Download Chapter 4 Minerals

Ch 4-6 Earth’s Materials & The Rock Cycle
Lesson 1
Minerals: A Brief Overview
Name: __________________________ Date: ______________ Period: ______
What is a mineral? (p 77) Each part of the definition is listed separately!
1.
A mineral is naturally - ____________________.
2. A mineral is ______________________. (meaning not made by living things).
3. A mineral is ___________________.
4. A mineral has a specific ______________________ composition.
5. A mineral has a definite ______________________ structure.
What are 3 ways that minerals can form? (p. 80)
1.
From the cooling and crystallizing of magma.
a. What is magma? ______________________________________________
b. What affects the size of the crystals of minerals formed from magma? (Look
at Figure 4.2 on p. 79 and read the caption.)
a. What is the size of crystals that form when magma cools slowly or in an open
space? large / small
b. What is the size of crystals that form when magma cools quickly or in a tight
space? large / small
2. From precipitation from a supersaturated solution. How do minerals form this way?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
What is an example of this? _________________________________________
3. From evaporation of a supersaturated solution. How do minerals form this way?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
What is an example of this? _________________________________________
What are the most important minerals? (p. 80, Mineral Groups)
1.
There are about 3000 minerals found in Earth’s crust. How many of these
minerals are common? ____________
2. What are the most common minerals called? ____________________________
3. The vast majority of minerals are made up of how many common elements? ______
4. Look at p. 59. What are the 8 most abundant elements in Earth’s crust? List them
with percentage in parentheses.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
5. What is the most abundant mineral group on Earth? (p. 81) __________________
How are important minerals obtained from Earth’s crust and how does
that process negatively impact the environment? (Read pp. 89-91.)
Ores, Mining, and Reclamation…
1.
What is an ore? “A mineral that …
___________________________________________________________”
2. What minerals are found in the following ores … (p. 89 text and Figure 4-14)
a. Hematite - _____________________________
b. Bauxite - _____________________________
c. Rutile _____________________________
d. Malachite - _____________________________
3. How are ores obtained from Earth’s crust? ______________________________
a.
How are ores located deep within Earth’s crust mined?
__________________________________________________________
What are some concerns with this type of mining?
__________________________________________________________
b. How are ores that are near Earth’s surface mined?
__________________________________________________________
What are some concerns with this type of mining?
__________________________________________________________
4. What are two environmental concerns about mining for ores?
a. __________________________________________________________
b. __________________________________________________________
5. What is reclamation? ______________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
6. What are two major concerns about the waste material that is dug up along with
the ore or produced by the processing of the ore?
a. _______________________________________________________
b. _______________________________________________________
Ch 4-6 Earth’s Materials & The Rock Cycle
Lesson & Lab 2
Igneous Rocks
Name: ___________________________ Date: _____________ Period: _____
About Igneous Rocks …
What does
igneous mean?
(p. 99)
Igneous is Latin
for …
____________
How Do Igneous Rocks Form?
(pp. 99 – 102)
1. Igneous rocks are formed
from the …
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
2. Three factors that affect
magma formation are…
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
Classification of Igneous Rocks …
E
X
T
R
U
S
I
V
E
I
N
T
R
U
S
I
V
E
Felsic
1.
2.
3.
4.
What are Practical Uses of
Igneous Rocks?
(pp. 111 – 113)
As construction materials, for
example, the rock
____________________.
As valuable ______________
deposits for silver, gold, lead,
or copper.
Rocks called _______________
contain gemstones like garnets.
Rocks called _______________
contain diamonds.
See p. 107.
Mafic
Texture
-----------------
-----------------
--------------
Igneous Vocabulary…
Extrusive - ____________________________________________________________
Intrusive - ___________________________________________________________
Felsic
- ____________________________________________________________
Mafic
- ___________________________________________________________
Observation of Igneous Rocks…
Tray 1: Rock-forming Minerals…
Observe the rock-forming minerals kit and
read the description of the minerals on the inside of the lid.
1. Quartz is one of the most abundant minerals in rocks. Name two rocks in
which quartz can be found. These are listed on the box lid by “quartz.”
