Download MC Exam 1945-2000 Foreign and Domestic

APUSH
Darnell
Foreign and Domestic Policy Issues, 1945-2001
US Foreign Policies and Actions
1.
The Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan and Berlin Airlift were all part of America’s response to
a. Communist aggression after WWII
b. Soviet subversion in Latin America after WWII
c. Soviet acquisition of the atomic bomb
d. The Soviet blockade of Berlin in 1948
e. Nikita Khrushchev’s peaceful coexistence campaign.
2.
The trial and conviction of Alger Hiss made many Americans believe
a. Organized labor was too powerful and must be regulated by Congress
b. Hate crimes against African Americans must be punished to the full extent
c. The Eisenhower administration was taking the threat of communism more seriously than
Truman had
d. Communist subversion existed at the highest levels of the federal government
e. Corporate America was out for profits even at the expense of national security
3.
Which of the following is true about the Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961?
a. It was a classic application of massive retaliation
b. It was a well-conceived plan to oust field Castro from power
c. It assumed that the Cuban people would rise against Castro
d. It was the first Central Intelligence Agency attempt to topple an anti-American regime
e. It was consistent with the philosophy behind Kennedy’s Alliance for Progress
4.
In passing the War Powers Act in 1973, Congress was reclaiming authority it had surrendered to
the executive branch through the
a. Marshall Plan
b. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
c. Eisenhower Doctrine
d. National Security Act
e. Atlantic Charter
5.
The Pentagon Papers, released in 1971, showed that
a. The Pentagon rather than the White House made the critical decisions during the Vietnam
War
b. President Nixon was more responsible for the Vietnam quagmire than the public believed
c. George Ball had great influence on President Johnson’s decision to escalate the war
d. America was fighting in Vietnam only to protect American business interests
e. The government had misled the nation about America’s involvement in Vietnam
6.
How did President Eisenhower’s approach to foreign policy differ from that of President Truman?
a. Eisenhower did not use the CIA as a foreign policy tool
b. Eisenhower did not see communism as an immediate threat to American interests
c. Eisenhower worked as a partner with Congress in formulating Cold War policy
d. Eisenhower tried to reduce defense costs by relying more heavily on nuclear weapons
than conventional forces
e. Eisenhower used the struggle for civil rights as a means to win the Cold War
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7.
The National Security Act of 1947 was an important development during the Cold war because it
a. Consolidated the intelligence-gathering operations of the U.S. government
b. Began investigating government workers, thus setting the stage for McCarthyism
c. Established the executive authority that eventually led to the imperial presidency
d. Made the concept of containment operations
e. Created the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
8.
The most glaring example of the failure of the Eisenhower administration to “roll back”
communism occurred during the
a. Hungarian Revolution
b. Bay of Pigs Invasion
c. Suez Canal Crisis
d. Panamanian Revolution
e. U-2 Incident
9.
Through his “flexible response” philosophy, President Kennedy hoped to
a. Have a variety of military options to fight Communist aggression
b. Develop a wide variety of nuclear responses in Third World wars
c. Use a variety of economic weapons to fight Communists
d. Reverse containment and roll back communism in both Asia and Europe
e. Rely more on the navy than the army in the Cold War
10. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution showed that Congress believed the
a. President’s war-making powers in Vietnam must be curtailed
b. U.S. should pull its forces out of Vietnam
c. American navy was underfunded and required more resources in Vietnam
d. President should have more authority to deal with the Vietnamese conflict
e. President must have the authority to bomb North Vietnam to stop infiltration into South
Vietnam
11. Senator McCarthy first rose to national prominence by
a. revealing that Communist spies were passing atomic secrets to the Soviet Union.
b. charging that there was extensive Communist influence in Hollywood and elsewhere in
the media.
c. asserting that General George Marshall was part of a Communist conspiracy within the
U.S. Army.
d. mobilizing Republicans to demand a stronger anticommunist foreign policy in East Asia.
e. charging that dozens of known Communists were working within the U.S. State
Department.
12. “Operation Rolling Thunder” was the code name for
a. the landing of the first combat troops in Vietnam.
b. the plan to invade North Vietnam.
c. President Johnson’s plan to send American troops to prevent an alleged communist
takeover in the Dominican Republic.
d. the plan to assassinate South Vietnam’s president, Ngo Dinh Diem.
e. American bombing raids on North Vietnam.
