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Chapter 2 Sections 1 & 2 Outlines
Chapter 2 Sec. 1: City-States in Mesopotamia (pgs. 27 – 32)
1) Geography of the Fertile Crescent
A desert climate dominates the landscape between the ________ _______and the ___________Sea in
Southwest Asia. Yet within this _____region lies an arc of land that provides some of the best farming
in Southwest Asia. The region’s __________shape and the richness of its land led scholars to call it the
________ __________.
a) Fertile Plains
i) In the eastern part of the Fertile Crescent, the _______and ___________rivers flow
southeastward to the Persian Gulf.
ii) Between them lies the land that became known as________________.
iii) At least once a year the Tigris and Euphrates _____________Mesopotamia. When the flood
waters receded, it left a thick bed of mud called_______.
b) Environmental Challenges
i) People first began to settle and farm in southern Mesopotamia before _________ B.C.
ii) Around 3500 B.C., the people called the _____________arrived on the scene.
iii) Good _________ was the advantage that attracted these settlers to the flat, swampy land of
Sumer.
iv) There were _________disadvantages to their new environment.
v) The first disadvantage: The flooding of the rivers was________________.
vi) The second disadvantage: Sumer was a small region, only about the size of_____________.
With no _________ ___________for protection, a Sumerian village was almost defenseless.
vii) The third disadvantage: the natural resources of Sumer were extremely_____________.
c) Creating Solutions
i) To provide water the Sumerians dug irrigation ditches that carried river water to their
__________and allowed them to produce a __________of crops.
ii) For defense, they built city walls with _____bricks. Finally, Sumerians traded with the peoples
of the mountains and the desert for the products they lacked.
iii) These activities required organization, cooperation, and leadership. It took many people working
together. Leaders were needed to plan the projects and supervise digging of _________
_________.
iv) These projects also created the needs for ________ to settle disputes over how land and water
would be distributed. These leaders and laws were the beginning of organized government.
2) Sumerians Create City-States
Five key characteristics set Sumer apart from earlier human societies: (1) __________cities, (2)
specialized workers, (3) complex______________, (4) record keeping, and (5) advanced technology.
By 3000 B.C., the Sumerians had built a number of cities, each surrounded by fields of barley
and________. Although these cities shared the same culture, they developed their own_____________.
Each city and the surrounding land it controlled formed a_________-_______. A city-state functioned
much as an independent country does today.
a) The Power of Priests
i) The farmers believed that the success of their _________ depended upon the blessings of the
gods, and the priests acted as go-betweens with the gods.
b) Monarchs Take Control
i) In time of war, the priests did not lead the city.
ii) In time, some military leaders became ________-________rulers, or monarchs.
iii) These rulers usually passed their power on to their sons, who eventually passed on to their
own heirs. Such a series of rulers from a single family is called a _________________.
c) The Spread of _________
i) Surpluses from farming allowed Sumerians to increase long-distance ____________.
ii) As their population and trade expanded, the Sumerians came into contact with other peoples,
and their __________ spread. The Sumerians absorbed ideas such as religious beliefs
from neighboring cultures. This process of a new idea or a product spreading from one
culture to another is called_____________ _______________.
3)
Sumerian Culture
a) A Religion of Many Gods
i) The belief in many gods is called _________________.
ii) Sumerians described their gods as doing many of the same things humans do, also that their
gods are __________and all-____________. Humans were nothing but their gods
servants.
iii) Sumerians believed that the souls of the dead went to the “land of no return,” a _________
gloomy place between the earth’s crusts and the ancient sea.
b) Life in Sumerian Society
i) With civilization came greater differences between groups in society, or the beginning of
what we call ________ _____________.
ii) _________ and _____________made up the highest level. Wealthy merchants were ranked
next. The vast majority of Sumerians worked with their hands in fields and shops. The
lowest level of Sumerian society was_________.
iii) Sumerian women had more rights than women in many later civilizations.
c) Sumerian _________ and ______________
i)Sumerians invented the __________, the sail, and the plow; they were the first to use
________; and they developed the first system of writing,_____________.
ii) Cuneiform tablets provide evidence of other Mesopotamian innovations.
iii)One of the first known _________ was made on a clay tablet in about 2300 B.C.
iv) Other tablets contain some of the oldest written records of scientific investigations in the
areas of astronomy, chemical substances, and symptoms of disease.
v) In order to erect city walls and building, plan irrigation systems, and survey flooded fields,
they needed ______________ and geometry.
