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History of the 1600’s
I.
II.
The Rise of Russian Power
a. Kremlin in Moscow was the seat of government
b. The end of feudal systems and small city states
c. The beginning of the line of Tsars (Caesars)
i. Ivan IV the Terrible (1533-1584)
1. was known for his ruthlessness – murdering thousands
2. he made the people slaves
ii. Simeon Bekbulatovich (1574-1576)
iii. Time of troubles – 1584-1613
1. Feodor I (1584-1598)
2. Boris Godunov (1598-1605)
3. Feodor II (1605)
4. Dimitri II (1605-1606)
5. Vasili IV (1606-1610)
6. Ladislaus IV (1610-1613)
iv. Romanoff Family rule – they are going to reign until 1918
1. Michael I (1613-1645)
2. Aleksey I (1645-1676)
3. Feodor III (1676-1682)
4. Ivan V (1682-1696)
5. Peter I the Great (1682-1725)
a. had to co-rule with his brother Ivan and sister Sofia
b. Sofia tried to overthrow Peter and she was exiled to a convent
c. Ivan died in 1696 and Peter was sole ruler
d. opened Russia up to the rest of the world
e. brought a series of reforms that made Russia a major power in Europe
i. engineers
ii. shipbuilders
iii. architects
iv. craftsmen and merchants
f. Russians were sent to Europe to get the best education
g. He wanted to regain the Baltic Sea and Baltic trade
h. Started the Northern War with Sweden which lasted 21 years which
ended in 1721 – Russia was declared an empire
i. St Petersburg was founded and became the capital of Russia and a
major sea port for trade in Europe
j. He changed Russia’s history
i. Reorganized the government
ii. Introduced a poll tax
iii. Active foreign policy
iv. Boosted manufacturing and trade
v. Made a strong army and navy (he was a master shipbuilder)
Ottoman Turks
a. Turkish state in the Middle East
i. Anatolia (Turkey)
ii. part of Southwest Asia
iii. North Africa
iv. south-eastern Europe
b. lasted from 14th to 20th centuries
III.
c. established by a tribe of Oghuz Turks in western Anatolia
i. ruled by the Osmanli dynasty
ii. was among the world's most powerful political entities in the 16th and 17th centuries
iii. nations of Europe felt threatened by its steady advance through the Balkans
iv. From 1517 onwards, the Ottoman Sultan was also the Caliph of Islam
v. Ottoman Empire was from 1517 until 1922 (or 1924) synonymous with the Caliphate,
the Islamic State.
d. was founded by Osman I (hence the name Ottoman Empire)
e. in 1453 sultan Mehmed II conquered Constantinople (in modern Turkish I˙stanbul) became
the capital the state grew into a mighty empire
f. defeated at the Battle of Vienna in 1683, the empire began a slow decline
g. The Ottoman Empire was transformed into modern Turkey following World War I
i. The Republic of Turkey was then founded on October 29, 1923 from remnants of the
fallen empire
France
a. Henry of Navarre who became Henry IV (1589-1610)
i. he was the first of the Bourbon line of French kings
ii. he became the first protestant king of France
iii. Henry IV was assassinated in 1610
b. Louis XIII (1610-1643)
i. takes control and is ruled over by Cardinal Richelieu
ii. once again control was taken over by the Catholic church
c. King Louis XIV (1643-1715)
i. Only 5 years old when Louis XIII died
ii. Young cardinal Mazarin ruled for the young king
1. Outbreak of civil war
2. put down and royal authority went unquestioned for many years
iii. Mazarin died in 1661 when Louis was 23
iv. He took over the affairs of state and no one questioned his ability
v. Known for his pomp
1. took an army of servants to oblige him
2. 6 different groups of people attended to his rising every morning
vi. he chose the sun as a symbol of his reign – became known as the “Sun King”
vii. absolute ruler – “I am the state”
viii. established the first modern bureaucratic government
1. bureau – means desk
2. cratic – to govern
3. government by men who sit at desks
ix. Had the Palace of Versailles built – completed 1688
x. Louis worked to increase the economic resources of France so he would have a larger
tax base
d. Explorers
i. Champlain 1608 – founded Quebec – first permanent French colony in America
1. discovered Lake Champlain
ii. Louis sent out Jacques Marquette (a Jesuit missionary) and Louis Joliet a fur trader
1. explored the central Mississippi River
iii. 1682 – Robert Cavalier de la Salle
1. sailed all the way down the Mississippi
2. called the area Louisiana
3. Canada, Great Lakes, and Mississippi valley were called “New France”
e. New France
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
IV.
