Download George Washington: Leader of the Colonial Army during the

Chap. 3
Anti-Federalists:
*This group was in opposition to the new Constitution because they believed it had too much power and
lacked a bill of rights.
*Patrick Henry was a very vocal leader.
Articles of the Confederation:
*First National Government formed by the states after winning their independence from Britain.
*Lasted from 1781-1787.
*Very week national government.
Cabinet:
Group created by Washington to advise him on important policy matters. Originally composed of
Hamilton, Jefferson, and Henry Knox
Concurrent Powers:
Powers of the government that are shared by all levels of government.
Constitutional Convention:
Meeting that began in 1787. Purpose of the meeting was to fix the problems of the Articles of
Confederation.
Embargo:
Governmental ban on all trade from a country (the government says you can’t trade with other countries)
Enumerated Powers:
Powers directly mentioned in the Constitution.
Federal Government Powers:
Enumerated, delegated, expressed, and exclusive powers are all powers that belong to this part of our
government.
Federalists:
*People who supported a strong national government.
*Led by Alexander Hamilton, this group tended to favor policies that benefited the businessmen of the
nation.
*Believed in loose interpretation of the constitution.
The Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise):
Agreement between the large and small states to have a bicameral Congress based on population
(House) and equality (Senate) of the states.
Alexander Hamilton:
*Leader of the Federalist Party.
*Wrote many of the articles in the Federalist Papers.
*Became the first Secretary of Treasury.
*Helped establish the National Bank.
Thomas Jefferson:
*Author of the Declaration of Independence.
*Became President during the Revolution of 1800.
New Jersey Plan:
Plan presented at the Constitutional Convention that represented the views of the smaller states.
CH 3
“No taxation without representation”:
Famous idea which explains the reasoning for many of the colonial protests of British Taxation during the
pre-Revolutionary period.
Northwest Ordinance (Northwest Land Ordinance of 1787):
Law that set up the process of statehood, and also banned slavery from the northern territories of the
nation.
*One of the first laws passed by Congress.
Reserved Powers:
Powers that belong only to the states
Shay’s Rebellion:
Rebellion that proved the weakness of the Articles of Confederation. Started in Massachusetts in 1787.
Virginia Plan:
*Plan presented in the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that represented the interests of the larger
states.
*Plan of government is very similar to the modern government we use today.
George Washington:
*Leader of the Colonial Army during the Revolutionary War. *President of the Constitutional Convention.
*1st President of the United States.
Chap. 4
John Adams:
The 2nd president of the United States. He was elected in 1796.
Alien & Sedition Acts:
*Laws aimed at hurting the Democratic-Republicans.
*Laws passed by the Federalist controlled Congress to suppress the opposition in the nation during the
XYZ Affair with France.
*Immigrants had to wait 14 years to become citizens
*Gave the president the power to deport w/o trial any alien thought to be a danger to the United States.
*Limited freedom of speech and the press.
*Made it illegal for people to criticize the US government in times of war.
Bill of Rights:
List of rights that were demanded by the Anti-federalists in order to approve the new Constitution.
John C. Calhoun:
Vice President who wrote the South Carolina Protest and Exposition against tariffs
Convention of 1800:
Ended the Quasi War with France
Democratic-Republicans:
*Led by Jefferson & Madison
*Supporters were the south & west and farmers.
*believed in the strict interpretation of the constitution. If it wasn’t in the constitution then you couldn’t do
it.
*State’s rights
Election of 1800:
Jefferson won despite being disliked by many of the Federalists. Demonstrated that the power in the
could be peacefully transferred despite disagreements between the parties.
Embargo Act:
This Act prevented the United States from trading with Europe right before the War of 1812.
Farewell Warnings:
Last message by George Washington to the nation as President. Spoke about the dangers of political
parties and foreign affairs.
Hamilton’s Economic Plan:
He supported the Tariff of 1789. He wanted the bonds that were issued to fund the Revolutionary War to
be redeemed at full value. He believed that if this was done then the wealthy bankers & merchants who
owned the bonds would be supportive of the new government. This was opposed by James Madison.
This plan favored the Federalists.
Hartford Convention:
A group of Federalists met to discussion seceded from the union because of the War of 1812. However
a series of constitutional amendments were called for to increase the power of this New England region.
Many saw this as a lack of nationalism and led to the downfall of the Federalist party.
CH4
Implied Powers:
Powers of the government which are not written into the Constitution, but come from the necessary and
proper clause.
Impressment:
The seizing (taking) of American sailors by the British
Andrew Jackson:
*Known as the Common Man’s President.
*Began the Spoils system
*Pushed thru the Indian Removal Act of 1830 which was to provide money for relocating the Native
Americans
*Removed the Indians from the East (mainly in Georgia)
*War hero in the Battle of New Orleans in 1812.
*U.S. president who “killed” the 2nd National Bank
Judiciary Act of 1789:
Established 13 district courts, 3 courts of appeals and the Supreme Court. John Jay was chosen by
Washington to become the 1st Chief Justice.
Laissez-faire:
Style of government where the government tries to stay out the people’s lives as much as possible.
Philosophy advocated by Jefferson.
Lewis & Clark:
Expeditionary group that explored the newly purchased Louisiana Territory from 1803-1805.
Louisiana Purchase:
*Land that was acquired from France in 1803 by Thomas Jefferson.
*It more than doubled the size of the nation.
*This was the 1st land added to the United States.
Marbury v. Madison:
Famous Supreme Court case that set up the power of judicial review.
James Madison:
*President during the War of 1812.
*Convinced Congress to pass the Non-Intercourse Act.
Jay’s Treaty:
*Treaty between the US and Britain that gave Britain the right to seize our ships headed to France.
*Gave us Most-Favored Nation status
*Britain gave up forts in our territory & agreed to 3rd party arbitration
*Treaty angered the Democratic Republicans
* Helped us negotiated Pinckney’s Treaty with Spain
John Marshall:
*Famous Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.
*He was responsible for making the Supreme Court into a powerful branch of the federal government.
*Greatly enhanced the power of the court with the ruling in Marbury v. Madison.
Midnight Judges:
Federalist judges who were appointed by President Adams on the last night of his Presidency to give
power to the Federalists.
Ch 4
Missouri Compromise or the Compromise of 1820:
*Compromise over slavery on the Louisiana Territory.
*Famous agreement which drew the line to determine the future legality of slavery in the territories.
*No slavery in the Louisiana Territory above 36 degrees 30 minutes latitude.
*Organized by Henry Clay on 1820.
National Bank:
Part of the government that was formed under the advice of Alexander Hamilton in order to correct the
nation’s financial troubles.
Nationalism:
Strong feelings of patriotism for one’s country
New Orleans:
Famous Battle in the War of 1812 that was unnecessary because a peace treaty had already been
signed. The Americans led by Andrew Jackson defeated the British in the battle.
Non-Intercourse Act:
Act passed by Congress during Madison’s presidency. This act forbade trade with Britain & France but
authorized the president to reopen trade with the country that removed its trade restrictions against the
United States first.
Nullification:
The power of the states to declare a law unconstitutional. A term that describes a state’s attempt to
ignore a law passed by congress
Pinckney Treaty:
This treaty gave the United States the right to navigate (transport goods) the Mississippi river and
established the right of deposit (the ability to use this port to transport our goods around the world) for
America at the port of New Orleans.
Proclamation of Neutrality:
*This document best demonstrates Washington’s policy on foreign affairs.
*He believed we needed to stay out of the affairs of other countries. He believed that if we didn’t we
would lose our independence.
Quasi War:
Undeclared war at sea between the United States & France
Sectionalism:
*Division between different parts of the United States.
*George Washington warned the United States about this in his Farwell Address.
*This was one of the reasons for the Civil War.
Tecumseh:
Indian leader who wanted to form a confederation of Indians to win back Indian lands
Treaty of Greenville:
Treaty signed by the Indians to give up parts of Indiana & Ohio in exchange of $ 10,000.
Signed after the Battle of Fallen Timbers.
Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions:
*Secretly written by Jefferson & Madison criticizing the Alien & Sedition Acts.
*Proposed the idea of nullification.
CH4
War of 1812:
*War against the Britain.
*Fought over continued harassment of Americans, trading rights, and Impressment.
*Major battles in Washington and New Orleans.
*Ended with the Treaty of Ghent.
War Hawks:
Members of Congress from the South & West that wanted war with Britain
Whiskey Rebellion: This was done by the farmers who opposed the tax
on the manufacturing of whiskey. Washington sent in troops to put down the rebellion. This helped
establish the power of the national government.
XYZ Affair:
*Scandal involving the French, a bribe, and the refusal of America to pay the bribe.
*Occurred while John Adams was president.
*This led to the Quasi War with the French.