_________________________ and _________________________
2. What color is olivine? _______________________
3. What color are the beaches in Hawaii that are composed of eroded olivine?
_______________________
4. What is the difference in the color of biotite and muscovite mica?
________________________________________________________
Tray 2: Pumice…
Observe the pumice. Pick it up in its container. Do not touch it – it
is glassy and may cause tiny cuts. Pumice is the only rock that floats!
1. Is pumice heavier or lighter than it looks?
2. Pumice is ejected out of a volcano during an eruption. Is it an intrusive or
extrusive rock?
3. Can you see any large chunky crystals in the pumice? _________
This is because pumice formed above the ground slowly / quickly.
Tray 3: Granite…
Observe the granite. Pick it up.
1. Granite forms underground. Is it an intrusive or extrusive rock?
2. Can you see any large crystals in the granite? _________
This is because granite formed underground slowly / quickly.
3. What type of crust is composed of granite? oceanic or continental
4. Refer to the chart on the front. Is granite felsic or mafic?
5. Review – what 2 elements are felsic rocks mostly composed of?
_______________________ and _____________________
Tray 4: Obsidian and Rhyolite… Observe the obsidian (black) and the rhyolite
(white).. Feel them but don’t remove them. Obsidian can slice your hand.
1. What does the obsidian feel like? rough or smooth
2. Obsidian and rhyolite are ejected out of a volcano during an eruption. Are
they intrusive or extrusive rocks?
3. Can you see any large crystals in the obsidian or the rhyolite? ___________
This is because obsidian formed above ground very slowly / quickly.
4. What is the difference in the color of the obsidian and the rhyolite?
_________________________________________________________
5. Refer to the chart on p. 107. Are obsidian and rhyolite felsic or mafic?
Tray 5: Basalt and Gabbro… Observe the basalt and gabbro. You may pick these up.
1.
Refer to the chart on the front. Are basalt and gabbro felsic or mafic?
2.
Review – what 2 elements are mafic rocks mostly composed of?
_______________________ and _____________________
3.
Where were each of these rocks formed?
a. basalt - above ground OR underground
b. gabbro - above ground OR underground
4.
What is the difference in the texture of each of the rocks?
c. basalt - fine-grained OR coarse-grained
d. gabbro - fine-grained OR coarse-grained
5. What type of crust is composed of basalt? oceanic or continental
Tray 6: Pink Granite… Observe the pink granite (#2) in the rock study kit. Read the
reference material about its mineral composition and geologic environment.
1. What mineral makes this rock pink? (Hint – it’s not the quartz or mica!)
_______________________
2. What application is this pretty pink rock used for? (See the chart on front.)
_______________________________________________________________
Tray 7: Eroded Basalt… Observe the eroded basalt in the petri dish.
1. What color is the eroded basalt? _______________________________
2. What do the eroded pieces of basalt look like?
_________________________________________________________
3. What color are the beaches in Hawaii that are composed of eroded basalt?
_______________________
Tray 8: Pegmatite… Observe the pegmatite. Notice the garnet crystals.
1. What type of igneous rock it is - felsic or mafic?
2. How can you tell it’s intrusive? _____________________________________
3. What valuable minerals are found in pegmatites? ____________________
Ch 4-6 Earth’s Materials & The Rock Cycle
Lesson & Lab 3
Sedimentary Rocks
Name: __________________________ Date: ______________ Period: ______
About Sedimentary Rocks …
What does
sediment
mean? (p. 121)
How Do Sedimentary Rocks
Form?
Why are Sedimentary Rocks
Important?
(pp. 121 – 125)
Sediments are… 1. Rocks are weathered, meaning…
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
(p. 132)
1.
Sedimentary rocks often
contain ________________
that give us clues to the past.
2. Sediments are eroded, meaning…
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
2. Energy sources (fossil fuels)
such as ________________
____________________ &
___________________ are
found in sedimentary rocks.
3. Sediments are deposited, meaning…
__________________________
often in layers called _________.
3. Uranium, a nuclear fuel, is
found in the sedimentary rock
known as __________ stone.
Types of
Sediments…
4. Bedded layers are ____________.
____________
____________ 5. Bedded layers are lithified, or
____________
turned into _________________
____________
by the processes of…
____________
a. ______________________
b. ______________________
Classification of Sedimentary Rocks …
4. The fall line is __________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
See p. 128.