V.
Canada
Had a booming fur trade
But never fully settled New France
Political, economic, and religious restrictions to limit personal freedom kept people
from moving to New France
f. Huguenots
i. Louis saw them as a threat
ii. He revoked the Edict of Nantes
1. all Huguenot church buildings were to be destroyed
2. no public or private worship services were allowed
3. ministers who would not convert to Catholicism had to leave the country
within 10 days or be put to death
4. children born to Huguenot parents were to be baptized by Romanist priests and
raised as Catholics
5. Huguenots (except ministers) were forbidden to leave the country
iii. Thousands of them fled to other parts of Europe and even America
1. perhaps a half a million protestants fled France
2. these were the skilled craftsmen, sailors, soldiers, and officers
3. Berlin, Germany attributes the arrival of the Huguenots to the beginning of
their power and greatness
4. many fled to America to help mold this country
g. military expansion under Louis XIV
i. increased the army from 100,000 to 400,000
ii. engaged in several wars with neighboring countries
iii. when he engaged Germany people saw him as a threat to Europe
1. 1686 a coalition against France formed – League of Augsburg
a. England, Dutch Republic, Holy Roman Empire, Germany
b. 1688 – War of the League of Augsburg
c. France was beaten and Louis signed the Treaty of Ryswick
d. Louis was forced to go home
Spain
a. Philip III (1598-1621)
i. He became a victim of events that he could not change or control
ii. He was forced to be controlled by outsiders
iii. In 1599-1600 an epidemic plague claimed some 500,000 victims in Castile.
b. Philip IV (1621-1665)
i. a boy of 16
ii. Spain rapidly lost the initiative.
iii. Sunk out of the world powers
c. Charles II (1665-1700)
i. The house of Austria (Habsburg) came to an end with Charles’ death
Holy Roman Empire
a. Thirty Years War (1618-1648) - conflict between Protestants and Catholics and a power
struggle within and between kingdoms
b. Germany, the Holy Roman Empire, was fractured during the Thirty Years War into more than
300 separate states
c. The Catholic, Austrian Habsburgs were the big losers during the Thirty Years War
d. Any hope of centralizing Germany under their rule was lost
e. Germany was divided on the basis of religion into Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists.
i. The religion of the ruler determined the religion of the people
ii. Austria remained Catholic
VI.
iii. Prussia was Lutheran
iv. Germany was split
England
a. Queen Elizabeth (1558-1603)
b. Mary Stuart (Mary Queen of Scots) gives up the throne to her son James VI (1567-1625)
i. He later became known as King James I of England
c. King James I (1603-1625)
i. Until 1603 the English and Scottish Crowns were separate
ii. Following the Accession of King James VI of Scotland (I of England) to the English
Throne, a single monarch reigned in the United Kingdom.
iii. Beginning of the Stuart line of kings
iv. Gun Powder Plot (1605)
1. Guy Fawkes and 7 other men plot to kill King James and destroy the
parliament.
2. Nov 5, 1605 James was to speak to parliament
3. this way they could bring Catholicism back to England
4. 36 barrels of gunpowder
5. iron bars and rocks packed around them to focus the blast
6. the plot leaked out, James did not come, and Fawkes was caught in the cellar
(maybe trying to remove the evidence)
7. he and the 7 others were tried and executed
8. Guy Fawkes Day is still celebrated today by setting off fireworks and burning a
replica of Guy Fawkes
v. Vision to extend England’s domain to the New World – 1606
1. he granted a charter to a joint stock company – the Virginia Company of
London
2. included 2 groups that were planning on planting colonies in America
a. London Group – wanted to settle the southern part of Virginia
(Virginia)
b. Plymouth Group – wanted to settle the northern part of Virginia
(Maine)
3. Plymouth group landed first – 1607 in Maine (Virginia)
a. Landed first
b. Colonized
c. Poor crops and death
d. The colony lasted only one winter
4. London Group landed in 1607
a. 101 men
b. 3 months of rough seas
c. landed in Chesapeake Bay and up the wide river which they named the
James River
d. they chose a place for the settlement and they called in Jamestown 1607
e. this was the first permanent English settlement in North America
vi. Authorized the English Bible – King James Version - 1611
d. King Charles I (1625-1649)
i. unable to control foreign conflict and problems at home
ii. by 1640 was in heated arguments with Parliament
iii. Both sides went to war in 1642 and Charles was defeated in 1645
iv. He was beheaded in 1649.