Chap. 5
John Quincy Adams:
He won the 1824 election by a vote of the Hose of Representatives in what became known as the
“corrupt bargain”
Adams-Onis Treaty:
This treaty acquired (gave us) Florida from Spain
American System:
*Program of internal improvements.
*Included roads, bridges, canals, a national bank system, and a protective tariff.
*Proposed by John C. Calhoun and Henry Clay.
Nicholas Biddle:
*President of the National Bank.
*Supported Henry Clay in the 1832 Election
British-American Convention:
This set the boundary between the Louisiana Territory and Canada at the 49th parallel
Henry Clay:
*Proposed the American system.
*National Republican candidate for President
Corrupt Bargain:
The accusation that a deal was made between Clay and Adams. The “deal” was Clay would arrange
votes in the House of Representatives for Adams to become president and Adams would give Clay a
spot on his cabinet.
Dartmouth v. Woodward:
Supreme Court case that protected contracts and property rights from states
Era of Good Feelings:
Phrase used to describe Madison’s presidency due to the fact both political parties worked together.
Robert Fulton:
Helped create the steamboat engine which made river travel faster and more reliable.
Gibbons v. Ogden:
Supreme Court case that stated that anything that crossed state boundaries was under the federal
government control. This made sure that federal law would take precedence (would rule) over state law
Great Silence:
Describes the unwillingness of Congress to address the issues of slavery
Monroe Doctrine:
Presidential statement that informed other nations of the intention o the U.S. to keep other nations from
intervening in this hemisphere. Happened in 1820.
Mudslinging:
Term for negative attacks on candidates during elections
Ch 5
Rush-Bagot Treaty:
This treaty removed warships from the great lakes following the war of 1812.
Speculate:
When you buy something (land, stocks) in hopes of selling it at a profit
Daniel Webster:
Debated Robert Haynes and defended the supremacy of the national government over the states
Eli Whitney:
Invented interchangeable parts and the cotton gin which greatly increased the importance of cotton in the
south. Also led to a growth in the use of slavery
Chap. 6
11th Amendment:
A lawsuit brought against a state must be tried in state court
Abolition:
Against slavery everywhere
James Fennimore Cooper:
Wrote stories of French & Indian War such as Last of the Mohicans
Emily Dickinson:
She was a poet whose works became well known after her death
Dorthea Dix:
She worked to gain more humane treatment of the mentally ill
Frederick Douglas:
Leading black male abolitionist and publisher of the North Star
Ralph Waldo Emerson:
Example of a transcendentalist author
Charles Gradison Finney:
*Preached that each person held within themselves the capacity for spiritual rebirth and salvation
*Founded modern revivalism
William Lloyd Garrison:
Leading white male abolitionist and publisher of the Liberator
Grimke Sisters:
Sarah & Angelina radical activists in the abolitionist movement
Nathaniel Hawthorne:
Author of tales about really New England such as The Scarlet Letter
Washington Irving:
Wrote folk tales of Dutch settlers such as Legend of Sleepy Hollow
Know-Nothings:
Small political party that was anti-immigration.
Horace Mann:
Led education reform in the North
McCulloch v. Maryland:
Supreme Court case that determined the legality of implied powers and the ability of the government to
create a national bank. Also stated that the national government is supreme over the state governments.
Mormons:
Religious group that was persecuted for the practice of polygamy (having many husbands or wives)
Samuel Morse:
Inventor of the telegraph
Ch6
Nativism:
Hostility towards foreigners
Nullification Crisis of 1828 Tariff Crisis (Tariff of Abominations):
*Crisis involving the State of South Carolina and the high level of federal tariffs.
*SC threatened secession if the tariff was not lowered.
*Occurred while Jackson was President.
Edgar Allen Poe:
Writer of Horror Tales
Second Great Awakening:
Religious revival movement that swept the nation
Seneca Falls Convention:
*Women’s rights assembly that re-wrote the Declaration of Independence from a women’s point of view.
*Led by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
*Location was Seneca Falls New York in 1848.
Shakers:
Religious community that practiced celibacy (didn’t have sex) and a simple lifestyle
Joseph Smith:
Founder of the Mormon Church
Spoils System or Patronage:
*System of giving government jobs to friends and supporters. *Began by Andrew Jackson and continued
until the reforms of the late 1800’s.
*Critics called Andrew Jackson’s “rotation in office” of federal workers this.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton:
She helped organize the 1848 women’s rights convention
Temperance:
This reform movement tried to get people to stop drinking alcohol
Henry David Thoreau:
Transcendentalist writer who wrote Walden
Wrote Civil Disobedience objecting to paying taxes which he felt supported slavery.
Trail of Tears:
Forced removal of the Cherokee Indians from the East (Georgia) into the Oklahoma reservations.
Process begun by Jackson and finished under Van Buren.
Transcendentalism:
Philosophical movement stressing intuition and feelings over reason, and ties to nature
Sojourner Truth:
She worked on behalf of abolition and women’s rights
Harriet Tubman:
Black female abolitionist known for her work with the Underground Railroad
Ch6
Nat Turner:
Led a slave rebellion against white owners. Killed over 50 Virginians. State and local troops eventually
put down the uprising.
Utopian Communities:
Ideal societies
*Brook Farm-cooperative community in Massachusetts
*Oneida-religious society in New York
*New Harmony
*Shakers-religious group that did not believe in marrying or having children
David Walker:
*1st well known abolitionist
*Free African American from NC
*Published Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World
-Advocated that violence and rebellion were the only ways to end slavery
Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842):
Solved the boundary dispute between the US and Canada (Britain) by establishing the border between
the US and Canada from Maine to Minnesota.
Whig Party:
Supported a stronger federal government & industrial & commercial development & free soil.
Calvin Wiley:
Led education reform in the South
Worcester v. Georgia:
*The Cherokee sued the State of Georgia to challenge the state’s attempt to extend its power over the
Cherokee Lands.
*Chief Justice Marshall ordered that the Indians won.
*Jackson disagreed saying “Marshall has made his opinion now let him enforce it.”
Chap. 7
Santa Anna:
*Mexican President/ Dictator.
*In power during the Mexican American War.
*Defeated U.S. men at the Battle of the Alamo
Stephen Austin:
*Helped settle Texas
*Became the Convention’s president
*Imprisoned by Santa Anna
*Urged Texans to organize and Army to fight Santa Anna.
Kit Carson:
Example of a “mountain man” that helped explore the West
Chief Joseph:
Indian Leader of the Nez Perce Indians who avoided capture for several years by evading the army on a
1000 mile journey to Canada. Surrendered and said “he would fight no more”
John Deere:
Inventor of the steel tipped plow. This invention helped settle the West.
Election of 1844:
James K. Polk was a Dark Horse candidate who won the election. He promised to annex Texas as well
as the Oregon Territory and buy California from Mexico. He appealed to both sides because he was
willing to keep the balance between slave and free states.
Fifty-four-Forty or fight:
This was the slogan used to declare the border between the US and Canada. Polk agreed to the 49 th
parallel as the border.
Gadsden Purchase:
This was the last land acquired to make the 49 continental United States
Sam Houston:
1st President of the Republic of Texas
Abraham Lincoln:
*Illinois Whig Representative to Congress who questioned the justness of the war with Mexico.
*Debated Stephen Douglas.
*Republican candidate and winner of the 1860 presidential election.
*President during the Civil War
*Gave the Gettysburg Address
*He was assassinated in 1865.
Manifest Destiny:
Idea that the U.S. should expand its borders from ocean to ocean. Led to the addition of Louisiana,
Texas, Mexican War and Oregon Territories.
Cyrus McCormick:
Inventor of the mechanical reaper. This invention helped settle the west.
Mexican War:
*War began in 1845 that lasted until 1848.
*In the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the U.S. gained California, Arizona, New Mexico and Nevada.
Ch7
Oregon Territory:
This territory was divided between the U.S. & Britain
Oregon Trail:
Most popular east-west route used by the settlers to travel west.
James K. Polk:
U.S. president most associated with Manifest Destiny
John L. Sullivan:
He coined (created)/popularized the term “manifest destiny”
Zachary Taylor:
General sent to provoke a war with Mexico. Later became president of the U. S.
Texas Territory:
This territory gained its independence from Mexico
Brigham Young:
*Took over as leader of the Mormons when Joseph Smith was killed.
*Led his people westward to Utah.
Chap. 8
10th Amendment:
Powers not given to the United States by the constitution are reserved for the states
1860:
Election of Abraham Lincoln. Led to the secession of the southern states because he was elected with
no electoral votes from the southern states.
Bleeding Kansas:
Scene of territorial fighting between proslavery & anti-slavery settlers. 200 people died and $2 million
worth of property was destroyed.