Rock Type with Examples…
Clastic (means broken)
1. Coarse-grained (pebbles)… ___________________
2. Medium-grained (sand) …
___________________
3. Fine-grained (clay) …
___________________
Chemical
1. Calcite (CaCO3) … __________________________
2. Halite (NaCl) …
__________________________
Organic (means from life)
1. Limestone AND shells … _____________________
2. Swampy plant matter … _____________________
How do these form?
Observation of Sedimentary Rocks…
Tray 1: Conglomerate… Observe the conglomerate. Read the kit information and
refer to the table on the front of this worksheet to answer the following questions.
1.
What type of sedimentary rock is conglomerate? ____________________
2. What does the word clastic mean? _______________________________
3. Do you see any large grains in the conglomerate? ____________________
How are the grains in conglomerate classified – as coarse, medium, or fine?
4. Read the section entitled, “Coarse-Grained Clastics” on p. 128. By what is
the gravel that composes a conglomerate transported?
_________________________________________________________
Tray 2: Sandstone… Observe the sandstone. Read the kit information and refer to
the table you completed on the front of this worksheet to answer the following questions.
1.
What type of sedimentary rock is sandstone? ______________________
2. Do you see any large grains in the sandstone? ______________________
How are the grains in sandstone classified – as coarse, medium, or fine?
3. Read the section entitled, “Medium-Grained Clastics” on p. 129. In what
types of environments is sand found?
_________________________________________________________
4. (p. 129) Due to their high porosity, sandstone layers are valuable as
underground reservoirs of _____________________________________
Tray 3: Shale… Observe the shale. Read the kit information and refer to the table you
completed on the front of this worksheet to answer the following questions.
1.
What type of sedimentary rock is shale? ____________________
2. Do you see any large grains in the shale? __________________________
How are the grains in shale classified – as coarse, medium, or fine?
3. Read the section entitled, “Fine-Grained Clastics” on p. 129. Shale is formed
from what types of sediments? _________________________________
4. Due to its low porosity, shale forms barriers that hinder the movement of
groundwater and _________________________.
Tray 4: Limestone and Halite… Observe the samples.
1.
What type of sedimentary rock are limestone and halite? _____________
2.
Read p. 130, second paragraph. What is an evaporite?
_________________________________________________________
3. Where do evaporites most commonly form?
_________________________________________________________
4. Read p. 131, first sentence.
What is the chemical formula (elements) of halite? __________________
What is halite also commonly called? (See chart.) ____________________
Tray 5: Coquina Limestone … Observe the samples. (You many pick these up!)
1.
What type of sedimentary rock is coquina limestone? _________________
2.
How are organic sedimentary rocks formed?
_________________________________________________________
3.
From what two things does coquina limestone form?
_________________________ and ____________________________
4. What can you see in the coquina that indicates it is an organic sedimentary
rock?
_________________________________________________________
Tray 6: Coal… Observe the sample. Answer the following questions. Don’t touch it – it’s
dirty!
1.
What type of sedimentary rock is coal? ___________________________
2.
From what types of fossils does coal form? (See chart.) ______________
3.
What color is the chunk of coal? ___________________
4.
Why is coal important to modern society? (Ask your teacher!)
_________________________________________________________
5. How is coal obtained? (By what process do we get coal out of the ground?)
_________________________________________________________
How does this process harm the environment?
_________________________________________________________
Tray 7: Fossils… Observe the fossils but please don’t touch!
1.
How are fossils formed?
_______________________________________________________________
2. Why are fossils usually NOT found in igneous or metamorphic rocks?
_______________________________________________________________
Tray 8: Preview or Review…if needed. A large class will need to use 8 trays.
When you get this tray, use this time to go over questions you didn’t have time to answer or
to look answers up in the book for questions that refer to a page in the book.
Ch 4-6 Earth’s Materials & The Rock Cycle
Lesson & Lab 4
Metamorphic Rocks
Name: __________________________ Date: ______________ Period: ______
About Metamorphic Rocks …
What is the meaning
metamorphic?
(p. 133)
How Do Metamorphic Rocks Form?
(pp. 133)
1.
Metamorphic is
Greek for …
______________
What are Practical Uses
of Metamorphic Rocks?
