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CHAPTER 20
Northern Eurasia, 1500–1800
Use the following to answer questions 1-16:
Key Terms
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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Manchu
samurai
daimyo
Tokugawa Shogunate
Ming Empire
Qing Empire
Kangxi
Amur River
Macartney Mission
Muscovy
Ural Mountains
tsar
Siberia
Cossacks
serfs
Peter the Great
Explore the different approaches to imperial rule in Japan, China, and Russia between 1500 and 1800. What
sorts of political structures emerged to administer and incorporate the different peoples of these regions?
What were the infrastructural needs of these empires?
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Chapter 20: Northern Eurasia, 1500–1800
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What internal and external pressures did Japan face during its period of reunification? How did Japan deal
with these challenges?
How did the Tokugawa Shogunate fall into decline and crisis?
.
Explain how the European relationship with China changed from astonishment and admiration to criticism
and frustration.
The growth of the early Qing Empire was fueled by the desire to create an economic and demographic
recovery in China. What did the Qing government do to stimulate that recovery?
How did the Russian Empire emerge to be one of the major powers of Europe by 1750?
How did Russia combine different cultural elements in its empire? Use the Cossacks as an example.
Did Peter really earn the title “The Great” as the first emperor of Russia? How does his reign compare with
that of earlier tsars? Consider the focus of the earlier tsars on Muscovy, while Peter's focus was on a
Russian empire; how did this new emphasis affect Russia and the reception of the tsar?
25. In the twelfth century Japan's imperial unity had disintegrated, and the country was ruled by warlords
known as
.
26.
The Japanese called their warriors
A) daimyo.
B) samurai.
C) yujo.
D) renmin.
E)
danzaemon.
\27. In 1592, after years of civil war, Hideyoshi
A) launched an invasion of Korea and China.
B) was killed by his palace guard.
C) successfully pacified the country by outlawing all weapons.
D) converted to Buddhism.
E)
renounced violence in all forms.
28. One of the consequences of Japanese aggression in the sixteenth century was
A) the creation of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.
B) the defeat of weakened Chinese armies by the Manchu.
C) the complete defeat of Japanese forces.
D) the alliance formed between China, the Manchus, and Japan.
E)
the destruction of the Manchu Empire.
29. After the period of civil wars ended in Japan,
A) Japanese leaders fragmented into many feuding castes.
B) Korea invaded Japan.
C) Japanese leaders resigned, thus allowing a true democracy to form.
D) Japanese leaders established the Tokugawa Shogunate, a centralized military government.
E)
China invaded Japan.
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176
30.
31.
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Chapter 20: Northern Eurasia, 1500–1800
The main form of economic exchange in the Tokugawa Shogunate was
A) cash.
B) land.
C) political power.
D) rice.
E)
stock options.
The “gunpowder revolutions” occurred when
A) Japan decided to expel all Jesuits from the country by force.
B) the shogunate was angered by Portuguese trade negotiations.
C) the Japanese used European weaponry in civil conflicts.
D) Japan challenged China's monopoly of the gunpowder trade.
E)
None of these
The Japanese response to the Society of Jesus or the Jesuits was
A) to officially welcome it with open arms.
B) to murder every Jesuit that entered the country.
C) to adopt Catholic beliefs.
D) to blend Shinto, Buddhist, and Catholic belief systems.
E)
mixed; while some were opposed to it, others were attracted.
In the 1630s the Japanese government
A) adopted an “open door” policy in regards to foreign trade.
B) closed Japan to European trade and Christian influence.
C) encouraged the people to choose an economic system.
D) encouraged the people to choose a religious system.
E)
opened up trade to England only.
Which of the following did not contribute to Tokugawa Japan's instability?
A) The samurai went into debt.
B) The merchants gained in power.
C) The government remained traditional in a society that was changing.
D) The introduction of Christianity caused Buddhism to die out.
E)
Population and economic growth put a strain on resources.
A ronin was
A) a moneylender.
B) an elite minister of the shogun.
C) a merchant.
D) a masterless follower who had lost his samurai.
E)
a Buddhist monk.
European visitors to Ming China in the sixteenth century were
A) dissatisfied with the quality of Chinese goods.