John Brown:
Northern abolitionist who tried to arm slaves by raiding the arsenal at Harper’s Ferry. Was captured and
was eventually hung as a martyr to the abolitionist cause
California Gold Rush:
First discovered in 1848. Large influx of people in 1849 led to early statehood. These people who
searched for gold were called 49ers
Compromise of 1850:
Used popular sovereignty in the Mexican Cessian
CA admitted as a free state
Popular Sovereignty to determine slavery issue in UT & NM Territories
*TX border disputer with NM resolved.
*TX gets $10 million
Slave Trade but not slavery is abolished in DC
Strong enforcement of the new Fugitive Slave Act
Victory for
North
Both
South
North
South
Confederacy:
Name of the 11 southern states that seceded. These states were: South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida,
Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee
Crittenden Compromise:
Proposed restoring the terms of the Missouri Compromise for all the territories in order to avoid war.
Rejected by the Republicans.
Democratic Party:
Party during the sectionalism and crisis time period that mostly supported the expansion of slavery.
Stephen Douglas:
Northern Democrat who proposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act and created the Freeport Doctrine.
Free Soil:
No slavery on the territories but leaves it where it already exists
Freeport Doctrine:
Created by Stephen Douglas. This was his attempt to say that slavery could be limited in the territories
despite the Dred Scott decision
Fugitive Slave Act:
Law passed in 1850 to help Southern slave owners to recapture escaped slaves. Made it a crime for
anyone to help an escaped slave and allowed slave catchers to find escaped slaves anywhere in the
nation.
Ch 8
Ghost Town:
Abandoned mining town after a strike had gone bust.
Kansas-Nebraska Act:
Used popular sovereignty in the Louisiana Territory
Robert E. Lee:
Commanding General of the Confederate army during the Civil War. Won several battles being
outnumbered in every battle.
Liberty Party:
Party that was completely opposed to slavery
Lincoln-Douglas Debates:
Famous political race for the Senate seat of Illinois. Freeport Doctrine was developed during the
campaign as a method to resist the spread of slavery.
Popular Sovereignty:
Voters of a territory decide on the issue of slavery (whether they want to have slaves or not have slaves.)
Pro-slavery:
Position of most southern democrats.
Republican Party:
This party was formed to oppose the Kansas-Nebraska Act and had a free soil position on slavery.
Scott v. Sanford:
*Important court case that helped lead to the Civil War.
*Case determined that African Americans could not be citizen and the Missouri Compromise was illegal.
*Supreme Court case that overruled all compromises on slavery
Slave Codes:
A set of laws that formally regulated slavery and defined the relationship between enslaved Africans &
free people
Uncle Tom’s Cabin:
Book written by Abolitionist Harriet Beecher Stowe that described the evils of slavery
Underground Railroad:
Network of safe houses that helped escaped slaves reach freedom in the northern lands. Harriet
Tubman was the most famous of its leaders.
Wilmot Proviso:
Proposed to outlaw slavery in the Mexican Cessian
Chap. 9
13th Amendment:
amendment that banned slavery
Anaconda Plan:
Plan of union leaders to cut the Confederacy into two parts and cut off all trade with other nations.
Accomplished by a Union blockade and the fall of Vicksburg in 1863.
Appomattox:
Where the south surrendered. General Lee surrendered to General Grant
John Wilkes Booth:
Assassinated Abraham Lincoln. Was a Confederate sympathizer.
Battle of Antietam:
Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation after this battle
Battle of Bull Run:
1st Battle between northern and southern armies. Confederate victory.
Battle of Gettysburg:
*Turning point of the Civil War due to confederate casualties.
*Took place in July 1863 in Pennsylvania.
*Lee was defeated by George Meade’s army.
Battle of Vicksburg:
This battle completed union capture of the Mississippi River
Copperheads:
Term for northern democrats in the North who wanted to make peace with the south.
Jefferson Davis:
He was the president of the Confederate States of America
Emancipation Proclamation:
Presidential statement that officially freed all slaves that were being held in enemy territory during the
Civil War. Designed to give the war a higher purpose and to keep more states from seceding.
Gettysburg Address:
Short speech by Abraham Lincoln to dedicate a battle field cemetery in Nov. 1863. Talked about the will
of the people to finish the great task remaining before us.
Ulysses S. Grant:
*Eventual leader of the union Armies in the Civil War.
*Captured Vicksburg and pursued Lee’s army relentlessly in 1865 to end the war.
*Led the North to victory.
*Later became president
Greenbacks:
A piece of US paper money 1st issued by the North during the Civil War
Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson:
Top Confederate General who often times took command of half of Lee’s army to outmaneuver the
larger Union forces. Was accidentally killed at Chancelorsville.
Ch9
George McClellan:
Cautious Union General who was replaced and later ran against Lincoln in the 1864 election.
William Tecumseh Sherman:
Union General associated with “total war” who let the march through the South (March to the Sea) in
1864 destroying several southern cities including Atlanta. “War is Hell”
Writ of Habeas Corpus:
A person can not be imprisoned unless charged with a crime & given a trial. Lincoln suspended this
during the Civil War.
Chap. 10
14th Amendment:
Amendment that defines citizenship and equal protection under the law.
15th Amendment:
Amendment that gave voting rights to all men.
Black Codes:
Laws passed in the South after the Civil War to attempt to control the freedmen and to allow plantation
owners to exploit the African American workers.
Examples:
-required to enter into annual labor contracts
-children had to accept apprenticeships and could be beaten or whipped
-set specific work hours
-required them to get special licenses for non agricultural farm work.
Carpetbaggers:
Northerners who came from to the South to implement the policies of the Reconstruction. Many wanted
to gain positions of power in government offices and others came for profit.
Civil Rights Act of 1866:
-Granted citizenship to all persons born in the US except Native Americans.
-allowed property ownership
-ensured they would be treated equally
-gave federal government the power to sue those who violated these rights
*set the stage for the 14th amendment
Compromise of 1877:
Deal made so that Rutherford Hayes wins the Electoral College, and the result was the removal of troops
from the south which ended Reconstruction
Freedman’s Bureau:
Reconstruction agency formed to help war torn areas of the south and to help former slaves adjust to
their new lives. Established many schools for former slaves.
Grandfather Clause:
Clause that allowed those who did not pass the literacy test to vote if their fathers or grandfathers had
voted before Reconstruction
Rutherford B. Hayes:
Republican candidate in the 1876 election who became president in exchange for ending reconstruction.
Jim Crow Laws:
Laws passed during and after Reconstruction that officially segregated the races in the north and south.
Andrew Johnson:
Became president when Lincoln was assassinated. Was first president to be impeached, but was found
not guilty
KKK (Ku Klux Klan):
Secret Society started by Confederate soldiers.
Its goal was to drive out the Union troops and carpetbaggers and regain control of the Democratic Party.
Ch10
Military Reconstruction:
*The Confederacy is split into 5 military districts with a Union General in charge.
*Each state had to hold a constitutional convention and had to give the right to vote to all make citizens
regardless of race.
*14th Amendment had to be ratified before the state could elect members to congress.
Radical Republican:
Members of Lincoln’s party who wanted to abolish slavery and punish the South for the war.
Scalawags:
Term for white southerners who cooperated with reconstruction
Sharecropper:
Farmer who works the land for an owner who provides equipment, seed and receives a share of the crop
Tenant Farmer:
Type of farmer who rents land and supplies form the landowner
Tenure of Office Act:
Required the Senate to approve any removal of a government official whose appointment had required
the Senate’s consent. This set up Johnson’s impeachment.
The Whiskey Ring:
Group of government officials and distillers in St. Louis Missouri cheated the government out of millions
of dollars. Happened during Grant’s administration.
Chap. 11
Battle of Little Big Horn:
Indian Battle in 1876 where George Custer and his men (7th Calvary) were defeated by the Sioux Indians
led by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull. Native American Victory
Cattle Drive or Long Drive:
This was the process of taking cattle to the nearest railroad station in order to get them to Northern cities.
Usually took several weeks
Chief Sitting Bull:
Leader of the Sioux Plains Indians
George A. Custer:
Leader of the 7th Calvary in the Plains wars
Dawes Act:
Law that gave Indian families 160 acres of land. Tried to assimilate Indians into the mainstream culture
by giving individual ownership of land.
Fort Laramie:
Where treaties with the Sioux Indians were signed.
Geronimo:
Leader of the Apache, a southwestern tribe that resisted the government.
Homestead Act:
Law that gave settlers 160 acres of land for $10 if they lived on the land for 5 years and improved it.
Helen Hunt Jackson:
Wrote A Century of Dishonor about the treatment of Native Americans by the US government.
Promontory Point:
Where the 1st continental railroad was completed in Utah.
Sod House:
Type of frontier house that would have been used by many of the 1st settlers on the Great Plains.
Sharecropping:
Method of farming where the farmer has to give up sp much of the crop as payment for the land and
supplies they need. This system replaced the system of slavery in the south.