(pp. 134-137)
A metamorphic rock forms when
high ______________ and
__________________ combine
to alter the texture, mineralogy,
or chemical composition of a rock
WITHOUT MELTING IT!
1.
2. Three types of metamorphism may
change rocks, including…
2. (p. 136) Metamorphic
rocks such as …
________________
are sought by artists
for sculptures.
a.
__________________ when large regions of Earth’s
crust are affected by high
temperatures and pressures.
b. __________________ occurs when molten rocks
come in contact with solid
rock.
c. __________________ occurs when very hot water
reacts with rock and alters its
chemistry and mineralogy.
Classification of Metamorphic Rocks…
Rock Type
Foliated
Nonfoliated
(p. 134) Economically
valuable metamorphic
minerals such as …
_____________ and
________________
3. (p. 137) Valuable ore
deposits of _______,
________________,
________________,
________________,
and _____________
are formed by metamorphism.
See p. 136.
Description and Cause
Foliated metamorphic rocks have ________
_________________________________
that are caused by minerals with flat
crystals that form _________ axes
perpendicular to the pressure.
Nonfoliated metamorphic rocks lack mineral
grains with __________________ axes in
one direction. They form from minerals
that have _____________ crystal shapes.
Examples
1.
_________________
derived from shale.
2. _________________
derived from granite.
1.
__________________
derived from sandstone.
2. __________________
derived from limestone.
Observation of Metamorphic Rocks …
Tray 1. Granite to Gneiss … Observe the samples and read the information about both
rocks.
1. Granite is an igneous / sedimentary rock. Under heat and pressure granite
will form into the metamorphic rock __________ ___________________.
2. What will a metamorphic rock look like if it is foliated?
_________________________________________________________
3. Is gneiss foliated or nonfoliated? Does it have bands or layers? _________
4. How is the gneiss different from the granite?
_________________________________________________________
5. Draw the gneiss in the space below. Label the biotite (black) mica.
Tray 2. Shale to Slate … Observe the samples and read the information about both
rocks.
1. Shale is an igneous / sedimentary rock. Under heat and pressure shale will
form into the metamorphic rock ____________ ___________________.
2. Is slate foliated or nonfoliated? Does it have bands or layers? _________
3. What is similar about the samples of shale and slate?
_________________________________________________________
Tray 3. Shale to Schist … Observe the samples and read the information about both
rocks.
1. Shale is an igneous / sedimentary rock. Under heat and pressure shale can
also form into the metamorphic rock _________ ___________________.
2. Is schist foliated or nonfoliated? Does it have bands or layers? _________
3. How is the schist different from the shale?
_________________________________________________________
Tray 4. Limestone to Marble … Observe the samples and read about both rocks.
1.
Limestone is an igneous / sedimentary rock. Under heat and pressure
limestone will form into the metamorphic rock ______ _______________.
2. Is marble foliated or nonfoliated? Does it have bands or layers? ________
3.
What is similar about the samples of limestone and marble?
_________________________________________________________
4. What can marble be used for?
_________________________________________________________
Tray 5. Sandstone to Quartzite … Observe the samples and read about both rocks.
1. Sandstone is an igneous / sedimentary rock. Under heat and pressure
sandstone will form into the metamorphic rock _______ ______________.
2. Is quartzite foliated or nonfoliated? Does it have bands or layers? ______
3. What do you notice is similar about the samples of sandstone and the
quartzite?
_________________________________________________________
Tray 6. Basalt to Hornfels … Observe the samples and read about both rocks.
1. Basalt is an igneous / sedimentary rock. Under heat and pressure basalt
will form into the metamorphic rock ______ ______________________.
2. Is hornfels foliated or nonfoliated? Does it have bands or layers? _______
3. What do you notice is similar about the basalt and the hornfels?
_________________________________________________________
Tray 7. Review! Use the information in the notes on the front and the lab itself to fill in
the chart for review. The first one has been done for you as an example.
Original Rock
1. Granite
2. Shale
3. Shale
4. Limestone
5. Sandstone
6. Basalt
Type of Original
Rock
Transforms into the
metamorphic rock …
Foliated or
Nonfoliated?
igneous
gneiss
foliated
Tray 8. Bituminous Coal to Anthracitic Coal … Observe the samples but don’t
touch!
