Download Final Study Guide 05/17

Final Study Guide
Physiology 2
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Name:
05/17
Per:.
This test will cover all of the topics described below. It is worth 10% of your grade.
You may prepare hand-written (by you) notes for the exam. No typing or photocopies! Notes are limited to one
(1) notecard (3”x 5”).
Digestion and Nutrition
1. Identify the components of the digestive system and describe its general function: oral cavity, salivary glands,
pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gall bladder and pancreas.
2. Explain the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion. What organs aid in each type of digestion?
3. Name, describe, and state the function of the 4 layers of the gastrointestinal tract, and the lumen.
4. For all organs in the digestive system:
 Describe the anatomical structure
 Explain the role of mechanical digestion
 Explain the role chemical digestion (including names of enzymes)
 Explain the role of absorption
5. For each macronutrient (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins) and water, vitamins and minerals:
 Describe the process of mechanical digestion
 Describe the process of chemical digestion
 Describe the process of absorption
 Identify dietary sources
 Identify uses in the body
6. Identify the hormones responsible for blood glucose homeostasis, and describe negative feedback as a homeostatic
mechanism.
7. Compare and contrast Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.
8. Referring to the article “Which one will make you fat?”, compare and contrast the Energy Imbalance Theory and
the Hormone Imbalance Theory.
Heart Disease/Cardiovascular System
Heart Anatomy
1. Describe the size and shape of the heart, and indicate its location and orientation in the thorax.
2. Describe the structure and function of the pericardium.
3. Describe the structure and functions of the four heart chambers. Provide the name and general route of each
chamber’s associated great vessel.
4. Trace the pathway of blood through the heart, lungs, and body.
5. Name the heart valves and describe their location, function, and mechanism of operation.
6. Compare and contrast the structure and function of the following: atria/ventricles, right ventricle/left
ventricle, aorta/vena cava, tricuspid valve/pulmonary semilunar valve.
Heart Physiology
1. Name the components of the internal conduction system of the heart and trace the conduction pathway.
2. Draw a diagram of a normal electrocardiogram (ECG) tracing: name the individual waves and intervals, and
indicate what each represents.
3. Describe the events of the cardiac cycle. How do changes in volume relate to changes in pressure? How does
the ECG relate to changes in volume and pressure?
4. Explain what causes normal heart sounds.
Blood Vessels: Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries
1. Describe three layers that form the wall of a blood vessel, and state the function of each.
2. Describe the structure and function of arteries and veins.
3. Explain how and why artery structure differs from vein structure.
4. Describe the structure and function of capillaries.
Cardiovascular Diseases
1. Describe causes, anatomy and physiology of atherosclerosis.
2. Describe heart attack and blood clots.
Blood and Blood Types
Blood Structure and Function
1. Describe the components of human blood including formed elements and plasma components.
2. Describe structure, function and formation of red blood cells and platelets.
3. Distinguish structure and functions of the five types of white blood cells (incl. granulocytes and agranulocytes),
and describe their role in the immune response.
4. Identify plasma, red blood cells, platelets and each type of white blood cells in microscopic view.
5. Describe hemoglobin’s synthesis requirements, structure and function.
Blood Cell Count and Abnormalities
1. Relate abnormal blood cell count to the following conditions: anemia, leukemia, parasitic infection, allergic
reaction, bleeding.
2. Define “complete blood cell count”.
Blood Groups and Transfusions
1. Distinguish between antigens and antibodies, predict their interactions when blood of different types is mixed.
2. What is the main concern when blood is transfused from one individual to another?
3. Define agglutination.
4. Define the universal donor and universal recipient and explain why these blood types are classified this way.
5. Describe Rh+ and Rh-.
Brain/Nervous System
 For each anatomical structure and region of the brain listed below:
 be prepared to label the structure on a diagram.
 be prepared to describe the function.
Cerebral cortex
Cerebellum
Medulla oblongata
Pons
Diencephalon
Cranial and Spinal
Meninges
Ventricle
Cerebrospinal fluid
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Pineal gland
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Corpus callosum
Brain Stem
Gray matter
Optic chiasma
Optic nerves
Motor cortex
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
White matter
Gyri/Sulci/Fissures
Olfactory bulb
Sensory cortex
Compare and contrast central and peripheral nervous systems, and describe structure and functions of their
main components.
Compare and contrast the human and sheep brain
Compare and contrast nervous system structures involved in somatic and autonomic functions
Neurons and Neurotransmitters
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Describe the organization of the nervous system and the neural pathway. Include the following terms: central
nervous system, peripheral nervous system, sensory nerves, motor nerves, somatic nerves, autonomic nerves
Summarize neuron structure/function using the terms dendrite, axon, synapse, cell body, myelin sheath, Node of
Ranvier. Label a diagram of a neuron.
Explain the function of the myelin sheath. What is the difference between gray matter and white matter in the
central nervous system?
Describe how nerves send impulses using the following terms: resting potential, depolarization, action potential,
repolarization, Na+, K+.
Describe the role of neurotransmitters in synapse transmission of nerve impulses. Distinguish between
excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters.
Explain the short and long term effects of binge drinking and alcohol withdrawal.
The Eye and Sight
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For each anatomical structure and region of the eye listed below:
 be prepared to label the structure on a diagram.
 be prepared to describe the function.
Sclera
Extrinsic Muscles
Ciliary Body
Suspensory Ligaments
Vitreous Humor
Cones
Tapetum Lucidum
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Cornea
Iris
Aqueous Humor
Lens
Retina
Optic Disk
Optic Nerve
Pupil
Anterior Cavity
Posterior Cavity
Rods
Choroid Coat
Compare and contrast the human and cow eyes
Diagram the pathway of light from when it enters the eye to when is converted to a nerve impulse.
Explain how a normal eye adjusts to seeing objects at different distances.
Compare and contrast a normal eye and one with myopia or hyperopia.
Explain how convex or concave lenses are used to correct myopia or hyperopia.
Interpret a ray diagram.
Reproductive System
Human Development
1. Describe the major events of human embryonic and fetal stages of development, including a timeline and
structures produced at each stage.
2. Describe the structures and functions of the placenta
3. Compare and contrast female and male organogenesis