Frederick Jackson Turner:
Historian who wrote about the role of the frontier in shaping American character
Wounded Knee:
Last of the Indian battles. Ended their resistance. Occurred in S. D. where 200 Sioux Indians were
massacred by the army after a small altercation. Event spurred on by the emerging Ghost Dance.
Chap. 12
Alexander Graham Bell:
Invented the telephone
American Federation of Labor (AFL):
Union that only accepts skilled laborers. Led by Samuel Gompers
American Railway Union (ARU):
Union that went on strike against the Pullman Palace Car Company. Eugene V. Debs was the leader
Bessemer:
Process that allowed the making of better quality steel for a low cost
Andrew Carnegie:
*Industrialist involved in the steel industry.
*Leader of the American Steel Industry.
*Created the Bessemer process that produced steel cheaper
*Believed in Social Darwinism as a means of justifying his wealth. *Gave away millions of dollars in
philanthropy. (desire to benefit humanity: a desire to improve the material, social, and spiritual welfare of
humanity, especially through charitable activities). *Author of Gospel of Wealth, urging the rich to give
back to society thought charity
Central Pacific and Union Pacific:
Name of the two railroads that completed the first transcontinental railroad in 1869
Eugene V. Debs:
*Socialist leader during the early 1900’s.
*Received nearly 1 million votes for president.
*Helped found the Industrial Union Movement where all the workers of a particular industry belonged to
the same union. *Leader of the American Railway Union
*Socialist Leader who was arrested for speaking against U.S. participation in WWI
Thomas Edison:
Famous inventor who perfected the incandescent light bulb & electric generator as well as many other
products. Invented the phonograph.
Samuel Gompers:
Leader of the AFL. Accepted only skilled labor into the union.
The Great Railroad Strike:
*Disrupted the railroads
*President Hayes finally sent in troops to stop the strikers
*Many people died and millions of dollars in railroad property was destroyed
*The violence made people want to find a more peaceful way to end the strikes
Haymarket Square:
Labor strike where someone threw a bomb into the crowds killing several people. Happened in Chicago
in 1886
Holding Company:
Corporation that owns the stock of other companies, thereby controlling them
Ch12
Homestead Strike:
Took place at a steel mill owned by Carnegie. When the union contract was set to expire the business
partner wanted to cut wages by 20%. He locked the workers out and hired the Pinkerton Detective
Agency to bring more workers. When they arrived a gun fight broke out between the strikers and the
scabs. At the end several people were killed and injured. Finally the governor of PA ordered the militia in
and protect the “scabs”
Horizontal Integration:
Method of forming a big business by controlling all of the same types of business
Elias Howe:
Invented the sewing machine, reducing the cost to make clothes.
Industrial Union:
Type of union that only accepted members who were from the same industry. Led by Eugene V. Debs.
Knights of Labor:
Union that accepted & organized all types of workers: skilled. Unskilled, blacks & women. Led by
Terrance Powderly
Morrill Land Grant Act:
Gave federal land grants to states for the purpose of establishing agricultural and mechanical colleges.
Monopoly:
Having control of an entire business/market
J.P. Morgan:
Banker
Samuel Morse:
Invented the telegraph to improve communications as well as the Morse Code
Philanthropy:
practice of giving away large sums of wealth to charitable causes. Practiced by such men as Rockefeller
and Carnegie
Pooling:
Agreement by companies to maintain prices at a certain level
Terrance Powderly:
Leader of the Knights of Labor
John D. Rockefeller:
*Owner of the Standard Oil Company.
*One of the richest men in America. Criticized because of his business tactics.
*Dominated the oil industry
Ch12
Trust:
Method of forming a big business by having several companies act as one, but in reality they are
separate companies. In other words a business combination where many corporations are controlled by
one board of directors.
Cornelius Vanderbilt:
*One of the leading RR owners in the nation.
*Consolidated many smaller railroads into a large monopoly on northeastern RR traffic.
*Railroad Baron (somebody who has power or influence)
Vertical Integration:
Method of forming a big business by owning or controlling all businesses that are related to your primary
business. In other words a company that controls all the businesses/steps involved in creating a final
product.
Chap. 13
Jane Addams:
Middle class reformer who founded Hull House (the 1st settlement house) as a place to help immigrants
in their new home
Horatio Alger:
Famous author who wrote many of the dime novels of the period. Author of many “rags to riches” stories
Susan B. Anthony:
One of the female leaders of the women’s suffrage movement. Was the first woman to have her picture
on a U. S. coin
William Jennings Bryan:
*Populist and Democratic Candidate for President in 1896.
*Gave the famous “Cross of Gold Speech” in his support for the idea of free coinage of silver.
*Lost the election to William McKinley.
Chinese Exclusion Act:
Stopped Chinese immigration for 10 years and prevented those already in the US from gaining
citizenship
Communism:
Idea of a classless society. Developed by Karl Marx
Stephen Crane:
Author of The Red Badge of Courage in realist style
Dime Novels:
Stories of adventure and success read by many people across the nation. Led to the great myths
surrounding much of the time period.
W. E. B. DuBois:
*African American leaser who was the 1st black graduate of Harvard.
*He stressed that blacks need to be given the same chance at higher education and civil rights as
whites.
*Helped to found the NAACP in 1909 & wrote in the journal The Crisis which was a publication of the
NAACP
Ethnic Neighborhood:
Areas where many immigrants with the same background would settle in large urban areas. Gave them
a place of security and comfort.
James Garfield:
President whose assassination led to reform of the patronage system.
Graft:
Getting money thru dishonest or questionable means
Grange:
Group of Farmers who came together to try to form co-ops and gain political power to help farmers.
Charles Guiteau:
Mentally deranged presidential assassin. Assassinated President Garfield
Ch13
Interstate Commerce Act:
Created the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission). 1st law to regulate the railroad industry but lacked
the power to set maximum railroad rates. Outlawed the practice of pooling
Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC):
attempt by the government to regulate large businesses. Law was passed after the Granger laws
regulating railroads were declared unconstitutional because they tried to regulate interstate commerce
Merger:
Method of forming a big business by combining several companies into one
Mugwumps:
Republican reformers who were upset with their nominee for president so they voted for Cleveland a
democrat.
Thomas Nast:
Political Cartoonist that helped to bring down New York City’s political machine boss
New Immigration:
This was the change in the pattern of immigration, as many people from eastern and southern Europe
began to immigrate to the U. S.
Pendleton Act:
Law that officially dismantled the spoils system and created a system of examinations to determine the
hiring of civil service workers. Passed in 1882.
Pendleton Act or Merit System:
System of examinations that gave jobs to the most qualified person for the job. Maintained a competent
civil service system. Replaced the old spoils system.
Plessy v. Fergusson:
Upheld the separate but equal doctrine.
Political Machine:
This is a group that controls the activities of a city by dominating the voting process. Often times greed
and corruption were common partners of this.
Populism:
Political movement founded in the 1890s representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and
government control of railroads and other large industries.
Populist Party:
Political party that developed in the late 1800’s to represent the views of the Mid-western farmers. Had
the most effect on elections in the years of 1892-1896.
Pragmatism:
Idea of Henry James to “do what works from experience/experimentation
Jacob Riis:
Wrote a book about the living conditions of the poor called “How the Other Half Lives”
Settlement Houses:
Places where immigrants and the poor could find help in the large urban areas. Early examples were the
Hull House founded by Jane Adams in Chicago and the Henry Street House in NY.
Ch 13
Sherman Anti-trust Act:
Law that attempted to regulate the efforts of big business by declaring trusts to be illegal.
Passed in 1890
1st legislation meant to break up monopolies but was against unions
Social Darwinism:
*Idea created by Herbert Spencer
*Idea that the best businesses & businessmen will rise to the top.
*A belief in the survival of the fittest in business.
*Was a theory widely supported by the successful.
*Idea that the wealthy are the “fittest” and thus are deserving of their wealth
Social Gospel:
Idea that you should help those that are less fortunate than you. This was practiced by such groups as
the Salvation Army and the settlement house movement.
Tenements:
Cramped, poorly built apartment buildings inhabited by many immigrants in the large urban cities.
Mark Twain:
Wrote in everyday language, and his book the Gilded Age described the period.
William “Boss” Tweed:
Boss of New York City’s political machine, Tammany Hall
Tweed Ring:
Famous political machine that controlled New York City in the late 1800’s
Was exposed by the political cartoons of Thomas Nast
Wabash v. Illinois:
States that only the federal government can regulate interstate commerce
Booker T. Washington:
Believed that African Americans should concentrate of achieving economic goals rather than legal or
political ones.
James B. Weaver:
Candidate of the People’s Party in 1892.