1. Bituminous coal is an igneous / sedimentary rock. Under heat and pressure
bituminous coal will form into the metamorphic rock known as
___________________.
2. How does the anthracitic coal look different from the bituminous coal?
_________________________________________________________
3. Review! From what type of fossils does coal form?
_________________________________________________________
Ch 4-6 Earth’s Materials & The Rock Cycle
Lesson & Lab 5
The Rock Cycle (pp. 138-139)
What forces and processes form, destroy, and cycle rock in the rock cycle?
Name: _________________________________ Date: _____________ Period: _____
Draw the picture of the rock cycle on p. 139. Circle the word igneous in red, the word
sedimentary in brown, and metamorphic in orange.
Follow the arrows of the diagram above to answer the following questions…
1.
What do igneous rocks that undergo weathering and erosion become? _____________
2. What are the three processes by which sediments become sedimentary rocks?
___________________AND____________________AND___________________
3. What are the 2 forces that cause sedimentary rocks to be transformed into metamorphic rocks?
____________________________AND_________________________________
4. What are the three processes that transform metamorphic rock into igneous rock?
___________________AND____________________AND___________________
5. Which processes typically take place underground?
__________________________________________________________________
6. Which processes typically take place at or above Earth’s surface?
__________________________________________________________________
7. On what scale does the rock cycle operate – individual rocks or large layers of rocks?
8. What type of rock forms from magma or lava? ______________________________
Why? _____________________________________________________________
9. What type of rock forms from clay or sand or gravel? ________________________
Why? _____________________________________________________________
10. What type of rock forms at the edge of a hot spring, near (not in) a magma chamber, or when
large layers of existing rock get buried deep underground? __________________________
Why? _____________________________________________________________
Investigating the Rock Cycle…
Procedure…
1.
Each group will have a tray with a sedimentary rock, an igneous rock, and a
metamorphic rock.
2. Place these rocks on the correct space on the chart and answer the questions below.
3. Use your Lessons 2, 3, 4, and 5 for reference and to identify the rocks!
Analysis…
1. What igneous rock do you have? ___________________________________
2. Through which processes did this type of igneous rock form?
_________________________________________________________
3. What sedimentary rock do you have? _______________________________
4. Through which processes did this type of sedimentary rock form?
_________________________________________________________
5. Which sediments were cemented and compacted together to form your sedimentary
rock?
_________________________________________________________
6. What metamorphic rock do you have? _______________________________
7. From which rock did this metamorphic rock form? _______________________
8. Through which processes did this type of metamorphic rock form?
_________________________________________________________
9. There should be at least two rocks on your tray which could transform into one
another. Which ones are they? ________________ and ________________
Conclusion…
In the space below, fill in the rock cycle replacing the terms igneous, sedimentary,
and metamorphic with the names of the rocks that you have on your tray. You should include
arrows and processes and color your diagram. (Use the diagram on the front as a pattern)
Ch 4-6 Earth’s Materials & The Rock Cycle
Lesson 5 WebActivity
Anneberg Learner Interactives: Rock Cycle
Name: _____________________________ Date: ________________ Period: _______
Go to… http://www.learner.org/interactives/rockcycle/index.html
1.
2.
3.
4.
You will be working your way through the Interactive starting with the Introduction.
Answer the accompanying questions for each section on this worksheet.
Take all quizzes as you move along.
When you finish the 15 question test at the end, call me over to confirm and record
your grade. Please DO NOT print it!
Types of Rocks…
1.
How are sedimentary rocks formed?
_______________________________________________________________
2. How are metamorphic rocks formed?
_______________________________________________________________
3. How are igneous rocks formed?
_______________________________________________________________
Rock Collection…
1.
Read the description of each rock and match each pair to where they were found.
____ gneiss & marble
a. on a volcano
____ conglomerate & limestone
b. in a hillside or mountainside
____ obsidian & basalt
c. next to or in a river or in a former seabed
2. Write the name of the rock that shows each characteristic. Next to the name of
the rock, write (I) if igneous, (S) if sedimentary or (M) if metamorphic.
a. crystals
________________ d. glassy surface
_______________
b. fossils
________________ e. ribbon-like layers _______________
c. gas bubbles ________________ f. sand or pebbles
_______________
3. Identify Rock Types… Take the quiz.
How did you do on the quiz? ____ out of 10
How Rocks Change…
1.
