Download Crustal Deformation

Earth Science
Name_____________________________
Chapters 5, 6, & 7
Period_____________________________
Review
Date______________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
Crustal Deformation, Earthquakes, and Volcanoes
OBJECTIVES
Section 5.1 – How the Crust is Deformed
1) Predict isostatic adjustments that will result from changes in the thickness of the earth’s crust.
2) Identify sources of stress in crustal rock.
Section 5.2 – The Results of Stress
1) Compare folding and faulting as responses to stress.
2) Describe four types of faults.
Section 5.3 – Mountain Formation
1) Identify the types of plate collisions that build mountains.
2) Identify four types of mountains and discuss the forces that shaped them.
VOCABULARY
Anticline
Dome Mountain
Fault-Block Mountain
Footwall
Hanging Wall
Monocline
Mountain System
Reverse Fault
Stress
Tension
Compression
Fault
Folded Mountain
Fracture
Isostasy
Mountain Belt
Normal Fault
Shearing
Strike-Slip Fault
Thrust Fault
Deformation
Fault Plane
Folding
Graben
Isostatic Adjustment
Mountain Range
Plateau
Strain
Syncline
Volcanic Mountain
OBJECTIVES
Section 6.1 – Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics
1) Discuss the elastic rebound theory.
2) Explain why earthquakes generally occur at plate boundaries.
Section 6.2 – Recording Earthquakes
1) Compare the three types of seismic waves.
2) Discuss the method scientists use to pinpoint an earthquake.
3) Discuss the method most commonly used to measure the magnitude of earthquakes.
Section 6.3 – Earthquake Damage
1) Describe possible effects of a major earthquake on buildings.
2) Discuss the relationship of tsunamis to earthquakes.
3) List safety rules to follow when an earthquake strikes.
4) Identify changes in the earth’s crust that may signal earthquakes.
VOCABULARY
Aftershock
Epicenter
Intensity
Microquake
Richter Scale
Seismograph
Earthquake
Fault Zone
L-wave
P-wave
S-wave
Tsunami
Elastic Rebound Theory
Focus
Mercalli Scale
Pacific Ring of Fire
Seismic Gap
OBJECTIVES
Section 7.1 – Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics
1) Describe the formation and movement of magma.
2) Define volcanism.
3) List three locations where volcanism occurs.
Section 7.2 – Volcanic Eruptions
1) Summarize the relationship between lava types and the force of volcanic eruptions.
2) Describe the major types of tephra.
3) Identify the three main types of volcanic cones.
4) Summarize the events that may signal a volcanic eruption.
Section 7.3 – Extraterrestrial Volcanism
1) Summarize the evidence for extraterrestrial volcanism.
2) Explain the differences between volcanism on earth and on Io.
VOCABULARY
Aa
Composit Cone
Fissure
Lava
Pahoehoe
Shield Cone
Vent
Volcanic Bomb
Volcano
Caldera
Crater
Hot Spot
Mafic Lava
Pillow Lava
Stratovolcano
Volcanic Ash
Volcanic Dust
Cinder Cone
Felsic Lava
Lapilli
Magma
Pyroclastic material
Tephra
Volcanic Block
Volcanism
Crustal Deformation
1. What is deformation?
2. What is isostatic adjustment? Why does it take place? List some examples of isostatic adjustment taking
place right now in the world.
Stress
3. What is stress? What are some major causes of stress in the Earth’s crust?
4. List the three types of stress. In which directions is each stress pushing/pulling/twisting the Earth’s crust?
Which type of plate boundary is associated with each type of stress?
Strain
5. What is strain? What conditions are needed for strain to occur? Where in the Earth’s crust does strain
typically occur?
6. Strain causes folding. List and sketch the three types of folds.
Faulting
7. What is the difference between faults and fractures? Where do faults most commonly occur and why?
8. If you were sandwiched between two moving slabs of rock, you would be lying on the fault __________.
9. List and sketch the four types of faults. For each label the fault, the fault plane, and tell what type of plate
boundary each would be associated with.
Mountain Building
10. List and sketch the five types of mountains. Give an example you would find on the Earth’s surface for each.
Earthquakes
11. Thoroughly describe the process involved in the creation of an earthquake.
12. Why do aftershocks occur?
13. Compare and contrast the epicenter with the focus of an earthquake. Use a diagram in your explanation.
Seismic Waves
14. What are seismic waves?
15. Compare and contrast the three types of waves. In your discussion, include the wave motion, speed, relative
strength, and through what it can and does move. Which waves are most destructive? …Fastest?
16. Using a diagram, explain what a shadow zone is, and how it is formed.
Measuring Earthquakes
17. What is the difference between a seismograph and a seismogram. Draw what each one looks like.
18. What is magnitude? Show and describe how it is measured using a seismogram.
19. What does the Richter Scale measure? Why do they call it a log rhythmic scale? Describe an example of this
works.
20. What is the highest the Richter Scale can go? What was the Richter Magnitude of the largest recorded quake?
21. What does the Mecalli Scale measure? What is it based on? How high does it go? If you were to experience
a XII on the Mercalli Scale, how do you think you would react?
Locating an Earthquake
22. Where do Earthquakes usually occur? List some examples on the Earth.
23. Can earthquakes occur in the middle of a continent? If so, give a few examples.
24. Describe in detail the method seismologists use to locate an earthquake. Include P and S waves, travel time
curves, and triangulation in your discussion (and, while your at it, a picture or two would be nice too!).
Review your labs and homeworks on this topic.
Volcanoes
25. Compare and contrast magma with lava.
26. What is the difference between a vent and a crater? What is a caldera? What is a volcano?
27. How are volcanoes formed in subduction zones? What is the magma composed of in these regions? Give an
example of this type of volcano on Earth.
28. How are volcanoes formed in mid-ocean ridges? What is the magma composed of in these regions? Give an
example of this type of volcano on Earth.
29. How are volcanoes formed at hot spots? What is the magma composed of in these regions? Give an
example of this type of volcano on Earth.
Types of Lava
30. Compare and contrast mafic with felsic lava. In your discussion, describe the color, viscosity, and the
composition of each.
Volcanic Materials
31. What is the difference between pahoehoe and aa lava flows? What is pillow lava, and how does it form?
What are lava flows?
32. What is tephra? List the different forms of tephra in order of increasing size.
Volcanic Eruptions
33. Compare and contrast explosive with quiet volcanic eruptions.
34. Sketch and describe the features (type of eruption, composition and viscosity of magma, shape, type of plate
boundaries, and an example on Earth) of a shield volcano.
35. Sketch and describe the features (type of eruption, composition and viscosity of magma, shape, type of plate
boundaries, and an example on Earth) of a cinder cone volcano.
36. Sketch and describe the features (type of eruption, composition and viscosity of magma, shape, type of plate
boundaries, and an example on Earth) of a composite or strato- volcano.