4) The First Empire Builders
a) _____________ of Akkad
i) About 2350 B.C., a conqueror named Sargon defeated the city-states of ________. Sargon
led his army from Akkad, a city-state north of Sumer.
ii) Unlike the Sumerians, the Akkadians were a Semitic people – that is, they spoke a language
related to Arabic and _______________.
iii) By taking control of both northern and southern ______________, Sargon created the world’s
first empire. An ____________ brings together several peoples, nations, or previously
independent states under on ruler.
b) Babylonian Empire
i) In about 2000 B.C., _____________warriors known as ____________ invaded Mesopotamia.
ii) In short time, the Amorites overwhelmed the Sumerians and set up their capital at Babylon.
iii) The Babylonian Empire reached its peak during the reign of _____________, from 1792 B.C.
to 1750 B.C. Hammurabi’s most enduring legacy is the code of _________he wrote.
c) Hammurabi’s Code
i) Hammurabi recognized that a single, ____________ code would help to unify the diverse
groups within his empire. He therefore collected ____________ ___________ ,
judgments, and laws into the Code of Hammurabi.
ii)The code lists ______ specific laws dealing with everything that affected the community,
including family relations, business conduct, and crime.
iii)Although the code applied to everyone, it set different ______________ for rich and poor and
for men and women.
Chapter 2 Sec. 2: Pyramids on the Nile (pgs. 33 – 39)
1) The Geography of Egypt
From the highlands of east-central Africa to the Mediterranean Sea, the Nile River flows ____________
for over 4,100 miles, making it the longest river in the world.
a) The Gift of the __________
i) Every year in July, rains and melting snow from the mountains of east-central Africa caused
the Nile River to rise and spill over its___________. When the river receded in October, it
left behind a rich deposit of ____________ black mud.
ii) All fall and winter farmers tended the wheat and barley plants. They watered their crops
from an intricate network of ____________________ ditches.
iii) The abundance brought by the Nile was so great that the Egyptians _______________it as a
god who gave life. The ancient Greek historian remarked Egypt was the “gift of the Nile.”
b) Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt
i) Ancient Egyptians knew only the _____________ part of the Nile – the last 750 miles before the
river empties north into the ___________________ Sea.
ii) Their domain ended at a point where the jagged granite cliffs and boulders turn the river into
churning rapids called a__________________.
iii) Upper Egypt (to the_________) was a skinny strip of land from the First Cataract to the point
where the ricer starts to fan out into many branches.
iv) Lower Egypt (to the____________) consisted of the Nile _______ region, which begins about
100 miles before the river enters the Mediterranean.
c) Environmental Challenges
i) If the Nile’s floodwaters were just a few feet lower than normal, the amount of________ silt
and water for crops was greatly __________. Thousands of people might starve.
ii) If the flood waters were a few feet higher than usual, the water would spread beyond the
fields to the mud-brick villages nearby. The unwanted water might __________ houses,
granaries, and the precious seeds that farmers needed for planting.
iii) The deserts on either side of the Nile forced Egyptians to stay close to the river, their lifeline,
which _____________ their ______________ with other peoples. At the same time, the
deserts also shut out invaders.
d) Movement of Good and Ideas
i) By ___________B.C., Egyptians were coming into contact with the people of Mesopotamia.
ii) The early Egyptians may have ______________ some ideas from the Mesopotamians in the
early development of their cities and in their system of writing.
2) Egypt Unites into a Kingdom
By 3200 B.C., the villages of Egypt were under the rule of ______ separate kingdoms, __________
Egypt and Upper Egypt. A strong-willed king of Upper Egypt named _________ united all of Egypt.
a) Pharaohs Rule as Gods
i) In Mesopotamia, ____________ were considered to be representatives to the gods, in Egypt,
the kings were the gods.
ii) Egyptian god-kings came to be called _________________.
iii) The pharaoh stood at the center of Egypt’s religion as well as its government and army. This
type of government in which the ruler is a divine figure is called a __________________.
b) Builders of the Pyramids
i) For the kings of the Old Kingdom, the resting place after death for their kings
was an immense structure called a _______________.
ii) The Old Kingdom was the great age of ____________ building in ancient Egypt.
3) Egyptian Culture
a) Religion and ________
i) Egyptians worshiped more than __________ gods and goddesses.
ii) Egyptians believed in an afterlife and believed they would be ___________ for their deeds
when they died.
iii) Egyptians preserved a dead person’s body by __________________ – embalming and drying
the corpse to prevent it from decaying.
b) Life in Egyptian Society
i) Like the grand monuments to the kings, Egyptian society formed a pyramid.
ii) The Egyptians were not ____________ into their social classes. Lower – and middle – class
Egyptians could gain higher status through _______________ or success in their jobs.
Women in Egypt held many of the same rights as ________.
c) Egyptian Writing
i) Crude pictographs were the earliest form of writing in Egypt, but scribes quickly developed a
more flexible writing system called ______________________.
ii) Egyptians invented a better writing surface using the tall stalks of the _____________, reeds
that grew in the marshy deltas.
d) Egyptian Science and Technology
i) In order to assess and collect _________, the Egyptians developed a system of written
numbers for counting.
ii) To help them keep track of time between ___________ and plan their planting season, the
Egyptians invented a ________________.
iii) Egyptians priests had observed that a very bright star, ___________, began to appear above
the eastern horizon just before the floods came. The rising between each Sirius was _____
days.