e. Oliver Cromwell (1649-1660)
VII.
i. An enemy of Charles I
ii. was the first leader of Parliament's New Model Army
iii. Civil war broke out
iv. He became the first uncrowned leader of England.
f. King Charles II (1660-1685)
i. Fled from England after the defeat of the Royalist army at Worcester in 1651
ii. He returned to England in 1651 when it was clear that there was nobody to follow
Cromwell
iii. Charles devoted his time as king to trying to avoid another civil war
iv. He died in 1685
g. King James II (1685-1688)
i. disliked due to rumors that he was a secret Catholic
ii. showed great favoritism to Catholics
iii. To avoid death, he was allowed to flee the country in 1688
h. William and Mary – King William III and Queen Mary II (1688-1702)
i. William III was married to James II's Protestant daughter Mary
ii. William was a great Dutch war-leader and a Protestant
iii. He became the King of England when James II fled the country and agreed to work
with Parliament and not against it
iv. Most of his time as king was spent fighting wars against Louis XIV.
i. From the end of the 17th century, monarchs lost executive power and they increasingly
became subject to Parliament, resulting in today's constitutional Monarchy.
j. Explorers
i. Henry Hudson (1565-1611)
1. Explorer and navigator
2. Explored parts of Arctic Ocean and Northeastern North America
3. Hudson River, Hudson Straight, Hudson Bay all named after him
ii. Christopher Newport (1560-1617)
1. Privateer and navigator
2. Transported colonists to first permanent English colony in America –
Jamestown
3. Sailed back and forth 5 times bringing colonists and supplies between 16061611
iii. John Smith (1580-1631)
1. Adventurer and soldier
2. One of the founders and leaders at Jamestown
3. Explored Chesapeake Bay and New England coast
America
a. Jamestown – 1607
i. First English settlement in America
1. Bible verses
a. II Thes 3:10 - man does not work he does not eat
b. Rev 22:12 - each man be judged according to his deeds
ii. problems
1. fire swept through the town in 1608 – less than 9 months after men arrived
2. rats ate most of the corn supply
3. London company wanted to make a profit so two boats were sent in 1608 to be
loaded with cedar wood, lumber, sassafras – root to make tea
4. men were “gentlemen” and didn’t want to do any hard work
a. some wanted only to look for silver and gold
b. others wanted to do nothing at all
5. common storehouse (community living – communism)
a. all things were brought to storehouse
b. distributed evenly to all the people
c. gentlemen didn’t think they should have to do anything
d. they took up bowling in the streets
iii. new leader
1. John Smith took control in 1608
a. Wasn’t very well liked by the people
b. Did earn their respect
c. Began to force people to do work – 4 hours each day before they could
indulge in past-times
i. People began to work harder
ii. But winter 1609-1610 was a very hard winter
1. many men died
2. starved to death
iii. He told them all to go out and gather everything they could to
eat (otherwise they would have died)
d. Got into a quarrel with Chief Powhatan but Pocahontas saved his life
by throwing herself on him to save him from the executioner’s hatchet
i. She married John Rolfe
ii. Converted to the “Christian” religion - Catholicism
iii. Died of smallpox in England after meeting the king at 22 years
old
e. He was hurt in an explosion and went back to England
2. Sir Thomas Gates
a. Sent by the London company to take Smith’s place
b. When he arrived in 1610 the colony was in ruins
c. The people that survived begged Gates to take them back to England
d. They boarded the 2 ships and headed down the James River
e. Met by ships coming with supplies led by Lord De la Warr who ordered
them back to Jamestown
iv. Cash crop for America
1. John Rolfe discovered a kind of tobacco that the Europeans really liked - 1612
a. The Indians grew tobacco
b. Soon the Europeans were demanding it
c. By 1617 the colony shipped back 20,000 pounds of tobacco
2. After re-organization under King James, thousands were encouraged to sail to
Jamestown to grow this crop
a. in 1624 – King James dissolved the Virginia Company and took control
himself – because the company could not pay profits to its stock
holders
b. many deaths because of disease and Indian raids
c. financially – they were unable to pay profits to stock holders
d. company dissolved
3. by 1630 ships were regularly sailing up the river with supplies for the colony
and taking a load of tobacco back to England