13. The most serious blow to Lyndon Johnson’s Vietnam policy
a. came with the bombing of Cambodia.
b. occurred when Defense Secretary Robert McNamara resigned.
c. was the Tet Offensive of 1968.
d. occurred when Senator J. William Fulbright’s Foreign Relations Committee held public
hearings on the war.
e. came with the revelation that the Tonkin Gulf attacks had been provoked by the U.S.
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14. Richard Nixon’s policy of Détente
a. was designed to improve relations between the Soviet Union and China.
b. was aimed at ending the division of Germany and Korea.
c. was a failure.
d. found support in the Democratic party but not the Republican party.
e. ushered in an era of relaxed tensions between the United States and the two leading
communist powers, China and the Soviet Union.
15. An important part of the Nixon Doctrine was the idea that the U.S. would
a. Support private bankers working in Latin America
b. Leave the defense of allies to those nations themselves
c. Keep missiles in Turkey
d. Withhold funds from the United Nations
e. Create a “Star Wars” missile defense system
16. The Iran-Contra scandal of the late 1980s brought to light President Reagan’s determination to
a. Maintain contact with organized crime figures
b. Champion environmental protection initiatives
c. Support apartheid in South Africa
d. Oppose Premier Gorbachev’s reforms in Russia
e. Conduct foreign policy through secret and illegal means
17. One important reason President Nixon ordered Operation Rolling Thunder in late December 1972
was to
a. Bring China into the Vietnam War
b. Assassinate President Diem
c. Keep Russia out of the Vietnam War
d. Protest Soviet aid to Syria
e. Force North Vietnam to negotiate a truce
18. In 1961, the Soviet Union responded to events in East Berlin by
a. Beginning the Berlin Airlift
b. Building in the Berlin Wall
c. Offering its own Marshall Plan to East Berlin
d. Encouraging unemployed East Berliners to migrate west
e. Initiating U-2 flights over Berlin
19. Actions taken by the U.S. in response to Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait in August 1990 included all of
the following EXCEPT:
a. A U.N. coordinated military response
b. Protection of Saudi Arabia
c. Imposing economic sanctions
d. Operation Desert Shield
e. Immediate American military response
20. Which of the following events during the Carter Administration had the most significant lasting
effect?
a. Allowing the deposed Shah of Iran to come to the U.S. for cancer treatment
b. The Camp David Accords between Egypt and Israel
c. The air strikes against Libya
d. American support for Israel’s 1980 invasion of southern Lebanon
e. The rescue mission of American Hostages in Iran
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21. The Bay of Pigs affair had what effect on President Kennedy’s presidency?
a. It made Kennedy a national hero for his tough stance against Communism
b. It forced Soviet Premier Khrushchev to schedule a summit meeting with Kennedy to
avoid future Soviet-American confrontation
c. It had virtually no effect on Kennedy’s administration, as it was kept secret until after his
assassination
d. It forced Kennedy to allow Soviet occupation of military bases in Cuba
e. It was a major embarrassment to Kennedy’s administration and led to future crises in
American-Cuban relations
22. The Marshall Plan was
a. A strategy for defeating Germany
b. A strategy for defeating Japan
c. An American economic aid program for war-torn Europe
d. An American commitment to give military and economic aid to any nation resisting
Communist aggression
e. A civil-defense plan for surviving a Soviet nuclear attack
23. Which of the following best describes the agreement that ended the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis?
a. The Soviet Union agreed not to station troops in Cuba and the U.S. agreed not to invade
Cuba
b. The Soviet Union agreed to withdraw its missiles from Cuba and the U.S. agreed not to
invade Cuba
c. The Soviet Union agreed not to invade Turkey and the U.S. agreed not to invade Cuba
d. The Soviet Union agreed to withdraw its missiles from Cuba and the U.S. agreed not to
invade Turkey
e. The Soviet Union agreed to withdraw its missiles from Cuba and the U.S. agreed to
withdraw its missiles from Turkey
24. The Berlin Airlift was America’s response to
a. The Soviet blockade of West Berlin from land communication with the rest of the
western ally occupation zone
b. The acute war-time destruction of roads and railroads, making land transport almost
impossible
c. The unusually severe winter of 1947
d. A widespread work stoppage by German transportation workers in protest of allied
occupation of Germany
e. The increased need for flu vaccine in the midst of a serious epidemic
25. Which of the following statements is true of the SALT treaties signed in 1972 and 1979 by the
U.S. and the Soviet Union
a. Sparked a rise in development of defensive, rather than offensive nuclear strategic
weapons
b. Sanctioned acceptance by the U.S. and the Soviet Union of the concept of Mutual
Assured Destruction
c. Never ratified by the U.S. but accepted by the Soviet Union
d. Created basic equality in the number of ballistic missiles on each sides
e. Sharp reductions in the number of ballistic missiles in Soviet and American arsenals
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26. In his 1946 “Long Telegram”, George Keenan described the Soviet Union as expansionist and
recommended a containment policy of their ambitions. In response to Keenan’s insights, the U.S.
