower funds- the government started to pump more $ into education to help us catch up with the Soviets in technology NASA- space program established to help us win the space race Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)- was created in 1947 by Congress as an intelligence-gathering organization to protect American interest in other countries. Civil Defense Administration- was a government organization that taught Americans how to survive a nuclear attack. Second Red Scare-This was a fear that communist both inside and outside the United States were working to destroy the American way of life and the United States government. The Smith Act-this legislation was used by Harry Truman to cripple the Communist party within the United States. This act made it unlawful to teach or advocate a violent overthrow of the United States government. The House on Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)- was an organization created by the US House of Representatives to investigate possible subversive activities by fascists, Nazis and communists. Blacklist- a do not hire list that actors, artists, etc. were placed on if they were believed to have association with the Communist Party Automation- making things by machine; reduces the number of workers but increases productivity GI Bill of Rights- gave returning WWII vets $ for college and homes..... new home building sprang up under the FHA Baby Boom- when vets came home they settled down and started families; people could now afford to have children; boom was from 1945-1960 Impact of television- I Love Lucy, Mickey Mouse Club… contributed to the conformity of the 1950s Migration to suburbs- the auto allowed people to move out of the city; was seen as a “step up” in society to move to the new houses in the suburbs Levittown-the first suburb built to fill a need for homes for returning veterans. Theses homes were affordable and were mass produced. Car Culture-car ownership sprang from 26 million in 1945 to 60 million in 1960. The automobile industry thrived and this led to more businesses. Interstate Highway Act- 1956; Ike’s greatest domestic achievement; tens of thousands of miles of roads were built which impacted transportation of goods and people etc. Sunbelt- this was a name given to the southern and western states. The coastal areas along the southernmost United States are part of the Sunbelt. The invention of the air-conditioner made their climates attractive, as well as, the development of the Interstate Highway System caused migration into the areas to increase. Information industries-individuals who built and operated the first computer White-Collar jobs-professional/semi-professional jobs such as office workers. This type of work increased during the 1950's. Service Sector-businesses where people provide services; such as banks, healthcare, lawyers, , insurance, manufacturing, etc. These type of businesses grew in the 1950's. Franchise businesses-this allows a company to distribute its products or services through retail outlets owned by independent operators. Ex. McDonalds, BEST Buy, Wendy's Multinational Companies-this is when American businesses produced and osold their goods all over the world. consumerism-buying as much as you could...usually on credit. Median family income-this is an average of a family's income over a year. Median income increased from $3,319 to $5417 during the 1950's. Nuclear Family- the 1950's embraced the ideology that the "ideal" family would consist of a mother, father and their children. bought and read this book because they wanted expert advice on how to raise their children. Spock emphasized the importance of nurturing children in the early years. The 1950's was a time of religious revival. In God We Trust was added to the American dollar during the 1950's. Under God was added to the Pledge of Allegiance during the 1950's. More churches were built in the 1950's than ever before. Billy Graham was a famous preacher from the 1950's. “rock and roll”- new music of the 1950s. Chuck Berry was a rock and roll artist from the 1950's. Elvis Presley is the most noted rock-n-roller from the 1950's. Dick Clark started American Bandstand. Parents were horrified by rock-n-roll and teenagers loved it. Beatniks-a small group of writers and artist who refused to dress the way society said was "the norm." They wore "careless dress" with "Colorful jargon." Urban renewal-were projects where federal, state and local governments tried to reverse the downward trend in some American cities. Urban renewal government projects cleared large tracts of older houses and built freeways and developments which in hopes would "revitalize" the area. Termination Policies-these were laws that sought to end Native American tribal governments and to support relocation of Native Americans to our nation's cities. Brown vs. Board of Education 1954- this Supreme Court case reversed the Plessy decision stating that "separate but equal was constitution." The Brown decision stated "separate but equal facilities" for different races was "inherently unequal and unconstitutional." Rosa Parks launched the start of the Civil Rights Movement in 1955 when she refused to give up her seat to a white citizens. As a result, the Montgomery Bus Boycott started where African Americans boycotted the public busing system in Montgomery Alabama for over a year. Martin L. King Jr. was the father of the Civil Rights Movement starting in the late 1950's. He worked with the Southern Christian Leadership Council to get civil rights legislation passed. Academic Vocabulary: Evaluate Migration Mass Media Push/Pull Factors urbanization Analyze Diversity Federal Powers Retaliation natural rights Argument Traditionalism National Security Arms Race Civil rights Ideology Domestic Economics Productivity