B) trying to convince the Chinese to accept the Russian presence in Manchuria.
C) buying huge quantities of opium, which was unavailable in Europe at the time.
D) astonished at its power, manufacturing, and vast population.
E)
unimpressed by China's grandeur.
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Chapter 20: Northern Eurasia, 1500–1800
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45.
46.
What was the main reason for population decline in the rural areas of Ming China?
A) Moving to the cities to participate in manufacturing
B) Bubonic plague
C) Lack of agricultural innovation and crop fungus
D) European invasion
E)
Economic depression
Which empire replaced the Ming Empire of China?
A) Qing Empire
B) Han Empire
C) Yuan Empire
D) Yi Empire
E)
Qin Empire
Although European enthusiasm for Chinese trade was high,
A) the bigotry of the West limited the market for Asian goods.
B) China produced virtually no products.
C) Western countries feared the opium trade.
D) the Chinese were slow to embrace European trade.
E)
Chinese products were of inferior quality.
Merchants from which country were the first Europeans to arrive in East Asia?
A) Spain
B) Portugal
C) England
D) Holland
E)
Italy
The VOC (Dutch East India Company) representatives gained the favor of the Chinese emperor by
A) acknowledging him with the ritual of the “kowtow.”
B) providing him with concubines.
C) providing him with bribes.
D) freeing the royal family members held hostage by Ming loyalists.
E)
providing him with beautiful clocks.
What European organization was a transmitter of science and technology to China?
A) The Society of Jesus, or Jesuits
B) The Teutonic Knights
C) The Knights Templar
D) The Order of the Cross
E)
The Royal Scientific Society
Who was Matteo Ricci?
A) The man responsible for domesticating rice
B) The first European to speak Chinese and Japanese
C) The Chinese emperor's prime minister to Europe
D) A Jesuit missionary who introduced European technology to China
E)
The “Marco Polo of the eighteenth century”
Who helped negotiate an act of settlement between Russia and China?
A) Ivan IV and Kangxi
B) Jesuit interpreters
C) Siberian shamas
D) Confucian scholars
E)
Marco Polo's grandson
The Treaty of Nerchinsk
A) allied the Chinese and Russians against the Germans.
B) allowed Europeans into formerly closed China.
C) gave China a communist political system.
D) fixed the northern border of China along the Amur River.
E)
was violated the day after it was signed and led to a war.
To gain converts, the Jesuits made what compromise?
A) They tolerated Confucian ancestor worship.
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Chapter 20: Northern Eurasia, 1500–1800
B) They allowed Chinese women to become priests.
C) They acknowledged the emperor to be a god on earth.
D) They broke away from the Catholic Church.
E)
They freely mixed Buddhism and Confucianism into Orthodox Catholicism.
During the Qing Empire, what new item(s) or idea(s) did Europe not gain from China?
A) Use of gunpowder
B) The practice of decorating homes with wallpaper
C) Silk, porcelain, and tea
D) The poetry written by the Qing emperors
E)
An early form of inoculation
Under the Qing, Europeans were permitted to trade only at
A) Beijing.
B) Canton.
C) Shanghai.
D) Kashgar.
E)
Hunan.
Among the cross-cultural intellectual exchanges between China and Europe, variolation was
A) when diplomats spontaneously combusted.
B) immunization by vaccine.
C) a bilingual printing of trade contracts.
D) drawing maps that showed the Eastern as well as the Western world.
E)
a means by which Chinese physicians compared European anatomy to that of Asians.
What problem did the British face with China's “Canton system”?
A) Britain couldn't meet China's demand for goods.
B) China bought few British goods.
C) China wanted British rule in Canton to facilitate trade.
D) the British wanted to go to Canton only for trade.
E)
a gold deposit was required as goodwill collateral.
The British Macartney mission was an attempt to
A) persuade China to revise its trade system.
B) find a lost British missionary, Eli Macartney.
C) assassinate the emperor's main rival.
D) convert the Chinese to Christianity.
E)
establish diplomatic ties with Japan.
Population growth in China in the 1700s led to
A) a better standard of living due to cheap labor.
B) massive unionization of Chinese workers.
C) better working conditions among artisans.