National Security Council drafted NSC-68 advising the U.S. adopt a Soviet policy emphasizing
a. Peacetime military build-up
b. Diplomatic solutions
c. Economic embargoes
d. Flexible conventional weapons response options
e. Mutually beneficial political alliances
27. Which of the following is true of the Gulf of Tonkin incident?
a. It involved a clash of U.S. and Soviet warships
b. In it, two North Vietnamese fighter-bombers were shot down as they neared U.S. Navy
ships
c. It involved the seizure, by North Vietnam, of a U.S. Navy intelligence ship in
international waters
d. It led to major U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War
e. In it, a U.S. Navy destroyer was damaged by a guided missile fired by a North
Vietnamese plane
28. In 1960 which of the following contributed most directly to Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev’s
cancellation of a scheduled summit meeting with President Eisenhower?
a. The rise to power of Fidel Castro in Cuba
b. The Bay of Pigs fiasco
c. The sending of U.S. troops to Lebanon
d. The downing of an American U-2 spy plane over the Soviet Union
e. The success of the Soviet space program in launching the Sputnik satellite
29. As a result of Senator McCarthy’s crusade against communist subversion in America,
a. the FBI was shown to have had several spies working as communist agents.
b. the United States Army was forced to give dishonorable discharges to more than one
hundred officers.
c. the State Department lost a number of Asian specialists who might have counseled a
wiser course in Vietnam.
d. Eisenhower nearly lost the Republican presidential nomination in 1956.
e. The U.S. achieved a stronger settlement in Korea.
30. Which of the following statements is correct about the case of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg?
a. They were accused of giving atomic secrets to Germany during WWII
b. They were exposed as spies by former Communist agent Alger Hiss
c. They were convicted of espionage, condemned and electrocuted
d. They were convicted of espionage but later pardoned by President Eisenhower because of
public opinion
e. They confessed to having carried out espionage on behalf of the Soviet Union
31. The purpose of the Truman Doctrine was to
a. Aid the economic recovery of war-torn Europe
b. Prevent European meddling in the affairs of South American democracies
c. Aid countries that were targets of Communist expansionism
d. Reduce the dependence of the European economy on overseas empires
e. Expand the Monroe Doctrine to include Eastern Asia
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32. The 1968 Tet Offensive was a turning point moment in the American Vietnam conflict because it
a. validated the Gulf of Tonkin incident
b. revealed American military superiority
c. ended U.S. fantasies about an early end to the Vietnam War
d. reflected the first U.S.-British military operation since WWII
e. showcased the success of President Nixon’s Vietnamizaiton policy
33. What event in 1957, caused a near panic among U.S. leaders and led to a massive increase in
spending for science and math programs in U.S. schools and research institutions?
a. The revelation of huge Soviet stockpiles of deadly chemical weapons
b. The launching of Sputnik by the Soviet Union
c. The detonation of a hydrogen bomb by the Soviet Union
d. The development of the microprocessor by the Soviet Union
e. Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev’s promise to “bury” the West