4. this crop was the one thing that made Jamestown a success where others had
failed
a. they also did away with the communal system
5. Began importing slaves to the colony in 1619
a. Brought against their will
b. Forced to work the tobacco fields
c. One slave was named Mary
i. She and her husband Anthony gained their freedom and took the
last name Johnson
ii. They settled on the Pungoteague River on a 250-acre farm and
raised pigs and cattle
d. They were treated more as indentured servants at that time – you
worked for so long and gained your freedom
i. There were actually some white people working for blacks
ii. Laws began to change by the mid-1600’s
1. black farmers were no longer able to hire white help
2. illegal for them to carry guns
3. were not allowed to hold office or testify in court
4. could not hit whites even in self-defense
5. allowed for life-long slavery
6. by 1660 – slavery could pass to children
v. new ruling government established – 1619
1. House of Burgesses
a. Had two men from each plantation (11) who would make decisions to
reform
b. This was to take away the establishment of martial law
2. one man Sir Edwin Sandys (was the representative in England)
a. he authorized women to be brought to the New World
b. could buy a wife for 120 pounds of Tobacco
b. Plymouth Rock – Massachusetts – pilgrims – 1620
i. Second group to build a permanent English settlement
ii. Made of two groups of people - they shared many beliefs about the Anglican Church
(Church of England)
1. Puritans – wanted to work with the church to purify it
2. Separatists – separated themselves from the church completely
a. These came over first and were called the Pilgrims
b. An underground church in Scrooby England decided they would leave
to escape the persecution
c. Leaving was against the law
d. They left and went to Leyden, Holland
e. From there they were able to head for the New World under the
leadership of William Bradford
i. They left in two ships – Aug 5, 1620
1. Mayflower
a. carried a group of “Strangers”
b. Captain was Christopher Jones
2. Speedwell
a. carried the Separatists
b. Better called “Leakwell”
c. They had to turn back twice
d. Second time they all packed into the Mayflower
e. Later found out that the crew of the Speedwell
didn’t want to make the journey – they made up
the problems
f. Never made the trip to America
ii. The captain decided to not follow the usual route
1. cut off 1000 miles of the journey
2. avoid the pirates
3. this put them right in the middle of the Gulf Stream
a. warm water coming from the Gulf of Mexico
b. they only traveled 2 mph
iii. on board was 102 (34 children), cats (to keep down the mice),
two dogs
f. run into a huge storm which broke a main beam of the ship’s hull
i. they decided to go on but they needed to repair the beam
ii. the Pilgrims had brought a printing press with a huge iron screw
g. after weeks of storms the weather finally abated
i. all the sick people got to come up onto deck
h. found land Nov 9,1620
iii. Arrived in December
1. too late to plant crops and further north then they expected
a. they were outside of the jurisdiction of the Virginia Company
b. drew up the Mayflower Compact
i. temporary governing document
ii. covenant to establish a government that required people to
submit to the rulers and authority to enforce it
c. John Carver was elected to be their governor
2. first winter was spent on the Mayflower
a. sent men out to explore the shores for suitable place to live
b. attacked by first Indians they saw but the English’s muskets overcame
them quickly
c. it took several weeks to find a place to settle
d. called it Plymouth Plantation – began to build houses – using boards
from the ship
3. they hunted for anything they could eat
4. stole corn from the Indians
5. sickness, cold, hunger killed over 1/2 of the pilgrims that first winter
a. at one point only 7 pilgrims were strong enough to take care of the
others and bury the dead
6. even though it was hard, they did not return to England when they had the
chance
iv. Greeting party in the spring
1. met by 2 Indians who spoke English
2. learned English fisherman along the coast
3. two men of the Wampanoag tribe
a. Samoset
b. Tisquantum – called Squanto
i. Kidnapped in 1615 by the Spanish
1. taken and sold as a slave
2. English man found him, bought him, brought him back
to England
3. he caught passage back to America to find out that his
Pawtuxet tribe wiped out
4. he lived with the Wampanoag tribe
ii. Helped the Pilgrims learn to live in the New World
1. they showed them how to plant corn, pumpkins, and
beans
2.
3.
4.