Chap. 14
Emilio Aguinaldo:
He led Filipinos in resistance to U.S. occupation
Big Stick Policy:
Theodore Roosevelt’s idea to deal with foreign affairs. “Walk softly and carry a big stick”. This idea
produced the Roosevelt Corollary which was an addition to the Monroe Doctrine. It stated that we would
intervene in Latin American Affairs when necessary to maintain economic and political stability in the
Western Hemisphere.
Boxer Rebellion:
The Chinese rebelled against the foreigners in their country.
Dollar Diplomacy:
Policy of Taft to give money to Latin American countries to help them rise out of poverty so other
countries would try to take them over. The US took on many of the debts of these countries to protect
them.
William Gorgas:
Doctor who helped with the building of the Panama Canal by eradicating (get rid of) mosquito borne
diseases such as yellow fever
John Hay:
Secretary of State who considered the Spanish-American War a “Splendid Little War”
Imperialism:
The economic and political domination of a strong nation over weaker nations.
Jingoism:
Aggressive nationalism
Alfred T. Mahan:
Wrote a book called the “Influence of Sea Power Upon History” where he had stressed the need for the
U.S. to build and upkeep a modern and powerful navy. Led to the Great White Fleet in the early 1900’s
William McKinley:
Republican candidate in 1896 who ran of a gold standard platform. President during the SpanishAmerican War
Open Door Policy:
U. S. foreign policy goals sent by John Hay to several other nations stating that the hope of the U.S. was
that all nations be given equal access to China
Matthew Perry:
He used the American navy to open Japan to trade
Platt Amendment:
-Cuba could not make a treaty with other nations
-Cuba had to allow the US to buy or lease naval stations in Cuba
-Cuba’s debts had to be kept low to prevent foreign countries there to gain repayment
-US would have the right to intervene to protect Cuban independence and keep order
Ch14
Remember the Maine:
Ship that was sunk off the coast of Cuba. This brought us into a war with Spain.
Rough Riders:
Group of volunteer cavalry soldiers led by Theodore Roosevelt in the Spanish American War. Made the
famous charge of San Juan Hill.
Roosevelt Corollary:
This is an addition to the Monroe Doctrine where the U.S. states that any interference in this hemisphere
will be done by the U. S. Led to U. S. involvement in Panama and Mexico among others.
Theodore Roosevelt:
*Led the “Rough Riders” cavalry in the Spanish-American War
*Became President when McKinley died.
*Known for his “big stick” political style.
*Established national forest lands, fought big business, and helped get the Panama Canal completed.
*Also known as the “trustbuster”
Spheres of Influence:
Areas where foreign nations controlled the economic development of another country
Josiah Strong:
He advocated (supported) imperialism as a means of spreading Christianity and western European
civilization in his book Our Country
Teller Amendment:
Legislation said the U.S. did not intend to take over Cuba as a result of the war.
Treaty of Paris:
Ended the war between the US and Spain
Cuba became and independent nation
US acquired Puerto Rico & Guam
US agreed to pay $20 million for the Philippines
Yellow Journalism:
Sensationalized reporting that sometimes exaggerated and made up stories to attract readers.
William Randolph Hearst (New York Journal) & Joseph Pulitzer (New York World) used this type of
reporting to support a war between the US & Spain
Chap. 15
16th Amendment:
Government has the power to collect income tax
17th Amendment:
Provides for direct election of senators
19th Amendment:
Gave women the right to vote
Bull Moose or Progressive Party:
Party started by Theodore Roosevelt during his 1912 attempt to run for president as a third party
candidate.
Clayton Anti-Trust Act:
1914 law that strengthens the government’s ability to break up illegal trusts that overcharged consumers
and hindered competition. States such laws were not for use against union activities
Federal Reserve:
Progressive reform under Wilson that created a system of national banks to control the country’s banking
system. That same system controls the money supply and interest rate in our nation today.
Federal Reserve Act:
Established control of the money supply and sets interests rates
Hepburn Act:
Strengthened regulation of the railroads. Able to set maximum railroad rates
Jungle:
Book by Upton Sinclair
Depicted the abuses of the meat packing industry
Was originally meant to be a story of the hard life lived by immigrants
Robert La Follette:
Governor of Wisconsin who implemented democratic reforms in government. He was a leader in the
effort to bring about voter reforms such as the secret ballot, recall, referendums, and initiatives.
Mann-Elkins Act:
Increased the regulatory powers of the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission)
Muckrakers:
Journalists who investigate social conditions and political corruption
Payne-Aldrich Tariff:
Unpopular tariff signed by Taft which barely cut tariffs and in some cases raised them on certain goods.
Progressives:
Group of middle class reformers who sought to improve society in the early part of the 1900’s
Upton Sinclair:
Wrote The Jungle about conditions in the meat packing industry
Ch15
John Spargo:
Wrote Bitter Cry of the Children about child labor
Square Deal:
Theodore Roosevelt’s plan to help the people and the economy during his presidency
Lincoln Steffans:
Wrote Shame of the Cities about the corrupt practices of political machines
William H. Taft:
He prosecuted more trusts that the “trustbuster” but was seen as not progressive enough by the
“trustbuster” whom he succeeded as president.
Ida Tarbell:
Wrote The History of the Standard Oil Co. about unfair business practices
Temperance:
Reform movement that wanted to ban the use of alcohol
Ida B. Wells:
A muckraker and former slave who wrote about the horrors of lynching
Woodrow Wilson:
*Progressive President who opposed all trusts.
*He established the Federal Reserve, the Federal Trade Commission, and got the Clayton Anti-Trust Act
passed.
*Led the U.S. through WWI
*Tried to establish the League of Nations.
Chap. 16
14 Points:
This is the name of Woodrow Wilson’s plan at the Versailles Peace Treaty Conference. The plan gave
suggestions as to how to avoid future wars. The last part described a world peace keeping group.
20th Amendment:
“Lame Duck” sets new dates for Congress to begin its term and for the president’s inauguration
Calvin Coolidge:
President who said that “the business of America is business”
George Creel:
Head of the Committee on Public Information during WWI
FDA (Food and Drug Administration):
Government agency created after the publishing of the “Jungle” to make sure the food and medicine we
take are safe.
First Amendment:
Freedom of Speech, Press, Religion, Assembly and Petition
Franz Ferdinand:
Heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary who was assassinated
Great Migration:
The name of the movement when African Americans began moving to the North to gain jobs and political
power
Warren G. Harding:
*President who advocated a “return to normalcy” following WWI
*Gave many buddies cabinet positions “The Ohio Gang”
*Teapot Dome Scandal happened during his presidency
Herbert Hoover:
*Head of the Food Administration during WWI
*became president
*President during the Great Depression.
*Took a hands off approach in dealing with the Great Depression.
League of Nations:
“general association of nations” This was the 14th point in Wilson’s 14 points to end WWI
Lusitania:
Sinking of a British passenger liner that led to 128 American deaths. This helped bring us into WWI
Czar Nicholas II:
Ruler of Russia during WWI
Mitchell Palmer:
Attorney General who led raids to round up political radicals following WWI
Peace without Victory:
Idea of President Wilson’s that WWI would not be the last war unless we eliminate the reasons for war.
In his speech he calls for nations to fix the causes of war and to make this a lasting peace.
Ch16
John Pershing:
Commander of the American Expeditionary Force in Europe during WWI
Gavrillo Princip:
Assassinated the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary (Archduke Franz Ferdinand)
Jeanette Rankin:
1st woman elected to Congress. Voted against US involvement in WWI & WWII
Red Scare:
Name given to the fear of communist radicals in the U.S. after the end of WWI. Many suspected
socialists or communists were deported out of this fear.
Return to Normalcy:
Policy of Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge to return to the policies of the U. S. before the times of
WWI, Laissez-faire business and isolationism
Rugged Individualism:
belief of Herbert Hoover’s that the government should not give direct aid to the poor because it would
destroy the person’s pride and their belief in hard work.
Schenck v. U.S.:
Supreme court case where the court set the doctrine of “clear and present danger” to judge the
constitutionality of one’s actions. Court stated that rights are curtailed during times of war.
Teapot Dome Scandal:
Occurred during Harding’s presidency
Involved the Sec. of Interior Albert Fall leasing public lands to oil companies for bribes.
Treaty of Versailles:
*Conference to end WWI
*The Big Four from the U.S., Great Britain, France, & Italy decided most of the issues
*Most of President Wilson’s 14 Points were ignored except for the League of Nations
Trench warfare:
Type of warfare in WWI where both sides reached a deadly stalemate with “no man’s land” between
them.
Victory Garden:
Individual garden where and American would try to grow their own food in order to save food supplies for
the war effort.
Kaiser Wilhelm II:
Ruler of Germany during WWI
Zimmerman Telegraph:
Intercepted telegraph from Germany to Mexico trying to keep the U.S. out of WWI by having Mexico
declare war on the U. S. The intercepted note helped convince the U.S. leaders to enter WWI.
