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Exam I Study Guide
History of Microbiology
1. Know the contribution of the following to the field of microbiology:
A. Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek
B. Louis Pasteur
C. Joseph Lister
D. John Snow
E. Edward Jenner
F. Florence Nightingale
G. Alexander Fleming
H. Robert Koch
2. Define spontaneous generation
3. Know Koch’s Postulates
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell Structures
1. Compare the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
2. Describe the basic shapes and arrangements of bacterial cells.
3. Describe the function and structure of the following cell structures:
a. glycocalyx (capsule and slime layer)
b. flagella (prokaryotic versus eukaryotic)
c. fimbria
d. pili
e. cell wall
f. lipopolysaccharide
g. teichoic acid
4. Sketch, name and describe three basic arrangements of bacterial flagella.
5. Describe the chemical structure of peptidoglycan.
6. Compare and contrast the cell walls of the gram-positive and gram-negative
bacteria.
7. Explain the importance of the outer membrane of gram negative cell walls.
8. Describe the function and structure of:
a. plasma membrane.
b. ribosomes
c. plasmids
d. chromosomal DNA.
9. Define sporulation, germination and endospores.
10. Compare and contrast three types of passive transport across a membrane.
11. Contrast the following active processes for transporting materials into or out of
a cell: active transport and endocytosis
12. Compare and contrast the cell wall :
a. eukaryotic cells (not animal) and bacteria
b. gram negative and gram positive bacterial.
13. A scientist develops a chemical that prevents Golgi bodies from functioning.
Contrast the specific effects the chemical would have on human cells versus
bacterial cells.
14. A new chemotherapeutic drug kills bacteria, but not humans. Discuss what
possible ways the drug may act selectively on bacterial cells.
Taxonomy and Classification:
1. Define the terms:
a.
b.
c.
d.
taxonomy
classification
nomenclature
identification
2. Describe the binomial system of nomenclature and the correct manner in which
microbial names are written.
3. State the laboratory technique used by Carl Woese in which he developed the
three-domain system.
4. Describe the differences in the three domains.
5. Describe the binomial system of nomenclature and the correct manner in which
microbial names are written.
7. State the laboratory technique used by Carl Woese in which he developed the
three-domain system.
8. Describe the differences in the three domains.
Metabolism
1. Explain the terms:
a. metabolism
b. metabolic pathway
c. anabolism
d. catabolism
e. substrate
f. end product.
g. substrate level phosphorylation
h. oxidation-reduction reaction
i. chemiosmosis
2. Identify the components of an enzyme as well as regulatory sites (ie allosteric)
3. Explain the function of an enzyme as well as the definition of an enzyme.
4. List the factors that influence the enzymatic activity.
5. Differentiate between competitive and non-competitive inhibition.
6. Explain how feedback inhibition conserves the cell’s energy.
7. Summarize the four steps in aerobic respiration in prokaryotes including the
substrates, end products, and total number of ATP generated. Also know where
carbons go in the process (ie CO2).
8. Summarize the two steps in fermentation including the substrates, ATP produced
and possible end products.
9. Diagram how lipid and protein catabolism enter into glycolysis or the Krebs cycle.
10. Explain how microbial metabolism is used to identify the microbes in the
laboratory
Basic Structure of Viruses and Prions
1.
Differentiate between bacteria and virus particles.
2.
Describe the parts of a viral particle and their purpose:
a. Genome
c. Envelope
b. Capsid
d. Virion
3.
Explain the following terms:
a. host range
d. burst size
b. tissue tropism
e. naked virus
c. burst time
4.
Differentiate between bacteriophage lytic and lysogenic cycles.
5.
Describe the six steps of animal virus replication.
8.
Explain the terms “provirus”, “proto-oncogene” and “oncogene”.
9.
Describe how the influenza virus is named. (i.e. H1N1).
10.
Explain the difference between antigenic drift and antigenic shift and genetic
reassortment.
13.
Describe how prions “replicate”.
14.
State the method needed to inactivate a prion.
15.
Name the diseases caused by prions.