Introduction… What is the rock cycle?
_______________________________________________________________
2. Heat and Pressure… Read the narrative and play the Interactive.
a. To what is the metamorphic process compared?
__________________________________________________________
b. Where does the heat come from?
__________________________________________________________
c. What is the pressure caused by?
__________________________________________________________
3. Melting and Cooling… Read the narrative and play the Interactive.
a. To what is the melting of a rock compared? __________________________
b. How hot does a rock have to get to melt into magma? __________________
c. Review! What type of igneous rock is formed when lava cools above ground?
________________________________
d. Review! What type of igneous rock is formed when magma cools underground?
________________________________
e. Which takes longer to cool – rocks that form above ground or underground?
4. Weathering and Erosion; Compaction and Cementation… You know the drill.
a. What is sediment?
__________________________________________________________
b. Where do weathering and erosion act on rocks? above ground / below ground
c. What force compacts the sediment particles together?
__________________________________________________________
To what is this process compared? ________________________________
d. What cements the sediment particles together?
__________________________________________________________
5. Transform the Rock… At the bottom of the Weathering… page, click on this. Then
click on Begin.
How did you do on the quiz? ____ out of 18
The Rock Cycle Diagram…
1.
Who came up with concept of the rock cycle and when did he live?
______________________________________________________________
2. Because Earth’s materials are never created or destroyed, what might Earth be
described as?
______________________________________________________________
3. Complete the Cycle… Review the rock cycle then click on Complete the Cycle.
How did you do on the quiz? ____ out of 10
Test Your Skills… (If time!)
Take the 15 question test. When you finish, call me over to confirm and record your grade.
DO NOT PRINT IT!
How did you do on the test? ____ out of 15
Teacher’s initials or stamp: _________
Ch 4-6 Earth’s Materials & The Rock Cycle
Lesson 5 Concept Map
The Rock Cycle
Tray ___ - Rocks : ____________________________
Igneous Rock
Sedimentary Rock
Metamorphic Rock
Rock-forming
Minerals
1
Don’t touch the minerals in the
kit. Some are crumbling!
Granite
3
Granite is composed of mica,
quartz, and pink or white
feldspar
Basalt and
Gabbro
5
Gabbro is the rock with visible
crystals. Basalt is dull dark
gray. You may pick these up!
Pumice
2
Pumice is volcanic glass and will
cut your hands! Don’t touch it!
Pick it up using the paper towel.
Obsidian and
Rhyolite
4
Obsidian (the black rock) is
volcanic glass and will cut your
hands. Feel only the smooth
surface.
Pink Granite
6
Granite is composed of mica,
quartz, and pink or white
feldspar
Preview or
Review
Between Trays 2/3
Preview or
Review
Between Trays 2/3
Preview or
Review
Between Trays 2/3
Preview or
Review
Between Trays 5/6
Preview or
Review
Between Trays 5/6
Preview or
Review
Between Trays 5/6
Conglomerate
1
Observe the little
pebbles/gravel that make up
this rock! You may pick this up.
Shale
3
This is the rock your backyard
would turn into! Feel how much
smoother it is than the
conglomerate or sandstone.
Coquina
5
Go to the microscope and
observe the piece of coquina
that is set up there.
Sandstone
2
Feel the sandstone!
Limestone and
Halite
4
Halite is rock salt but don’t lick
it! And don’t poke at it with
your writing utensil!
Coal
6
Don’t touch the coal – it may
contain impurities that are
toxic! (And it will make your
hands stink for the rest of the
day!)
Gneiss
1
Slate
2
Gneiss is the one with the
stripes on it. You can see the
pieces of mica in the granite.
You may pick these rocks up.
The shale is the bigger piece.
It can turn into slate or schist.
Schist
3
Marble
4
Shale can turn into slate or
schist. The shiny rock is schist.
Marble is the sparkly rock. It
can be used for sculptures and
floor tiles.
Quartzite
5
Hornfels
6
Quartzite is the rounded rock.
Where do you think it was
found and what forces made it
round?
Review – Is basalt intrusive or
extrusive? You may pick up
these rocks.