Chap. 17
18th Amendment:
Amendment that prohibited the sale and or manufacture of alcohol in the nation
It was repealed by the 21st Amendment.
Louis Armstrong:
Famous Jazz trumpet player
Al Capone:
Chicago gangster who profited from illegal alcohol sales
Dawes Plan:
*An agreement between the US, France, Britain & Germany
*The US would loan money to Germany that would allow it to pay the reparations to France & Britain
*In exchange France & Britain would accept less in reparations and pay back more of their war debt to
the US.
Espionage & Sedition Acts:
Espionage Act made it illegal to give aid to the enemy, give false reports or interfere with the war effort.
The Sedition act made it illegal to speak against the war publically.
Duke Ellington:
Jazz Composer and band leader
Flappers:
Women of the 1920s who frequented night clubs, smoked, and otherwise rejected unconventional
behavior.
F. Scott Fitzgerald:
Author whose novel epitomized (to be a highly representative example of something) the “Roaring
Twenties” as in The Great Gatsby that criticized modern society’s superficiality
Five Power Treaty:
Agreement of limitation of warships
Fundamentalism:
Believe that the Bible was literally true and with our error. 2 famous preachers were Billy Sunday &
Amiee Semple McPherson
Marcus Garvey:
1920’s African American leader who proposed a Negro nationalism movement where African Americans
could return to Africa in order to ensure their civil liberties rather than stay in America.
Harlem Renaissance:
the flowering of African American Arts that brought us Jazz, Blues, Langston Hughes.
Ernest Hemingway:
Author whose works epitomized post WWI disillusionment as in A Farewell to Arms
Edward Hopper:
Painter who demonstrated the solitude of modern life in his works
Ch17
Zora Neale Hurston:
Wrote Jonah’s Gourd Vine & Their Eyes Were Watching God
These stories were her own personal and spiritual portrayals of the African American culture
These were also the 1st major stories that featured African American women as the main characters.
Langston Hughes:
Author and Poet of the Harlem Renaissance
Isolationism:
The long time policy of the United States in foreign affairs before the 1890’s. We tried to stay out of the
affairs of other countries.
Kellog-Briand Pact:
*Agreement among nations to ban war except in self-defense
*Signed in 1929 by a majority if the world’s nations, but lacked any real enforcement provisions.
Sinclair Lewis:
Wrote Main Street & Babbitt that talked about the absurdities of small-town life
Charles Lindberg:
First man to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean
Became the greatest of American Heroes at the time
Plane was called the Spirit of St. Louis
Andrew Mellon:
Sec. of Treasury who promoted tax cuts to stimulate the economy
Nine Power Treaty:
Formalized the Open Door Notes and recognized the sovereignty (freedom from outside interference and
the right to self-government) of China
National Origins Act:
1920’s immigrations law that set up a quota system to determine the number of immigrants allowed.
Discriminatory system against all non-western Europeans
Sacco and Vanzetti:
These were two Italian immigrants who were known socialists/anarchists. They were accused of a
murder and were convicted in a less than fair trial. Both were later executed for the crime.
Margaret Sanger:
*Founded the American Birth Control League in 1921
*This became Planned Parenthood.
*She advocated the right to birth control
John T. Scopes:
He challenged Tennessee law against teaching evolution in school
Speakeasy:
This is a secret drinking club that was found in thousands of cities across the U.S. during the prohibition.
Volstead Act:
Enforced Prohibition
Chap. 18
Bonus Army:
Protestors who came to Washington D. C. to ask Congress to pay a WWI payment to veterans earlier
than promised because of the Depression. Congress refused and the protestors were dispersed by the
U. S. military
Dust Bowl:
This was the name given to the lower Midwest during a period of great draught in the 1930’s. Many
farmers had to abandon the area and become migrant workers in other parts of the nation.
Hawley-Smoot Tariff:
Raised the average tariff rate to the highest level in American history. It failed to help American
businesses and lowered exports and helped lead us into the Great Depression.
Dorthea Lange:
She photographed and documented the plight of the migrant workers
John Steinbeck:
Wrote about the problems of the migrant workers in The Grapes of Wrath
Stock Market Crash:
October 29,1929. Signaled the financial collapse of the nation. Seen as a beginning point of the Great
Depression
Chap. 19
100 Days:
The name given to the first part of FDR’s administration where they worked with Congress to pass and
create many new programs to try and deal with the Depression
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA):
Provided subsides to farmers to produce less crops
Mary McLeod Bethune:
She was part of Roosevelt’s “black cabinet” of government officials
Charles Coughlin:
Catholic priest and critic of Roosevelt
Civilian Conservation Corp (CCC):
New Deal program where young men were sent to do work outside planting trees, fighting forest fires
and working in national parks
Court packing:
Controversy involving FDR’s suggestion that the Supreme Court needed additional members because of
its ruling against several New Deal Programs
FDIC:
New Deal Program that was designed to foster confidence in the banking system because the
government will guarantee your savings are safe.
Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA):
Abolished childhood labor, established a 40 hour work week & minimum wage
Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA):
Gave grants of cash to the poor. Began a national welfare program
Fireside Chats:
This was the way in which Franklin Roosevelt communicated with the American Public throughout the
Depression and WWII. They often times served to ease the fears of the public during these trying times.
Gold Standard:
This is the monetary policy of being able to base our system of paper money on the amount of gold the
nation has stored.
John Maynard Keynes:
Economist who advocated that government spend more that it takes in
Huey Long:
Senator who proposed the “Share Our Wealth” plan
New Deal:
Policy of FDR where he pledged to help the poor of the American public in the Depression and he would
provide direct aid to those who needed it.
National Labor Relations Act (NLRA):
Recognized and protected the rights of unions to organize
Ch19
NRA (National Recovery Act):
New Deal program to get businesses and consumers to support the polices of the government. Prices
and wages were arranged. Working hours regulated and strikes postponed. Program’s symbol was the
blue eagle.
Frances Perkins:
She was the 1st woman appointed to a cabinet position
PWA (Public Works Administration) or CWA (Civil Works Administration):
New Deal program designed to give construction jobs to the unemployed. The program was used to
build many public buildings, roads, and schools.
Franklin Roosevelt (FDR):
He proposed a New Deal for America
President for most of WWII
Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC):
Established to regulate the stock market
Social Security Act:
Provided pensions to the Elderly
TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority):
Built Dams to provide hydroelectric power to a poor region of the nation
Francis Townsend:
New Deal critic who proposed a pension system for the elderly. This helped to bring about the Social
Security Act of 1935.
WPA (Works Progress Administration):
New Deal Program where the government gave jobs for public works but also to artists, musicians,
photographers, and writers to complete projects for the public’s benefit.
Chap. 20
Atlantic Charter:
Agreement between the U.S. and Brittan signed after the beginning of WWII. Churchill and Roosevelt
met to sign this agreement which states our common goals for winning the war.
Winston Churchill:
Prime Minister of Great Britain during WWII
Fascist Government:
Type of government that developed in the 1930’s in Italy and Germany. A type of totalitarian government
led by a dictator type figure.
Adolf Hitler:
*Dictator of Germany during WWII
*Wrote Mein Kampf
*Believed in the “perfect race”
*Tried to exterminate the Jews, Gypsies & the “imperfect people”
Lend-Lease Act:
Allowed the US to lend or lease arms to any country considered “vital to the defense of the US.” This
allowed Roosevelt to send weapons if the British government promised to return or pay rent for them
after the war.
Douglas Mac Arthur:
*Lead commander of the U. S., in the Pacific in WWII.
*Served as occupational governor of Japan after the War.
*Led U.S. troops in the Korean War until his dismissal by Truman for criticizing the President.
*Commanding General of the United Nations troops in the Korean War
Munich Peace Conference:
Meeting where British and French leaders practice the policy of appeasement with Hitler and divided
Czechoslovakia in order to avoid war and keep “peace in our time” failed as war was inevitable
Benito Mussolini:
Dictator of Italy during WWII
Neutrality Acts:
Made it illegal for Americans to sell arms to any country at war
Pearl Harbor:
December 7th, 1941. Surprise attack by the Japanese on the U.S. Brought the U. S. into WWII.
Joseph Stalin:
Dictator of the U.S.S.R during WWII
Chap. 21
Battle of the Bulge:
*Last major offensive battle by Hitler in WWII.
*U.S. troops played a major part on this defensive effort.
*After this point Germany was forced into retreat.
D-Day:
Name for the famed invasion of Normandy France on June 6, 1944 as Allied troops stormed the beaches
to begin the attack on Hitler from the Western front.
El-Alamein:
Turning point in the North African campaign in WWII
Dwight D. Eisenhower:
*He was the leader of the American Forces in Europe during WWII. *Elected president in 1952 and was
president for most of the 1950’s.