5.
showed them how to use certain fish for fertilizer
showed them where to hunt and fish
with his help they had enough to eat the very first year
they had a 3-day celebration to give thanks for their
harvest – the Indians came and joined them for the first
Thanksgiving
iii. Helped bring peace between Pilgrims and the Indians
iv. Dies in 1622 of smallpox
1. came with the Europeans
2. Indians had no defense for it
3. most Indians died of European diseases and not their
guns
v. Persecuted in Europe for their religious beliefs – seeking religious freedom
1. Puritans hoped that King James I would bring more Reformation
2. When James’ son Charles took over he was even more tyrannical
3. great oppression from 1630-1642
a. 24,000 Puritans came to New England
b. Great Migration
c. They left in 1629 right before the persecution started
4. a small group of Puritans established a colony in Salem Massachusetts
a. led by John Endicott in 1629
b. John Winthrop opened the way for a large exodus of Puritans
i. 17 ships – 1000 men and women with their families
ii. 240 cows, 60 horses
iii. on the flagship “Arbella” he delivered a message call A Model
of Christian Charity where he talked about being a city upon a
hill
c. Massachusetts Bay Colony
i. established a church free from government control and they
formed a civil magistrate whose leaders were ordained by God
1. in each jurisdiction – church and state – the Bible was
the standard
2. only church members could hold office
ii. flirted with communism
1. people complained that they were paying too much for
things
2. the central court of Massachusetts established price and
wage controls
3. craftsmen just moved to other places
iii. 1641 – established Massachusetts Body of Liberties
1. blended laws from England with those from the Bible
a. freedom of speech in courts and public assembly
b. right to trial by jury
c. outlawing of double jeopardy
d. every church has full liberty to exercise all the
ordinances of God
iv. Education
1. 1636 – established Harvard College – proper education
for future ministers
a. could enter the college at 14 if they could pass a
rigorous entrance exam in Latin
2. New England Primer to teach children
3. most settlers taught their children at home
4. 1647 passed a law called “Old Deluder Satan Act”
a. mandatory common school
b. make sure children were equipped intellectually
and spiritually to stand against Satan
c. called on everyone in the community to pay for
this
v. Puritan ideals begin to fail
1. by 1677 there were many compromises
2. by late 1670 a fire destroyed much of Boston and a
smallpox epidemic followed
3. they looked at this as God’s punishments for their
compromises
4. constant quarrels and clashes among the Puritans
a. Puritans influenced by Calvinism opposed
Protestants who held to traditions
i. Using the Book of Common Prayers
ii. Priestly robes (cap and gown)
iii. Kneeling during sacraments
b. Many groups of people were migrating and
conflicts grew
c. Wanted to be self-governed, but everyone had to
agree with them
vi. Troubles within Salem
1. Internal disputes – property lines, grazing rights
2. They were Calvanistic to extreme
a. Music, celebration of holidays forbidden
b. Sing hymns, but with no music
c. Folk songs were against God
d. Toys and dolls were forbidden – frivolous waste
of time
e. Only schooling was in religious doctrine
f. 3-hour meetings on Wednesday and Sunday –
better not miss them
3. 1672 – hired their own ministers – but lost the first two
because they wouldn’t pay them the full rate
4. Brought in Samuel Parris in 1689
5. There are rumors in the area about witchcraft started
from pamphlets written by a Boston minister named
Cotton Mather
a. Claimed that a Boston mason named John
Goodwin’s daughter was tempted by the devil
b. She stole linen off the line from a washerwoman
named Mary Glover
i. a miserable old woman
ii. husband often described her as a witch
c. she was accused of casting spells on the
Goodwin children
d. 4 out of 6 children began having strange fits
e. this “disease” became linked with witchcraft
d. Salem Witch trials 1692
i. Born in a hot bed of rumors, superstitions, fear, and family
feuds
ii. Betty Parris (9) and Abigail Williams (11) – daughter and niece
of Samuel Parris began to have “fits”
iii. A “doctor” and minister found nothing wrong with the girls
iv. Accounts of other girls acting the same way – Ann Putnam (12)
and Elizabeth Hubbard
v. The minister was preaching in the meetinghouse and he was
disrupted by the outbursts of these girls
vi. The assumption – someone cast spells on them
vii. The accused
1. Sarah Good
a. homeless beggar
b. didn’t treat children very well
2. Sarah Osborne
a. her family was in a family feud with the Putnams
b. hardly attended church meetings
c. married an indentured servant