34. The Persian Gulf War, 1990-1991, reflects what American foreign policy strategy?
a. Containment Policy
b. Détente
c. Coalition Building
d. Isolationism
e. Pre-emptive Strike
35. All of the following represent Cold War origins except
a. President Truman’s decision to drop the atomic bomb
b. The war strategies expressed in the Atlantic Charter
c. The Second Front issue
d. The Warsaw Pact
e. Communist ideological goals
36. The U.N. coalition’s main objective in Operation Desert Storm was to
a. Establish Democracy in Iraq
b. Expel Iraq from Kuwait
c. Take over the Iraqi oil supply
d. Establish an area for new Muslim settlements
e. Punish Saddam Hussein
37. The1994 agreement that ended most trade barriers among the United States, Canada, and Mexico
was
a. SALT
b. NAFTA
c. SDI
d. SEATO
e. Hartley-Smoot Tariff
38. The primary role of the United Nations’ Security Council is to
a. Make recommendations for the peaceful settlement of disputes
b. Decide legal questions referred to it by disputing nations
c. Look after the welfare of people in colonial areas
d. Make recommendations regarding world economic, social, cultural, and health problems
e. Be the police authority, responsible for preventing war and aggression
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39. The Cuban Missile Crisis
a. Displayed Soviet nuclear superiority
b. Forced President Kennedy to quarantine Soviet military equipment shipped to Cuba
c. Boosted Nikita Khrushchev’s position in the international community
d. Enabled the Cubans to deploy nuclear warheads
e. Helped the U.S. prepare for the Bay of Pigs invasion
40. All of the following relate to the 1979 Iran Hostage Crisis EXCEPT
a. Permitting the exiled Shah of Iran to enter the U.S. for medical treatment prompted the
hostage situation
b. President Carter refused to return the Shah to Iran to stand trial and confiscate his wealth
c. President Carter froze Iranian assets in the U.S. and established a trade embargo against
Iran
d. A military attempt to rescue the hostages failed
e. President Carter resolved the crisis with the Camp David Accords
41. President Nixon’s Ping-Pong diplomacy reflects his desire to
a. Ease tensions with Communist China through a cultural exchange strategy
b. Compel Communist China to sign SEATO
c. Establish a policy of Détente with the Soviet Union
d. Encourage Premier Khrushchev to remove Soviet nuclear missiles located in Cuba
e. Humiliate China in to accepting a more favorable trade agreement
42. According to the Domino Theory
a. Trade agreements with Communist nations would come one after the other as a result of
Détente
b. Communism would spread to neighboring countries in Southeast Asia if it was not
contained in Vietnam
c. The Soviets would not be able to detonate an atomic bomb for at least a decade after
WWII
d. Egypt could not be allowed to nationalize the Suez Canal without U.N. approval
e. Sputnik represented the beginning of Soviet technological dominance in the Arms Race
43. Secretary of State, John Foster Dulles, emphasized a more aggressive foreign policy than
Truman’s Doctrine, emphasizing nuclear deterrents over conventional weapons in a policy he
called
a. Massive Retaliation
b. Flexible Response
c. Mutual Assured Destruction
d. Vietnamization
e. Strategic Defense Initiative
44. During the Korean War General Douglas MacArthur pushed back the North Korean forces
following what famous amphibious operation?
a. Inchon Invasion
b. Pusan Invasion
c. Yalu River Offensive
d. Tet Offensive
e. Yalta Attack
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45. In 2001 President George W. Bush declared “War on Terror” ushering in a foreign policy shift
towards
a. Isolationism
b. Expansionism
c. Pre-emptive Strike
d. Coalition Building
e. Massive Retaliation
46. The person most likely associated with these 1946 remarks below was
“. . . It is my duty, however, to place before you certain facts about the present position in Europe.
From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the
Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe.
Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia; all these famous cities
and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject, in
one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and in some cases increasing
measure of control from Moscow. . .”
a. Harry Truman
b. Dwight Eisenhower
c. Winston Churchill
d. Whittaker Chambers
e. Joseph McCarthy
47. Two treaties of the Cold War era that solidified a European separation between Western
Democracies and Eastern Soviet Satellite nations were the
a. NATO and Geneva Accords
b. SEATO and Warsaw pact
c. Warsaw pact and Geneva Accords
d. NATO and Warsaw Pacts
e. START and SALT
48. All of the following reflect the social hysteria of the 1950s Red Scare EXCEPT
a. Utilization of the 1940 Smith Act
b. Creation of the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
c. The McCarran Act
d. Establishment of the Loyalty Review Board
e. The 1947 National Security Act
49. All of the following events heightened the growing sense of public cynicism regarding the federal
government’s position on the Vietnam War except
a. 1970 Kent State Incident
b. 1970 My Lai Massacre
c. 1969 Vietnamization Policy
d. 1970 Cambodia Incursion
e. 1971 Pentagon papers
50. In July of 1991, in a sign that the Cold War was over, President H. W. Bush and Soviet leader
Mikhail Gorbachev signed what nuclear arms reduction agreement reducing American and Soviet
arsenals by 30%?
a. Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty
b. Strategic Arms Limitations Talks
c. Strategic Defense Initiative
d. Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
e. Nuclear Test Ban Treat
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US Domestic Policies and Actions
51. The key message of Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique was
a. Black and white women must unite to save the National Organization of Women
b. Women must elect more Congressional representatives who support the Equal Rights
Amendment
c. The federal government was supporting the women’s movement
d. Women should maintain traditional values and be satisfied with their lives
e. Well-educated women were wasting their lives as housewives in suburbia
52. During the Nixon administration, the economy experienced “stagflation,” which was a condition
based on
a. Excessive investment speculation
b. Rising prices and economic stagnation
c. Inflation and high tariffs
d. Price controls and free market guarantees
e. Deflation and excessive production
53. All of the following are related to the he 1954 Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court
decision except
a. Overturned the “separate but equal” doctrine sanctioned in the Plessey v. Ferguson
Supreme Court decision
b. Signaled the end of de jure segregation
c. Influenced the “Little Rock Nine” incident in 1957
d. Spurred President Eisenhower to expedite national school desegregation
e. Established the legal foundation for the African-American Civil Rights Movement
54. Which post-World War II literary work below influenced President Johnson to announce a “War
on Poverty”?
a. The Affluent Society
b. The Crack in the Picture Window
c. The Other America
d. “Letter from a Birmingham Jail”
e. Contract with America
55. In the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Strike of 1981, President Ronald Reagan based his
decision to fire the air traffic controllers on what grounds?
a. Low safety record
b. Demand for 50% pay increase
c. Violation of a federal law prohibiting federal union strikes
d. Refusal to accept the increased federal tax on their wages
e. Rejection of contract terms requiring a pay reduction during the 3 year training period
56. In their Beat Generation literature of the 1950s, Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg
a. Supported the government’s crusade against juvenile delinquency
b. Praised the benefits of modern suburban life
c. Criticized the materialism and conformity of the decade
d. Called on the poor to rebel against the upper classes
e. Lamented the loss of personal contentment in the nuclear age
57. In 1948, which of the following was the catalyst for the formation of the Dixiecrat Party?
a. The Republican Party’s effort to desegregate schools in Little Rock, Arkansas
b. A proposal for a congressional antilynching law
c. The Democrats’ support for a civil rights plank in their national party platform
d. An open housing bill supported by northern Democrats
e. Congress’ mandating the integration of public accommodations throughout the country
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58. The issue decided in the case of Bakke v. Board of Regents of California was the
a. Right of freedom of speech during wartime
b. Speed by which schools should desegregate
c. Government’s power to set clean air standards
d. Scope and fairness of affirmative action
e. Father’s rights in an abortion decision
59. Which of the following was a result of the Watergate scandal?
a. The American people turned against the zealous congressional Democrats who pursued
the investigation
b. The American people became less confident in the media’s fair and balanced approach to
news reporting
c. The scandal contributed to a growing distrust of the government’s honesty
d. The scandal eroded support for Vietnam and caused America’s withdrawal from the war
e. The scandal helped elect Gerald Ford to the presidency
60. Organized labor opposed the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 because it
a. Abolished the closed shop
b. Outlawed strikes against defense companies
c. Reversed all the gains made by the Wagner Act of 1935
d. Did not defend against Communist infiltrations of unions
e. Was supported by President Truman who was labor’s enemy
61. “Since the mid-1940s over two hundred basic chemicals have been created for use in killing
insects, weeds, rodents and other organisms, described in the modern vernacular as ‘pests’; and
they are sold under several thousand different brand names . . . Can anyone believe it is possible to
lay down such a barrage of poisons on the surface of the earth without making it unfit for all life?
They should not be ‘insecticides’, but ‘biocides.’”
The ideas expressed in this passage are those of
a. Upton Sinclair
b. Jacob Riis
c. Michael Harrington
d. Phyllis Schlafly
e. Rachel Carson
62. Under his “Dynamic Conservatism” policy, President Eisenhower attempted to
a. Dismantle all New Deal programs because they were too costly
b. Re-allocate funds from the military-defense budget to programs providing financial aid to
citizens
c. Curtail the New Deal trend by continuing critical social programs and cutting monetary
spending
d. Restore Hamiltonian Trickle-down economics
e. Implement an economic philosophy that remained liberal in monetary spending and
conservative in social services
63. Critics of the Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren complained that the Court
a. would not support the reappointment of state legislatures.
b. engaged in judicial activism ignoring the Constitution in favor of its own social values.
c. actually requested the most controversial cases available.
d. changed its philosophical perspective too frequently.
e. failed to engage in judicial review, deferring to Congress and state legislatures too often.