*Sent troops to desegregate Little Rock.
*Warned the nation of the dangers of the military-industrial complex.
Hiroshima:
Place where the first atomic bomb was dropped in August, 1945.
Island Hopping:
Strategy of the U.S. to defeat Japan in the many islands of the Pacific. Led to major conflicts in places
like the Solomons, Philippians, Iwo Jima and Okinawa
Japanese Internment:
Japanese Americans in the Western U.S. were forced into detention camps because of Pearl Harbor.
Decision was challenged in Court, but the Court supported the efforts of the government.
Korematsu v. US:
Supreme Court ruled that the relocation of the Japanese was constitutional because it was not based on
race but “military urgency”
Manhattan Project:
secret government project that led to the construction of the atomic bomb led by Robert Oppenheimer.
Midway:
Turning point of the war against Japan in the Pacific. Naval Battle fought only with naval aircraft.
Miracle at Dunkirk:
Battle that was the evacuation of the British troops across the English Channel
A. Philip Randolph:
African American leader who worked to end discrimination in war industries
Rosie the Riveter:
Fictional character that represented the importance that women have played in our effort to fight WWII as
they replaced men in all forms of factory work.
Stalingrad:
Battle that was the turning point on the eastern front with the defeat of the German Army
Ch21
Harry Truman:
*Became President upon the death of FDR.
*Ended WWI with the dropping of the atomic bomb.
*President at the start of the Cold War
*Lead the nation in the Korean War.
*Helped establish the policy of communist containment.
U-2:
Name of the U. S. spy plane that was shot down over USSR during the Eisenhower Administration
Chap. 22
38th Parallel:
This line represented the division of North and South Korea. This is the area where the Korean War
began and ended as neither side gained any measurable land.
Berlin Airlift:
Cold War confrontation where the U.S. had to fly supplies into a German city in order to prevent its
takeover by communist forces under the USSR.
Cold War:
Between US & Soviet Union
Trying to contain communism
Korean War & Vietnam War took place during the Cold War
Collective Security:
What military alliances provide
Containment:
*The idea of stopping the spread of communism.
*Theory was set forth by George Kennan who was the U.S. Ambassador to Russia.
*The Truman Doctrine was the official U.S. policy that reflected this idea.
*U.S. Foreign policy after WWII
John Dulles:
Proposed liberation as a foreign policy
Eisenhower Doctrine:
Plan to offer aid to any Middle Eastern nations resisting communism
Iron Curtain:
*Name given by Winston Churchill to the areas of Europe that were now under the control of the USSR.
*Described the division in Europe between democratic & communist nations
Chiang Kai-Shek:
Leader of the nationalist government in China
George Kennan:
Proposed containment as a foreign policy
Korean War:
*War fought to stop the invasion of communists across the 28th parallel
*Fought from 1950-1953
*War began under Truman and ended under Eisenhower
Marshall Plan:
*Name of the proposal to rebuild the areas of Europe destroyed by WWII.
*U.S. loaned over 14 billion in supplies and materials to help these nations.
*Was a method to fight the possible threat of communism.
Joseph McCarthy:
U.S. Senator who began to accuse various people in the government of being communist. (Witch Hunts)
The accusations were usually without proof and served to assassinate the character of the individual.
NATO:
Name of the security organization formed by the U.S. and western European Nations in the Cold War.
Ch22
Richard Nixon:
*Republican candidate who lost to Kennedy in the 1960 election
*Elected President in 1968.
*Policy of détente helped to ease the Cold War tensions.
*Policy of Vietnaminzation led to U.S. withdrawal from Vietnam.
*Resigned as President after the Watergate Scandal.
*Pardoned by President Ford
Taft-Hartley Act:
Required union leaders to take oaths that they were not communists
Truman Doctrine:
Presidential policy of trying to aid any nation that needs aid to prevent the spread of Communist
governments. Plan to give aid to Greece & Turkey to resist communism
United Nations:
Name of the world organization formed at the end of WWII that is located in New York.
Mao Zedong:
Leader of the communist revolution in China
Chap. 23
Betty Friedan:
Wrote The Feminine Mystique about the lack of opportunities for women
William Levitt:
Pioneered the mass building of homes in the suburbs
Jonas Salk:
Doctor who discovered a vaccine for polio
Suburbia:
The word describes the growth of the areas surrounding urban areas as many Americans sought a
quieter lifestyle.
Chap. 24
24th Amendment:
Abolition of the poll tax
Abington School District v. Schempp:
Stopped required prayer & bible readings in schools
Bay of Pigs:
Failed invasion of Cuba by Cuban nationalist exiles trying to oust Fidel Castro. The exiles had U.S. help
and were completely defeated. Great embarrassment to the Kennedy Administration.
Berlin Wall:
This symbol of communism was constructed in 1961 to prevent travel and communication between the
east and the west parts of Berlin
Brown v. Board of Education 1954:
*Supreme Court case where the Court ruled that segregation is no longer acceptable.
*Decision was made in a school desegregation case in 1954.
*Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson & led to integration of public schools
Fidel Castro:
Leader of the communist revolution in Cuba
Cesar Chavez:
Leader of the migrant farm workers union (United Farm Workers Union) that formed in the 60’s & 70’s to
improve the wages and conditions of migrant workers
Cuban Missile Crisis:
National Crisis of 1962 when the U.S. discovered nuclear missiles being placed in Cuba by the USSR.
Led to a near war with the USSR
Great Society:
Name of Lyndon B. Johnson’s program to help the U.S. Fight the evils of our society, namely poverty,
discrimination, unemployment, and poor education
Lyndon Baines Johnson (LBJ):
*Became President upon the death of JFK.
*Created a domestic program called the Great Society to fight poverty.
*Began U.S. involvement in Vietnam.
John F. Kennedy (JFK):
*Winner of the 1960 Presidential election.
*1st Catholic President
*Challenged American to “ask what they can do for their country.”
*Established the Peace Corp.
*His domestic program was called the New Frontier
*Avoided war during the Cuban Missile Crisis.
*Assassinated in 1963
Martin Luther King Jr.:
Leader of the non-violent disobedience civil rights movement that began in Montgomery Alabama and
spread across the nation.
James Meredith:
1st African American to attend the all white University of Mississippi
Ch24
New Frontier:
Name given to the JFK administration policies that challenged the nation to move into the future.
Containment, Civil Rights and Space Exploration were some of the goals of the program.
Lee Harvey Oswald:
Accused lone assassin of JFK. Was killed two days after JFK by Jack Ruby. Is often the topic of several
conspiracy theories surrounding the assassination.
Peace Corp:
Group began by JFK that was composed of volunteers who went to under developed nations and tried to
help the people improve their lives.
Voting Rights Act of 1965:
*National Law passed to guarantee voting privileges to African Americans across the nation.
*Forbid obstacles to suffrage (voting) like the literacy test and poll tax
Warren Commission:
Name of the official government investigation into the death of JFK.
Malcolm X:
*Spokes person for the controversial Nation of Islam. (Until he left the group)
*Advocated Black Nationalism and separation from white society this led to the creation of the Black
Panthers
*Accepted the use of violence in order to defend oneself against civil rights abuses.
Chap. 25
Black Power:
Idea promoted by Stokely Carmichael to describe the idea that African Americans should control their
social, economic and political lives and separate from white society if needed
Birmingham:
City that met civil rights protestors with police dogs and firehouses. Bought national attention to the
movement and forced the national government and forced the Federal Government to respond.
Civil Rights Act of 1964:
Civil Rights law passed under JFK’s death that banned segregation on all public places
Freedom Riders:
Group of civil disobedience protestors who rode into segregated bus stations to prove the point of civil
rights abuses. Some were injured or killed by a bomb that was placed on one of the buses.
Robert Kennedy:
He was the Attorney General under John F. Kennedy and later the leading candidate for President in
1968 before he was assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan.
Little Rock:
City where President Eisenhower had to send troops in order to desegregate a local all white high school
in 1957
March on Washington:
Large protest in August 1963 outside the Lincoln Memorial to protest the conditions of civil rights. Martin
Luther King Jr. gave his “I have a dream” speech in this protest
Thurgood Marshall:
African-American Civil right lawyer who became a Supreme Court Justice
Nation of Islam:
African American group that advocated Black Nationalism and separation for white society. They were
also a religious group who required members to convert to the Muslim religion
Rosa Parks:
Montgomery lady who signals the beginning of the civil rights movement when she refuses to give up a
seat on a segregated bus.
James Earl Ray:
The convicted assassin of Martin Luther King Jr.
Sit-in Movement:
Began in Greensboro, NC to protest the segregation policies of many public restraints. Started by 4 NC
A&T college students
George Wallace:
Governor of Alabama who stood in the doorway of the University of Alabama to protest its order to
integrate. He later ran for President on a platform of continued segregation.