3. Tituba
a. Was a slave belonging to Samuel Parris
b. Was into voodoo and was telling the girls stories
about it
c. Thought to be teaching them spells and divining
the future
viii. Trials begin
1. People were accused
2. They were mostly people who had no one to stand up for
them
3. The were convicted on spectral evidence
a. The supposed witches spirit would appear to
someone in a dream or a vision
b. The would bite them, pinch them
c. Even if the person was somewhere else at the
time, the court called this evidence of that person
being a witch
ix. At the end of the trial
1. 19 were hung
2. 4 (or as many as 13) died in prison
3. 1 – Giles Corey - was crushed to death with rocks
c. Maryland – 1634
i. George Calvert (first baron Baltimore) wanted to establish a refuge for English
Catholics
ii. Persuaded King Charles I to grant him land
iii. Chose an area on the Potomac – called it Saint Marys
iv. He allowed Protestants as well as Catholics to settle there
1. soon Protestants outnumbered Catholics
2. passed Act of Religious Toleration – 1649
a. safeguard the rights of the Catholic minority
3. Puritans came to power in Maryland
4. they repealed the Toleration Act
a. brief civil war
5. second baron Baltimore recovered control and they went back to religious
tolerance
d. Rhode Island – 1636
i. Roger Williams – gave inflammatory messages against Puritans
1. he was told that he was to go back to England
2. he was allowed to stay at the colony through the winter
3. he left and headed down to Narragansett Bay – 40 miles south
4. started his own colony called Providence Plantation
5. Became Rhode Island
ii. Williams made this colony open to all beliefs so he was free to make all the wild
statements he wanted
1. lead to controversies
2. arguments over politics and religion
iii. became a prosperous colony
1. seaport of Newport
2. built large fleet of ships
3. embarked on a highly profitable triangular trade
a. exported rum to Africa
b. rum was traded for slaves
c. slaves were brought back to the West Indies (Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti,
Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico) where they produced sugar which in
turn was brought to Rhode Island to produce rum
e. Carolina – 1663
i. Land grant given by King Charles II
ii. to start a new colony – named Carolus – Latin for Charles
iii. Charles Town was later renamed Charleston
1. started plantations
2. grew rice
iv. there was a labor shortage to work the fields
v. white indentured servants were becoming less available they began getting African
slaves
1. they soon became the majority of the population in southern Carolina
2. runaway slaves, criminals began settling the northern section of Carolina
vi. separated in 1712 in North and South Carolina
1. they came became royal colonies in 1729
f. Pennsylvania – William Penn - 1681
i. In England it was against the law to practice any religion other than the state’s religion
1. he thought that was wrong
2. he was expelled from school to saying aloud what he believed
3. he was part of the Society of Friends – “Quakers”
a. did not believe in war
b. thought prisoners and mentally ill people should be treated with
kindness and mercy
ii. he founded a colony named Penn’s Woods – Pennsylvania - 1681
1. this was a place he settled for the Quakers where they could live in peace
2. he advertised for more to come and settle in PA
3. in the first 2 years over 3000 people came to live in PA
a. Mennonites, Jews, Baptists, Quakers
b. Ireland, Germany. Scotland, England
iii. One of the first things he did was plan a capital city – Philadelphia
VIII.
1. straight streets would form a grid
2. houses would be brick – so they wouldn’t burn
3. each house would have its own garden
4. by 1700 the population had grown to 4500
5. important city for trade
6. by 1710 Philadelphia was the largest city in North America
iv. he made peace with the Indians – never took land he always bought it for a fair price
1. there were 50 years of peace in PA with the Indians
2. other places (like Massachusetts) were hunting down Indians – giving a reward
for each scalp and the Indians were killing the settlers
v. under King Charles – James gave permission to add Delaware to his colony so there
would be shoreline to PA
g. Spanish Missions
i. Catholic priests came bringing their own religion to the Indians
ii. Wanted to live among the Indians but not with them
iii. Built missions where the Indians were able to come
1. first mission – St Augustine Florida – 1565
a. by 1650 nearly 26,000 Indians had become Catholic and they worked at
over 30 missions
iv. Missions began to develop in the Southwest in the 1700’s
Important People of the 1600’s
a. Political
i. Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland (1599–1658)