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64. The difference between Lyndon Johnson’s affirmative action programs and those under Richard
Nixon’s “Philadelphia Plan” was
a. very small.
b. that Johnson intended his to help groups and Nixon intended his to help individuals.
c. that Nixon’s actions applied only to educational opportunities and did nothing for
employment, while Johnson’s helped both.
d. that Johnson intended to help individuals, but Nixon conferred privileges on groups.
e. that Johnson established quotas and Nixon ended them.
65. In U.S. v. Nixon, 1974, the Supreme Court ruled that the president
a. did not have executive privilege to protect communications between high government
officials who advise him in carrying out his duties
b. has the right to privacy within the Oval Office only
c. did not have the right to expand the Vietnam War into neighboring Cambodia
d. could use his power of executive privilege to safeguard American interests when national
security was at issue
e. is empowered to enforce affirmative action policies mandated in Congressional laws
66. In the case of Roe v. Wade, the Supreme Court determined that
a. Decisions about reproductive rights were shared by both the mother and father of the
fetus
b. State-run hospitals would make the final decision regarding reproductive rights
c. Reproductive rights were not protected in the Constitution
d. Questions about reproductive rights should be settled by state rather than federal courts
e. There were Constitutional guarantees regarding reproductive rights
67. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 made literacy test illegal criteria for determining voter eligibility,
while the Twenty-fourth Amendment rendered what Jim Crow era voter restriction
unconstitutional?
a. Social etiquettes
b. Grandfather Clause
c. Constitution test
d. Poll tax
e. Separate but equal public facilities
68. Reaganonmics or Supply-side economic theory, held
a. Raising taxes on the top 5% income earners would create more equal social contribution
among American social classes
b. Free trade was the key to reviving American GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to 1950s
levels
c. Lowering taxes for Americans would increase government revenue as consumer spending
would rise, triggering greater business profitability and economic expansion
d. Government deficit-spending was an effective strategy to stimulate the economy out of
the depression
e. Greater government control over the economy was the best solution to stimulating
economic recover and expansion
69. The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 provided all of the following except
a. Permits employee leave to attend to the serious health condition of the employee, parent,
spouse or child, or for pregnancy or care of a newborn child, or for adoption or foster
care of a child
b. Grants eligible employees 12 weeks of paid leave
c. The FMLA covers both public- and private-sector employees
d. Employees must have worked for their companies a minimum of 12 months to be eligible
e. While it provides unpaid leave, the employee’s job is protected and they are reinstated
without penalty
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70. The protest march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama was organized to bring attention to what
issue?
a. Urban poverty
b. Voting equality
c. Segregation in public facilities
d. Bus segregation
e. Water pollution
71. A memorable aspect of the 2000 presidential election was
a. The U.S. Supreme Court decided the electoral college outcome, ruling the state of
Florida’s hand-counting of the ballots was unconstitutional
b. Vice President Al Gore won the electoral college vote but not the popular vote
c. Governor George Bush won the popular vote but not the electoral college vote
d. The U.S. Supreme Court decided the outcome by ruling that the state of Florida had to
perform a recount of its chad laden ballots only
e. The U.S. Supreme Court decided the outcome by ruling that the state of Florida had to
perform a recount of all its ballots received on election day only
72. Arguably, the most significant national public works project after WWII was the
a. Civilian Conservation Corps
b. Tennessee Valley Authority
c. Public Works Administration
d. Interstate Highway Act
e. Marshall Plan
73. All of the following promoted the Equal Rights Movement except
a. Establishment of the AARP
b. The 1965 National Grape Boycott
c. The Stonewall Inn Riot
d. The Occupation of Alcatraz
e. The Phyllis Schlafly Report
74. Following events on September 11, 2001, Congress passed and President Bush signed into law the
PATRIOT Act. This act did all of the following EXCEPT
a. dramatically reduced restrictions in law enforcement agencies' gathering of intelligence
within the United States
b. expanded the definition of terrorism
c. expanded the Treasury Department’s authority to regulate financial transactions between
the U.S. and foreign individuals
d. restricted the ability of U.S. citizens to criticize the government’s efforts to wage war
against terrorism in public, written and verbal formats
e. broadened the discretion of authorities to detain and deport individuals suspected of
terrorism
75. The trial and conviction of Alger Hiss made many Americans believe
