Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
CRCO Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology Editorial Article Open Access Anti-Cancerous Compounds In Brassica Anubhuti Sharma* ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed Mustard Research, Sewar, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India *Corresponding Author: Anubhuti Sharma ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed Mustard Research,Sewar, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India Fax: 05644-260565 Tel: 7579269471, 9772429768 Email: [email protected] Received on: February 8, 2017 | Accepted on: February 8, 2017 | Published on: February 27, 2017 Citation: Anubhuti Sharma. Anti-Cancerous Compounds In Brassica. Can Res and Clin Oncology 2017; 1(1): 1-2. doi: 10.00000/crco.2017.101 Copyright: © 2017 Anubhuti Sharma. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CCBY) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) which permits commercial use, including reproduction, adaptation, and distribution of the article provided the original author and source are credited. Published by Scientific Synergy Publishers Editorial Oilseed plants have received considerable attention due to the role of endogenous bioactive compounds in human nutrition. Glucosinolates are one of the major secondary metabolite of oilseeds. These compounds are found in all Brassica vegetables, seeds [cabbage, brussels, sprouts, radishes, broccoli, and cauliflower] and are responsible for the desirable pungent odor and sharp flavor associated with these foodstuffs. Brassica seeds such as rapeseed and mustard are particularly rich in glucosinolates while canola seeds have much lower total glucosinolate contents. While high levels of glucosinolates may be desirable in the case of mustard seed destined for condiment use, the high levels of glucosinolates found in rapeseed meal have restricted the use of this seed as a source of protein in compound feeds. Glucosinolates are also natural toxicants, being associated with goiter and liver damage when consumed in large quantities. Till date nearly 200 Glucosinolates types have been identified which are classified into three classes based on the structure of different amino acid precursors: aliphatic, indole, and aromatic? The glucosinolates are sequestered within the subcellular compartments and remain as chemically stable and biologically inactive compound. However tissue damage caused by pests, harvesting, food processing or chewing initiates contact with the endogenous enzyme myrosinase, [thioglucoside glycohydrolase; EC 3.2.3.1]. This leads to rapid hydrolysis of the glucosidic bond, releasing glucose and an unstable intermediate, which undergoes a spontaneous rearrangement into several potentially toxic compounds. This whole process is dependent on the reaction conditions and the presence of specifier proteins to form a complex variety of breakdown products. To prevent constitutive production and potential damage to the plant cells, myrosinase is stored separately from its substrates in specialized cells called myrosin cells. The hydrolysis products are produced upon attack by herbivores or pathogens when damage to the plant tissue and disruption of the cells causes myrosinase to come into contact with glucosinolates. The levels of glucosinolates ingested depend on various factors e.g. crop variety, agronomic factors, and both storage and processing of the vegetables prior to consumption. It has been noticed that mechanical damage such as cutting and pre-harvest stress leads to the rapid hydrolysis and degradation of glucosinolates, to increase the concentrations of indole glucosinolates in cabbage. Glucosinolates undergo enzymatic hydrolysis by the enzyme myrosinase after tissue damage and yield a variety of biologically active products i.e. Isothiocyanates, Oxazolidine-2-thiones, Nitriles and Thiocyanates. These products have a wide range of biological Can Res and Clin Oncology 2017 activity including nutritional & antinutritional attributes and effect on plant herbivores. The small sulfur-containing isothiocyanates [ITCs] are the major research target in recent years due to their anticancer and chemopreventive properties. Most of the isothiocyanates, both natural and synthetic, reduces activation of carcinogens and increase their detoxification. Recent studies show that they exhibit antitumor activity by affecting multiple pathways including apoptosis, MAPK signaling, oxidative stress, and cell cycle progression. Sulforaphane is perhaps the most widely known crucifer-derived cancer chemopreventive ITC. Isothiocyanates [ITCs] have negative effects on the growth of various fungal species. It has been also shown that following exposure to ITC, fungal cells displayed biological stress with over-expression of several genes involved mainly in cell protection against oxidative damage. ITCs may also react via Volume 1 Issue 1 1 Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology CRCO direct protein modification or indirectly by disruption of redox homeostasis and increased thioloxidation. Once isothiocyanates are ingested or formed in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract, they cross the gastrointestinal epithelium and the capillary endothelium by passive diffusion. They bind rapidly and reversibly to thiols of plasma protein and cross the plasma membrane into cells of tissues. Inside cells, isothiocyanates react with glutathione to form the glutathione conjugate, which is expelled from cells by transporter proteins and further metabolized to mercapturic acids. These isothiocyanate can be measured in the urine and are highly correlated with dietary intake of cruciferous vegetables. Although numerous studies have shown ITCs to interfere with the cell cycle progression of cancer cells, no studies have to our knowledge targeted the effect of ITCs on the plant cell cycle. Despite research efforts over the last decades, our understanding of the progression and regulation Can Res and Clin Oncology 2017 of the plant cell cycle remains limited. Whatever the final level of glucosinolates in the prepared vegetable, the absorption, metabolism and delivery of glucosinolate breakdown products to target tissues depends, to a large extent, upon the residual level of myrosinase activity. In the scenario of protective role of brassica vegetables, it is utmost important to emphasize the potential role of consuming a wide variety of brassica vegetables in many different culinary forms and dietary patterns. Presence of glucosinolate in brassica vegetables influences both palatability and potentiality. However its level can be manipulated by plant breeders. Both these issues [i.e. palatability with potentiality and level] need to be considered when breeding new varieties of brassica vegetables. Further research is required to study the biological activities of the glucosinolate products as anti-carcinogen in greater detail, so that consumer’s benefits in terms of balance of benefits and risks can be properly defined. Volume 1 Issue 1 2