ii. Elizabeth I of England (1533–1603)
iii. James I of England (1566–1625)
iv. James II of England (1633–1701)
v. Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor (1640–1705)
vi. Louis XIII of France, King of France and Navarre (1601–1643)
vii. Louis XIV of France, King of France and Navarre (1638–1715
viii. Mary II of England (1662–1694)
ix. Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia, first Russian Emperor (1672–1725)
x. Philip IV of Spain, Spanish king (1605–1665)
xi. Michael of Russia, Tsar of Russia (1596–1645)
xii. Tessouat, Chief of the Algonquin
xiii. Albrecht von Wallenstein, Catholic German general in the Thirty Years' War (1583–
1634)
xiv. William III of England (1650–1702)
b. Musicians and composers
i. Johann Sebastian Bach, (1685–1750)
ii. Jean-Baptiste Lully, Italian-born composer regarded as the father of French
opera(1632–1687)
iii. Claudio Monteverdi, Italian composer of Renaissance and Baroque music(1567–1643)
iv. Johann Pachelbel (1653–1706), German composer
v. Alessandro Scarlatti, Italian opera composer
vi. Heinrich Schütz, German composer
c. Visual artists
i. Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Italian sculptor, architect (1598–1680)
ii. Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, Italian painter (1571–1610)
iii. Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, Spanish painter (1617–1682)
iv. Rembrandt van Rijn, Dutch painter (1606–1669)
v. Ruisdael (1628–1682)
vi. Johannes Vermeer, Dutch Painter (1632–1675)
d. Literature
i. Daniel Defoe, English writer, novelist (1659 or 1661–1731)
ii. Jean de La Fontaine, French poet (1621–1695)
iii. Jean Racine, French dramatist (1639–1699)
iv. William Shakespeare, English author and poet (1564–1616)
e. Exploration
i. Samuel De Champlain, French Explorer
ii. Evliya Çelebi, Ottoman Explorer
iii. Semyon Dezhnyov (1605–1672), Russian explorer of Siberia and the first European to
sail through the Bering Strait.
iv. Henry Hudson, (1570? – 1611) was an English sea explorer and navigator in the early
17th century.
v. Abel Janszoon Tasman, Dutch seafarer and explorer (1603–1659)
f. Science and philosophy
i. Francis Bacon, English philosopher and politician (1561–1626)
IX.
ii. Galileo Galilei, Italian natural philosopher (1564–1642)
iii. William Harvey, medical doctor (1578–1657)
iv. Christiaan Huygens, Dutch mathematician, physicist and astronomer
(1629–1695)
v. Johannes Kepler, German astronomer (1571–1630)
vi. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Dutch scientist and the first person to use a
microscope to view bacteria (1632–1723)
vii. John Locke, English philosopher (1632–1704)
viii. Marin Mersenne, (1588–1648), French theologian, philosopher,
mathematician and music theorist, referred to as the father of acoustics.
ix. Sir Isaac Newton, English physicist and mathematician (1643–1727)
x. Blaise Pascal, French theologian, mathematician and physicist (1623–
1662)
Important Events of the 1600’s
a. 1601–1603: The Russian famine of 1601–1603 kills perhaps a third of Russia.
b. 1602: Dutch East India Company founded. Its success contributes to the Dutch
Golden Age.
c. 1603: Elizabeth I of England dies and is succeeded by her cousin King James VI
of Scotland, uniting the crowns of Scotland and England.
d. 1605: Gunpowder Plot failed in England.
e. 1606: Time of Troubles: Vasili IV becomes Tzar of Russia.
f. 1606: Captain Willem Janszoon and his crew aboard the Dutch East India
Company ship Duyfken becomes the first recorded Europeans to sight and make
landfall in Australia.
g. 1607: Jamestown, Virginia, is settled as what would become the first permanent
English colony in North America.
h. 1608: Quebec City founded by Samuel de Champlain in New France (presentday Canada).
i. 1609: Pedro de Peralta, a later governor of New Mexico, establishes the
settlement of Santa Fe.
j. 1613: The Time of Troubles in Russia ends with the establishment of the House
of Romanov which rules until 1917.
k. 1616: Shakespeare dies
l. 1618: The Manchus start invading China. Their conquest eventually topples the
Ming Dynasty.
m. 1620: The Brownist Pilgrims arrive in the Mayflower at Cape Cod
n. 1622: Jamestown massacre: Algonquian natives kill 347 English settlers outside
Jamestown, Virginia (1/3 of the colony's population) and burn the Henricus
settlement.
o. 1625: New Amsterdam founded by the Dutch West India Company in North
America.
p. 1626: St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican completed.
q. 1631: Mount Vesuvius erupts
r. 1633: Galileo Galilei arrives in Rome for his trial before the Inquisition.
s. 1633–1639: Japan transforms into "locked country".
t. 1639–1651: Wars of the Three Kingdoms, civil wars throughout Scotland,
Ireland, and England.
u. 1640: Torture is outlawed in England.