a. Organized labor was too powerful and must be regulated by Congress
b. Hate crimes against African Americans must be punished to the full extent
c. The Eisenhower administration was taking the threat of communism more seriously than
Truman had
d. Communist subversion existed at the highest levels of the federal government
e. Corporate America was out for profits even at the expense of national security
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76. In passing the War Powers Act in 1973, Congress was reclaiming authority it had surrendered to
the executive branch through the
a. Marshall Plan
b. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
c. Eisenhower Doctrine
d. National Security Act
e. Atlantic Charter
77. The Pentagon Papers, released in 1971, showed that
a. The Pentagon rather than the White House made the critical decisions during the Vietnam
War
b. President Nixon was more responsible for the Vietnam quagmire than the public believed
c. George Ball had great influence on President Johnson’s decision to escalate the war
d. America was fighting in Vietnam only to protect American business interests
e. The government had misled the nation about America’s involvement in Vietnam
78. The National Security Act of 1947 was an important development during the Cold War because it
a. Consolidated the intelligence-gathering operations of the U.S. government
b. Began investigating government workers, thus setting the stage for McCarthyism
c. Established the executive authority that eventually led to the imperial presidency
d. Made the concept of containment operations
e. Created the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
79. Through his “flexible response” philosophy, President Kennedy hoped to
a. Have a variety of military options to fight Communist aggression
b. Develop a wide variety of nuclear responses in Third World wars
c. Use a variety of economic weapons to fight Communists
d. Reverse containment and roll back communism in both Asia and Europe
e. Rely more on the navy than the army in the Cold War
80. Richard Nixon’s policy of Détente
a. was designed to improve relations between the Soviet Union and China.
b. was aimed at ending the division of Germany and Korea.
c. was a failure.
d. found support in the Democratic party but not the Republican party.
e. ushered in an era of relaxed tensions between the United States and the two leading
communist powers, China and the Soviet Union.
81. The Iran-Contra scandal of the late 1980s brought to light President Reagan’s determination to
a. Maintain contact with organized crime figures
b. Champion environmental protection initiatives
c. Support apartheid in South Africa
d. Oppose Premier Gorbachev’s reforms in Russia
e. Conduct foreign policy through secret and illegal means
82. Which of the following events during the Carter Administration had the most significant lasting
effect?
a. Allowing the deposed Shah of Iran to come to the U.S. for cancer treatment
b. The Camp David Accords between Egypt and Israel
c. The air strikes against Libya
d. American support for Israel’s 1980 invasion of southern Lebanon
e. The rescue mission of American Hostages in Iran
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83. The Bay of Pigs affair had what effect on President Kennedy’s presidency?
a. It made Kennedy a national hero for his tough stance against Communism
b. It forced Soviet Premier Khrushchev to schedule a summit meeting with Kennedy to
avoid future Soviet-American confrontation
c. It had virtually no effect on Kennedy’s administration, as it was kept secret until after his
assassination
d. It forced Kennedy to allow Soviet occupation of military bases in Cuba
e. It was a major embarrassment to Kennedy’s administration and led to future crises in
American-Cuban relations
84. All of the following relate to events surrounding the Cuban Missile Crisis EXCEPT:
a. Removal of U.S. nuclear missiles located in Turkey
b. Establishment of a direct phone line between the Kremlin and White House
c. Soviet Union agreed not to invade Turkey
d. Intelligence photos reveal nuclear missile launch sites in Cuba
e. U.S. naval invasion of Cuba
85. The Berlin Airlift was America’s response to
a. The Soviet blockade of West Berlin from land communication with the rest of the
western ally occupation zone
b. The acute war-time destruction of roads and railroads, making land transport almost
impossible
c. The unusually severe winter of 1947
d. A widespread work stoppage by German transportation workers in protest of allied
occupation of Germany
e. The increased need for flu vaccine in the midst of a serious epidemic
86. Which of the following statements is true of the SALT treaties signed in 1972 and 1979 by the
U.S. and the Soviet Union
a. Sparked a rise in development of defensive, rather than offensive nuclear strategic
weapons
b. Sanctioned acceptance by the U.S. and the Soviet Union of the concept of Mutual
Assured Destruction
c. Never ratified by the U.S. but accepted by the Soviet Union
d. Created basic equality in the number of ballistic missiles on each side
e. Sharp reductions in the number of ballistic missiles in Soviet and American arsenals
87. In his 1946 “Long Telegram”, George Keenan described the Soviet Union as expansionist and
recommended a containment policy of their ambitions. In response to Keenan’s insights, the U.S.