Chap. 26
25th Amendment:
Established the process for replacing the President & Vice President
26th Amendment:
Voting age was changed to 18
Deferments:
Practice of giving college bound students an exemption from the draft that was sending men to fight in
Vietnam. This became one of the major issues protests in the war.
Ngo Dinh Diem:
Leader of South Vietnam
Dien Bien Phu:
Place of French defeat that led U.S. to greater involvement in Vietnam
Domino Theory:
Eisenhower’s idea that if Vietnam fell to communism, the rest of Southeast Asia would follow
Gulf of Tonkin:
*Resolution that asked Congress for permission against North Vietnam for attacks against U.S. near
Vietnam.
*LBJ issued the Resolution and soon thereafter escalated the war in Vietnam
*Led LBJ to increase military involvement in Vietnam
Kent State:
College campus where Vietnam War protests were met with the gunfire of National Guard troops and
several students were killed.
Ho Chi Min:
Vietnamese communist leader
Operation Rolling Thunder:
Means by which the U.S. brought North Vietnam to the negotiating table
Pentagon Papers:
Secret documents leaked to the NY Times that told of the activities of several Presidents to escalate the
war in Vietnam without Congress’ permission or the public’s knowledge
Tet Offensive:
*This was the turning point of the Vietnam conflict as the Communist forces mounted a massive
offensive and although they were defeated it served to discourage the American military & public Jan.
1968
*Communist guerilla attacks throughout Vietnam
US v. Nixon:
Supreme Court ruled that executive privilege did not apply to criminal cases.
Vietcong:
Name of the South Vietnamese communist fighters who were our opponents in the Vietnam War.
Vietnaminzation:
U.S. plan for withdrawal of troops from Vietnam
Ch26
War Powers Act:
Law passed after the Vietnam War which limits the president’s ability to send troops into battle without
the approval of Congress
Watergate:
*Name of the crisis that forced President Nixon to resign as President of the U.S.
*The Nixon administration’s attempts to cover up its involvement in the break in at the Democratic
Committee Headquarters as well as other illegal actions committed during his re-election campaign
Chap. 27
Rachel Carson:
Environmental Leader who wrote Silent Spring about the dangers of pesticides
Vine Deloria Jr.:
Native American lawyer who fought to regain tribal lands
ERA (Equal Rights Amendment):
Proposed Constitutional Amendment that would have guaranteed equal rights regardless of sex.
Proposed amendment has never been passed.
Gerald Ford:
*President who pardoned President Nixon of any crimes he may have committed
*WIN (Whip inflation Now) Nickname for Ford’s economic policy
Hippies:
Name given to the members of the counter culture movement of the 1960’s & 1970’s. They often
objected to societal norms and experimented with communal living and hallucinogenic drugs.
NOW:
Organization that was formed to advocate the right as women as a group. Helped to lead to the women’s
movement of the 60’s & 70’s
Phyllis Schafly:
She led opposition to the Equal Rights Amendment
Swann v. Charlotte Mecklenburg:
Allowed busing to integrate public schools
Gloria Steinem:
Editor of Ms magazine
Title IX:
Dictates equality in school programs between sexes. Helped girls sports
Chap. 28
1970’s:
Decade known for focus on self-improvement
American Indian Movement:
AIM took over the town of Wounded Knee and demanded that the government honor its past treaty
obligations and insisted on changes made in the administration of the reservations. A clash happened
and the FBI killed 2 Native Americans and wounded several others.
Meacham Begin:
Prime Minister of Israel who signed the Camp David Accords
Camp David Accords:
Peace Treaty signed between Egypt and Israel at the Presidential retreat in Maryland under the
leadership of Jimmy Carter
Jimmy Carter:
*President who helped negotiated the Camp David Accords.
*The Iranian Hostage Crisis occurred during his presidency
Détente:
Nixon’s policy of relaxing tensions between the superpowers. Led to several arms reduction treaties with
the USSR and a state visit to Communist China in 1972
Iranian Hostage Crisis:
Crisis under Jimmy Carter that involved the taking of hostages from a U.S. embassy in a foreign nation
Ayatollah Khomeini:
Religious leader of the Islamic revolution in Iran that overthrew the Shah
New Federalism:
Policy of Nixon to return control of many government programs to state and local government rather than
national government.
Anwar Sadat:
President of Egypt who signed the Camp David Accords
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke:
Upheld using Affirmative Action could be used on the basis of diversity. Race could be considered as
part of the admission process as long as they did not use the “fixed quotas system”
Chap. 29
1980’s:
Decade known for an emphasis on making money
George H.W. Bush:
*Engaged the U.S. in the 1st Persian Gulf War to liberate Kuwait from Iraqi control.
*Said “Read my lips. No new taxes.”
*The American with Disabilities Act was passed during his presidency. The banned discrimination
against person’s with disabilities in employment, transportation, public education, & telecommunications.
Challenger:
name of the shuttle of 1st space shuttle disaster
Geraldine Ferarro:
1st female vice presidential candidate of a major political party
Highway Funding:
The Federal Government uses funding for this to get states to do what it wants such as to raise the
drinking age
Mikhail Gorbachev:
Last Soviet leader. His reforms led to the collapse of communism in E. Europe
Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier:
Student newspapers can be censored by administration
Saddam Hussein:
*Dictator of Iraq.
*Overthrown in 2nd Persian Gulf War
*Was put on trial and was found guilty
*Sentenced to death in 2006
*Was put to death by hanging in 2006
Sandra Day O’ Connor:
1st female Supreme Court Justice
Manuel Noriega:
Panamanian dictator ousted by U.S. military under President George H.W. Bush
Oliver North:
Involved in the Iran-Contra Scandal
H. Ross Perot:
Billionaire who ran for president in the Reform Party to cut budget deficits
Colin Powell:
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and later Sec. of State
Nancy Reagan:
1st Lady who conducted the “Just say No” to drugs campaign
Ch29
Ronald Reagan:
*President who led a conservative revolution in the 1980’s.
*Reduced taxes and increased military spending.
*Ran high deficits.
*The Iran-Contra scandal happened during his second term as President.
*Began funding for the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), aka “Star Wars”
*Signed the INF (Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces) Treaty w/ the Soviet Union. This marked the
beginning of the end of the Cold War.
* Created Reaganomics (supply-side economics)
Reaganomics:
free-market economics: the free-market economic approach adopted by U.S. President Ronald Reagan,
involving cuts in taxes and social spending together with deregulation of domestic markets
Pat Robertson:
Televangelist founder of the Moral Majority group for conservative politics
Norman Schwarzkopf:
General in charge of Operation Desert Storm in the 1st Persian Gulf War
Texas v. Johnson:
Flag burning is protected by free speech & the 1st amendment
Lech Walesa:
Led the Solidarity Labor Union in Poland that helped overthrow communism
Yuppies:
Name for those who focused on high paying jobs and buying luxury items
Chap. 30
1990’s:
Decade in which the internet came into common public use
27th Amendment:
Makes congressional pay raises take effect after the term following its passage. Means Congress can’t
give themselves a raise. They must wait till the following term to get the raise.
Yasir Arafat:
Leader of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) against Israel
Bill Clinton:
*Elected president in 1992.
*Signed the NAFTA agreement to create a free trade network.
*Welfare Reform and Family Leave Acts were passed during his presidency
*Worked with Congress to balance the budget and create a budget surplus.
*Second President to be impeached.
*Sent troops into Bosnia & Kosovo
Bill Gates:
Founder of Microsoft
Newt Gingrich:
Leader of the House of Representatives. Made the Contract with America Proposal
Steven Jobs:
Founder of Apple computers and Pixar entertainment companies
Timothy McVeigh:
The Oklahoma City bomber
Chap. 31
Osama bin Laden:
Led al-Qaeda in 9/11 terrorist attack on the U.S.
Head of the Taliban & Al-Quaeda
George W. Bush:
*Beat Al Gore to win the 2000 election. The outcome of this election was decided by the “hanging chad”
& the Supreme Court.
*Warned against the “axis of evil” (North Korea, Iraq & Iran)
*Engaged in the War on Terror against Afghanistan & Iraq (2 nd Persian Gulf War)
*Caught, tried & executed Saddam Hussein
*Created the Department of Homeland Security after the bombing of the World Trade Center and the
terrorist attacks of 9/11.
*Created passed the No Child Left Behind legislation
Bush v. Gore:
Supreme Court ruled that the recounts in Florida violated the equal protection clause of the Constitution.
Al Gore:
Vice-President under Clinton
Lost the 2000 election to Bush
Advocate against Global Warming
Patriot Act:
Law that resulted from the 9/11 attack. Allows increase surveillance of U.S. citizens to fight the war on
terror
John McCain:
Lost to Bush for the Republican nomination for president in 2000.
Currently is the Republican candidate for the 2008 election