v. 1642: Dutch explorer Abel Janszoon Tasman achieves the first recorded
European sighting of New Zealand.
w. 1642: Beginning of English Civil War, conflict will end in 1651 with the
execution of King Charles I, abolishment of the monarchy and the establishment
of the supremacy of Parliament over the king.
x. 1644: The Manchu conquer China ending the Ming Dynasty. The subsequent
Qing Dynasty rules until 1912.
y. 1645–1669: Ottoman war with Venice. The Ottomans invade Crete and capture
Canea.
z. 1648: The Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years'
War and marks the ends of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire as major
European powers.
aa. 1651: English Civil War ends with the Parliamentarian victory at the Battle of
Worcester.
bb.1652: Cape Town founded by the Dutch East India Company in South Africa.
cc. 1652: The First Anglo-Dutch War begins.
dd.1660: The Commonwealth of England ends and the monarchy is brought back
during the English Restoration.
ee. 1660: Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge
founded.
ff. 1663: Ottoman war against Habsburg Hungary.
gg.1663: France takes full political and military control over its colonial
possessions in New France.
hh.1663: Robert Hooke discovers cells using a microscope.
ii. 1664: British troops capture New Amsterdam and rename it New York.
jj. 1665: The Great Plague of London.
kk.1666: The Great Fire of London.
ll. 1668: Peace Treaty of Lisbon between Spain and Portugal recognizes Portugal
as independent country.
mm.
1669: The Ottomans capture Crete.
nn.1670: The Hudson's Bay Company is founded in Canada.
oo.1672–1678: Franco-Dutch War.
pp.1676–1681: Russia and the Ottoman Empire commence the Russo-Turkish Wars
qq.1680: The Pueblo Revolt drives the Spanish out of New Mexico until 1692
rr. 1682: Peter the Great becomes joint ruler of Russia (sole tsar in 1696).
ss. 1682: La Salle explores the length of the Mississippi River and claims Louisiana
for France.
tt. 1683: China conquers the Kingdom of Tungning and annexes Taiwan.
uu.1683: A Habsburg council of war is held in Vienna.
vv.1685: Edict of Fontainebleau outlaws Protestantism in France. King Charles II
dies
ww.
1687: Isaac Newton publishes Philosophiae Naturalis Principia
Mathematica.
xx.1688–1691: The War of the Two Kings in Ireland.
yy. 1692: Salem witch trials in Massachusetts.
zz. 1692–1694: Famine in France kills 2 million
aaa.
1693: The College of William and Mary is founded in Williamsburg,
Virginia by a royal charter.
bbb.
1694: The Bank of England is established.
ccc.
1694: Mary II of England dies
ddd.
1696–1697: Famine in Finland wipes out almost a third of the
population.[5]
eee.
1697: The earliest known first-class cricket match took place in Sussex.
fff. 1700: The 1700 Cascadia earthquake (magnitude 9) occurs off the coast of the
Pacific Northwest; Japan is struck by a tsunami.
X.
Important Inventions of the 1600’s
a. Ice cream introduced
b. Tea and coffee become popular in Europe
c. 1605 – Johannes Kepler investigates elliptical orbits of planets
d. 1610 – the Orion Nebula is identified
e. 1610 – Galileo observes Jupiter’s Galilean moons
f. 1611 – King James Bible – “authorized Version” first published
g. 1612 – first flintlock musket created for Louis XIII
h. 1620 – Cornelius Drebbel funded by King James I builds the first “submarine” made of wood
and greased leather
i. 1628 - William Harvey publishes discovery of the circulatory system
j. 1637 – Dutch Bible published
k. 1637 – first public opera house opened in Venice
l. 1642 – Blaise Pascal invents the first mechanical calculator
m. 1643 – Evangelista Torricelli of Italy invents the mercury barometer
n. 1645 – Giacomo Torelli of Venice, Italy, invents the first rotating stage
o. 1656 - Christiaan Huygens describes the true shape of the rings of Saturn
p. 1657 - Christiaan Huygens develops the first functional pendulum clock based on the
learnings of Galileo Galilei
q. 1659 - Christiaan Huygens first to observe surface details of Mars
r. 1669: The first known operational reflecting telescope is built by Isaac Newton
s. 1676: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek discovers Bacteria
t. 1676: First measurement of the speed of light
u. 1684: Calculus independently developed by both Gottfried Leibnitz and Sir Isaac Newton and
used to formulate cla