National Security Council drafted NSC-68 advising the U.S. adopt a Soviet policy emphasizing
a. Peacetime military build-up
b. Diplomatic solutions
c. Economic embargoes
d. Flexible conventional weapons response options
e. Mutually beneficial political alliances
88. In 1960 which of the following contributed most directly to Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev’s
cancellation of a scheduled summit meeting with President Eisenhower?
a. The rise to power of Fidel Castro in Cuba
b. The Bay of Pigs fiasco
c. The sending of U.S. troops to Lebanon
d. The downing of an American U-2 spy plane over the Soviet Union
e. The success of the Soviet space program in launching the Sputnik satellite
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89. The 1968 Tet Offensive was a turning point moment in the American Vietnam conflict because it
a. validated the Gulf of Tonkin incident
b. revealed American military superiority
c. ended U.S. fantasies about an early end to the Vietnam War
d. reflected the first U.S.-British military operation since WWII
e. showcased the success of President Nixon’s Vietnamizaiton policy
90. What event in 1957, caused a near panic among U.S. leaders and led to a massive increase in
spending for science and math programs in U.S. schools and research institutions?
a. The revelation of huge Soviet stockpiles of deadly chemical weapons
b. The launching of Sputnik by the Soviet Union
c. The detonation of a hydrogen bomb by the Soviet Union
d. The development of the microprocessor by the Soviet Union
e. Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev’s promise to “bury” the West
91. All of the following represent Cold War origins except
a. President Truman’s decision to drop the atomic bomb
b. The war strategies expressed in the Atlantic Charter
c. The Second Front issue
d. The Warsaw Pact
e. Communist ideological goals
92. The U.N. coalition’s main objective in Operation Desert Storm was to
a. Establish Democracy in Iraq
b. Expel Iraq from Kuwait
c. Take over the Iraqi oil supply
d. Establish an area for new Muslim settlements
e. Punish Saddam Hussein
93. The1994 agreement that ended most trade barriers among the United States, Canada, and Mexico
was
a. SALT
b. NAFTA
c. SDI
d. SEATO
e. Hartley-Smoot Tariff
94. All of the following relate to the 1979 Iran Hostage Crisis EXCEPT
a. Permitting the exiled Shah of Iran to enter the U.S. for medical treatment prompted the
hostage situation
b. President Carter refused to return the Shah to Iran to stand trial and confiscate his wealth
c. President Carter froze Iranian assets in the U.S. and established a trade embargo against
Iran
d. A military attempt to rescue the hostages failed
e. President Carter resolved the crisis with the Camp David Accords
95. President Nixon’s Ping-Pong diplomacy reflects his desire to
a. Ease tensions with Communist China through a cultural exchange strategy
b. Compel Communist China to sign SEATO
c. Establish a policy of Détente with the Soviet Union
d. Encourage Premier Khrushchev to remove Soviet nuclear missiles located in Cuba
e. Humiliate China in to accepting a more favorable trade agreement
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96. Under President Eisenhower, Secretary of State John Foster Dulles implemented a more
aggressive foreign policy than advised in the Truman Doctrine, emphasizing nuclear deterrents
over conventional weapons in a policy he called
a. Massive Retaliation
b. Flexible Response
c. Mutual Assured Destruction
d. Vietnamization
e. Strategic Defense Initiative
97. In 2001 President George W. Bush declared “War on Terror” ushering in a foreign policy shift
towards
a. Isolationism
b. Expansionism
c. Pre-emptive Strike
d. Coalition Building
e. Massive Retaliation
98. The person most likely associated with these 1946 remarks below was
“. . . It is my duty, however, to place before you certain facts about the present position in Europe.
From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the
Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe.
Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia; all these famous cities
and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject, in
one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and in some cases increasing
measure of control from Moscow. . .”
f. Harry Truman
g. Dwight Eisenhower
h. Winston Churchill
i. Whittaker Chambers
j. Joseph McCarthy
99. Two treaties of the Cold War era that solidified a European separation between Western
Democracies and Eastern Soviet Satellite nations were the
a. NATO and Geneva Accords
b. SEATO and Warsaw pact
c. Warsaw pact and Geneva Accords
d. NATO and Warsaw Pact
e. START and SALT
100. All of the following events heightened the growing sense of public cynicism regarding the federal
government’s position on the Vietnam War except
a. 1970 Kent State Incident
b. 1970 My Lai Massacre
c. 1969 Vietnamization Policy
d. 1970 Cambodia Incursion
e. 1971 Pentagon papers
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