Download Birds Notes Classifying Birds 1. What class are birds? 2. Because

Birds Notes
Classifying Birds
1. What class are birds?
2. Because birds are warm-blooded, they can survive in ____________________________environment.
3. From where did birds evolve?
4. What fossil genus links retiles and birds?
5. Describe Archaeopteryx.
6. Why did Archaeopteryx resemble birds more than reptiles?
7. Describe:
a. Hesperonis:
b. Ichthyornis:
8. What enables birds to colonize new areas during the Cretaceous Period?
Characteristics of Birds
9. Birds have ______________species and _____________ orders.
10. How do taxonomists classify birds?
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11. Birds contain a body covered with __________________________; their bones are _______________________ and
________________________. The ________________________ function on wings is for ___________________________ not
grasping. They have two ______________________________, which are ______________________________ to support the
body. The beak is ___________________________ and _____________________________Body temperature is generated
and regulated ______________________________. The heart is ___________ chambered and has a ______________________
________________________. Their eggs are ____________________________ and made of a ________________________________
_____________________________ shell. Most incubate eggs in a ___________________.
12. Nostrils are the _______________________ ___________________.
13. What is the fleshy area on the beak?
14. What covers/protects eyes?
15. What two structures aid in hearing?
16. Describe a bird’s feet.
17. Describe a bird’s eyes.
18. What is a brood patch? Why do birds have it?
Feathers
19. Describe feathers:
a. Down:
b. Contour:
c. Flight:
d. Filoplumes (pinfeathers):
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20. How do feathers develop?
21. What is the protein found in feathers?
22. What are the microscopic hooks in feathers?
23. Describe the major molt.
24. What is the function of the preen gland?
Bird External Charactersitics
25. Describe the beaks and feet of the following:
a. Hawk and Eagle:
b. Swifts:
c. Flightless Birds:
Skeleton and Muscle
26. Are birds light or heavy? Weak or strong?
27. Why are bird bones fused?
28. What does the sternum do?
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29. What bones support the wing?
30. What supports the tail feathers?
31. What is found in bones to make them less dense?
32. What is the furcula and what does it do?
33. What is the function of the pectoralis muscle?
34. How do birds conserve body heat?
35. Describe how much a bird eats.
36. What are the following for a pigeon?
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Subphylum:
Class:
Order:
Digestive System
37. Food passes from ________________________ to the _______________________.
38. The enlargement of the esophagus is the ______________________ and it ____________________ and
__________________ food.
39. Does digestion happen in the crop?
40. What is the first chamber of the stomach and what is its function?
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41. What does the gizzard contain to grind up food?
42. Small intestine is short/long. Why?
43. The first part of the small intestine is the ___________________________, which receive _____________________ from
the ___________________________, ___________________________ from the ___________________________.
44. The pancreas also makes ________________________________ and ___________________________.
45. What are the four functions of the liver?
46. What is the function of the ilium?
47. What is the colic caeca and what is its function?
48. The large intestine is also known as the _____________________ and is ______________________.
49. What is the function of the large intestine?
50. Digestive wastes collect in the ________________________ and exit via the ___________________.
Excretory System
51. Trace the path of nitrogenous wastes in a bird.
52. What is the form of nitrogenous wastes in a bird?
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53. Why do birds lack a urinary bladder?
Respiratory System
54. Trace the path of air into a bird.
55. What happens when a bird exhales carbon dioxide?
56. What keeps the airway (trachea bronchi) open?
57. What is the voice box?
58. Compare the lungs of birds to humans.
59. What is the function of the air sacs?
60. __________________________________ increase surface area for more gas exchange.
Circulatory System
61. Describe the heart of a bird.
62. What two features are gone in a bird’s heart?
63. What is the main vein returning from the body?
64. What is the main vein from the lungs?
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65. What is the main artery to the body?
66. What is the main artery to the lungs?
67. Birds have a _________________ chamber heart with _______________ loops.
68. Complete the bird circulation diagram.
69. What does the spleen do?
Nervous System
70. Do birds have large brains?
71. What does the cerebellum do?
72. What does the cerebrum do?
73. What do the optic lobes do?
74. Why is vision important in birds?
75. Why do birds have iron in their brains?
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76. Describe a bird with a wide field of vision.
77. Describe a bird with binocular vision.
78. What type of bird relies on hearing?
79. Describe the ears of birds.
80. Describe the sense of smell in birds.
81. How is taste important in birds?
Endocrine System
82. What controls metabolism?
83. What generates body heat?
84. Why are birds endothermic?
Reproductive System
85. Sperm is produced by ____________________and passes through tubes called _______________ __________________
into the ________________________ and out of the __________________.
86. Eggs are produced by the _____________________; and when fertilized move to the _______________________ to
receive their shells.
87. What does the unfertilized egg contain?
88. What supports an embryo?
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89. What supports the liquid medium?
90. The shell gland secretes ______________________________________ to protect and surround the egg.
91. Female birds have _______ ovary and _______ oviduct on the _____________ side to ______________________ weight.
92. Birds are ___________________________ and have ___________________________fertilization.
93. When do reproductive organs enlarge? Why?
Amniote Eggs and Embryonic Development
94. Part of the egg containing protein and water used by the developing embryo.
95. Membrane holding nitrogen waste made by the embryo and acts as a lung.
96. Membrane surrounding the embryo and fluid in which it floats.
97. Membrane that surrounds the embryo’s fat-rich food supply.
98. Membrane surrounding all others.
99. Females lay eggs in what? Why?
100. How do emperor penguins heat eggs?
101. When does the plate form?
102. What is the function of the membrane?
103. What carries nutrients to the embryo?
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104. How does the embryo hatch?
105. Describe the two types of direct development and provide examples.
Bird Behavior
106. What is the benefit of long-term parental care?
107. Describe territoriality.
108. How do males attract females?
109. What are the benefits of nests?
110. Where are nests built?
111. What materials are used in nest building?
112. Why do birds migrate and when?
113. How do birds navigate?
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