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Science vocabulary - Chapter 1 Cell – the smallest and most basic unit of a living thing Leaf – the plant part that collects sunlight and gases from the air and uses them to make food for the plant Nutrient – a substance that living things need to survive and grow Photosynthesis – the process by which a plant makes food Root – the plant part that takes in water and nutrients and supports the plant Stem – the plant part that holds up the leaves and carries water and nutrients through the plant Conifer – a plant that makes seeds inside cones Fruit – the part of the plant that contains the seeds Life cycle – the series of changes that a living thing goes through during its lifetime Seed – the first stage of most plants Larva – the wormlike second stage in the life cycle of an insect Offspring – the living things made when an animal reproduces Pupa – the third stage in the life cycle of many insects, in which the larva changes into an adult Individual – a single member of a species Science vocabulary Ch. 2 – Survival of Living Things – Trait – a feature such as a body part or a behavior Energy – the ability to cause change Ecosystem – all the living and nonliving things that exist and interact in one place Environment – all the living and nonliving things that surround and affect an organism Note: the above 2 terms are so close in meaning that students will not be tested on the difference Organism – any living thing Community – a group of plants and animals that live in the same area and interact with each other Population – all the organisms of the same kind that live in an ecosystem Resource – a thing found in nature that is useful to organisms Adaptation – a behavior or body part that helps a living thing survive in its environment Behavior – the way that an organism typically acts in a certain situation Habitat – the place in which an organism lives Pollution – the addition of harmful materials to the environment Predator – an animal that hunts other animals for food Prey – any animal that is hunted for food by a predator Ch. 3 Endangered species – a species that has so few members that the entire species is at risk of dying out Extinct species – a species that has died off Species – a group of the same type of living thing that can mate and produce other living things of the same kind Era – a major division of time Fossil – the preserved remains of an organism that lived long ago Paleontologist – a scientist who studies fossils and forms of life that no longer exist Ancestor – a species that lived long ago from which modern species are descended Relative – a species that shares a common ancestor with another species Trait – a feature such as a body part or a behavior Science Vocabulary - Chapter 4: Magnify – to make an object appear larger Telescope – a tool that makes distant objects appear larger, brighter, sharper Sun – the nearest star to Earth Planet – a large body in space the moves around a star Moon – a small, rounded body that orbits a planet Inner planets – the 4 planets closest to the Sun and inside the asteroid bel Outer planets – the 4 planets farthest from the Sun and outside the asteroid belt Solar system – the Sun and the planets, moons, and other objects that orbit the Sun Orbit – to move in a path around an object, or the path an object takes as it moves around another object (moon/planet, planet/sun) Space probe – a craft that helps scientists explore outer space Chapter 5: Chapter 5: Earth’s Surface and Resources Landform – a part of Earth’s surface that has a certain shape and that is formed naturally Mineral – a material that is found in nature and that has never been alive Rock – a solid material made up of one or more minerals igneous rock – rock that forms when melted rock from inside Earth cools and hardens sedimentary rock – rock that forms when sediment is pressed together and hardens metamorphic rock – rock that forms when other rock is changed by heat and pressure weathering – the breaking up or wearing away of rock Earth’s layers: crust – the thin outer layer of the Earth, which is made up of rock mantle – the thick layer of soft and solid rock that is beneath the crust core – the innermost layer of the Earth, made up of the outer and inner core natural resource – a material from Earth that is useful to people nonrenewable resource – a natural resource that is in limited supply and that cannot be replaced or that takes thousands of years to be replaced (ex.: oil, coal, redwood tree) ore – rock that contains metal or other useful minerals renewable resource – a natural resource that can be replaced by nature (plants and most trees, water, sunlight, wind) pollution – the addition of harmful materials to the environment conservation – the safekeeping and wise use of natural resources recycle – to collect old materials, process them, and use them to make new items Chapter 5 Science vocabulary – Earth’s Surface and Resources: Lesson 1: geological feature or landform – a part of Earth’s surface that has a certain shape and is formed naturally mountain – a raised part of the land, usually with steep sides, that rises above the area around it valley – a low area of land between mountains, hills, or other high areas canyon – a narrow and deep valley with steep sides that often has a stream or river flowing through it plain – a large land area that is mostly flat plateau – a flat area of land that is higher than the land around it Lesson 2: mineral – a material that is found in nature and that has never been alive (gold, iron, salt) rock – a solid material made up of one or more minerals igneous rock – rock that forms when melted rock from inside the Earth cools and hardens sedimentary rock – rock that forms when sand, pieces of rock, soil, and remains of once-living things are pressed together and harden weathering – the breaking up or wearing away of rock by natural forces metamorphic rock – rock that forms when other rocks are changed by heat and pressure Earth’s layers: crust – the thin outer layer of the Earth, which is made up of rock mantle – the thick layer of soft and solid rock that is beneath the crust core – the innermost layer of the Earth, made up of the outer and inner core Chapter 6 Vocabulary: water cycle – the movement of water between the air and earth as it changes state precipitation – any form of water that falls from clouds to Earth’s surface evaporation – the change of state from liquid to gas condensation - the change of state from gas to liquid water vapor – water in the form of an invisible gas ice – the solid form of water atmosphere – the layers of air that cover Earth’s surface temperature – the measure of how hot or cold something is weather – the condition of the atmosphere at a certain place and time climate – the average weather conditions in an area over a long period of time equator – an imaginary line around Earth, halfway between the N. Pole and the S. Pole latitude – the distance north or south of the equator polar climate – a climate with long, cold winters and short, cool summers temperate climate – a climate with warm or hot summers and cool or cold winters tropical climate – a climate that is very warm and wet for all or most of the year Chapter 7 matter – anything that has mass and takes up space solid – matter that has a definite shape and that takes up a definite amount of space liquid – matter that takes the shape of its container and takes up a definite amount of space gas –matter that has no definite shape and that does not take up a definite amount of space mass – the amount of matter in an object (measured in grams) volume – the amount of space that matter takes up (measured in liters) physical property –characteristic of matter that can be measured or observed with the senses physical change – a change in the size, shape, or state of matter condense – to change state from gas to liquid evaporate – to change state slowly from liquid to gas freeze – to change state from liquid to solid melt – to change state from solid to liquid Chapter 8 – Heat and Sound Energy: Heat energy: conductor – any material that allows heat to move through it easily friction - a force that occurs when one object rubs against another object thermal energy – the energy of moving particles in matter heat – the flow of thermal energy from warmer objects to cooler objects Sound energy: pitch – how high or low a sound seems vibrate – to move back and forth quickly volume – how loud or soft a sound seems wave – a movement that carries energy from one place to another crest – the highest point of a wave trough – the lowest point of a wave Science Vocabulary for Chapter 9 – Force and Motion: Force – a push or a pull Gravity – a force that pulls an object toward another object Motion – a change in the position of an object Direction – the path an object follows Distance – a measure of length Speed – a measure of how fast or slowly something is moving Magnet – any object that pulls certain metals toward it Magnetic poles – the ends of a magnet, where the force of attraction is strongest Magnetism – a magnet’s ability to attract certain metals Attract – to pull toward