D) severe environmental problems.
E)
an economic “boom” as demand for goods rose as well.
The princes of Muscovy organized a movement of conquest and expansion against the
A) Japanese.
B) Chinese.
C) Tibetans.
D) Golden Horde.
E)
Koreans.
The predominant religion in the eastern Russian empire was
A) Orthodox Christianity.
B) Catholicism.
C) Paganism.
D) Islam.
E)
Judaism.
The motivation for Russian expansion to the east was
A) the promise of captives for religious sacrifice.
B) to free people under Japanese rule.
C) to capture the deep-water port at Vladivostock.
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Chapter 20: Northern Eurasia, 1500–1800
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63.
D) demand for animal pelts.
E)
the acquisition of Siberian oil reserves.
The Cossacks were
A) missionaries.
B) a Byzantine trading society at Cherson.
C) an independent tribal society of warriors.
D) an elite military force of the tsar.
E)
nomadic reindeer herders of the Eastern steppe.
How did the growth of a centralized Russian Empire affect the empire's peasants?
A) Peasants became serfs, people who were tied to the land.
B) Peasants' standard of living improved to a “middle-class” level.
C) It gave the peasants the vote.
D) Peasants were deported and sent to gulags.
E)
Peasants could move freely at any time to improve their lot in life.
According to the Russian census of 1795, over half the population were
A) nobility.
B) in military service.
C) freemen.
D) serfs.
E)
college educated.
The greatest Romanov tsar was
A) Peter the Great.
B) Ivan the Terrible.
C) Nicholas III.
D) Edward II.
E)
Charles VI.
One result of the “Great Northern War” was
A) the death of Peter the Great.
B) the liberation of Constantinople.
C) Russian access to the Baltic Sea.
D) Russia's retreat into isolationism.
E)
the destruction of Russia's navy.
The new city that was to be Russia's “window on the West” was
A) Stalingrad.
B) Moscow.
C) Kiev.
D) St. Petersburg.
E)
Krakow.
Why did Peter the Great attempt to Westernize Russia?
A) To join the Russian Orthodox Church
B) To end serfdom
C) To ultimately follow the British movement into political liberalization
D) To strengthen the Russian state and its autocracy
E)
Because he was from the West (he inherited Russia's throne)
Which of the following statements about China and Russia is not true?
A) Both were large land empires.
B) Both suffered large population declines in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
C) Both had armies that depended on large numbers of soldiers to defeat enemies.
D) Both used forced labor such as serfs and peasants.
E)
Both tolerated diversity while trying to promote assimilation.
Use the following to answer questions 64-72:
Geography Questions
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Chapter 20: Northern Eurasia, 1500–1800
64.
Refer to Map 20.1 and trace the expeditions of the Manchurians into neighboring areas. What political and
military advances did they make, and what was accomplished?
Page: 566
65.
Refer to Map 20.1 and trace the boundaries of Japan, Korea, Manchuria, and China. Describe the Japanese
invasion of Korea and China under Hideyoshi. What were the ramifications of this invasion for the whole
region?
Page: 566
66.
Refer to Map 20.1 and locate the Amur River, Mongolia, Nerchinsk, and Siberia. Describe the confrontation
between Russia and China and explain how this border dispute was settled.
Page: 566
67.
Using Map 20.1, locate the city where the Chinese allowed European trade to take place. Discuss the
growing European frustration with Chinese trade policies.
Page: 566
68.
Using Map 20.2, discuss the different climate zones and ethnic populations of China. Was China tolerant of
these populations? Why was the fifteen-inch rainfall line important?
Page: 574
69.
Using Map 20.3, show the expansion of Russia from 1533 to 1796 and describe how the map illustrates the
conquest of the Mongols. Why did Russia pursue expansion to Siberia?
Page: 576
70.
Using Map 20.3, find Moscow and St. Petersburg and explain why St. Petersburg was the “window on the
West.”
Page: 576
71.
Using Map 20.3, explain how geography limited Russia's ability to build a navy and to maintain trade.
Page: 576
72.
Using Map 20.3, find the land of the Cossacks and explain who they were and what their importance was to
the Russian Empire.
Page: 576
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