Download WWI (1914-1918)

Name:
Period:
Ch-23 WW I Guided Notes
The Road to World War I
Section 1
WWI (1914-1918)
•In the first half of the 19th century, ___________ believed that if European states were organized along
_____________, these states would work together and create a ______________.
•THEY WERE WRONG!!!
•The system that emerged in Europe in the last half of the 19th century led not to cooperation but to
competition.
•Rivalries over colonies and trade grew during an age of frenzied ____________ and ___________________.
CAUSES OF WW I
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
NATIONALISM
•______________ is the _______________ of a people’s based on common language, religion, and national
symbols.
•Not all ____________ had become nations.
•They looked to ____________ for protection.
IMPERIALISM
•_________________ is the extension of a _______________ over other lands.
•During the practice of imperialism, the ______________ economic, political and cultural ideas were
_____________ on smaller countries.
•As Germany began to ________________ it competed with France and Britain in the contest for colonies.
Page
•____________ is the reliance on military strength.
•The growth of ___________after 1900 heightened the existing tensions in Europe.
•European armies doubled in size between 1890 and 1914 due to the practice of___________, a military draft.
•Militarism ______________ for war was growing.
•Russian Army = _____________ (largest)
•French and German Army = ________ each
1
MILITARISM
Ch-23 WW I Guided Notes
•British, Italian and Austro-Hungarian armies numbered between______________________.
•As armies grew, so too did the _____________ of military leaders.
•They drew up vast and complex plans for quickly ___________ millions of ______ and enormous quantities
of __________ in the event of war.
ALLIANCE SYSTEM
Alliance:
TRIPLE ALLIANCE
1.
2.
3.
TRIPLE ENTENTE
1.
2.
3.
THE OUTBREAK OF WAR: SUMMER 1914
The Serbian Problem
•The rivalry between ___________________ for domination of new states created serious tensions.
•_________was supported by Russia and was determined to create a large, independent Slavic state in the
Balkans.
•, which had its own __________ was determined to prevent that from happening.
Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand
•On June 28, 1914,___________________ , the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, and his wife Sophia,
visited the__________________.
•A group of _____________ (members of the Black Hand) waited there in the streets.
•_________________ were a Serbian terrorist organization that wanted Bosnia to be free of Austria-Hungary
and to become part of a large_______________.
TWO ATTEMPTS
•The first attempt:
one conspirator ________________ at the archduke’s car, but it glanced off and exploded
against the car behind him.
•The second attempt:______________, a 19 year old Bosnian Serb, ______________ both the archduke and
his wife.
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY RESPONDS
•The Austro-Hungarian government did not know whether or not the Serbian government had been
______________ in the assassination, but it did not care.
•Austrian leaders wanted to attack Serbia but feared _____________ on Serbia’s behalf.
•They sought the backing of _________________.
Page
•__________, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.
•Czar Nicholas II ordered ___________ of the Russian army on July 29th.
2
Declaration of War
Ch-23 WW I Guided Notes
•______________ is the process of assembling troops and supplies and making them ready for war.
It was
considered an act of war.
Germany’s Response
•The German government warned Russia that it must ____________________ within 12 hours.
•When Russia ignored this warming, Germany declared war on Russia on_______________.
•The Germans, like the Russians, had a _______________.
SCHLIEFFEN PLAN
•The plan called for a ______________ with France and Russia, who had formed a military alliance in 1894.
•According to the plan, Germany would conduct a small ________________ against Russia while most of the
German army would carry out a ____________ of France.
•Germany will invade France by moving quickly along the level coastal area through____________.
•After ________ was defeated, the German invaders would move to the east against ___________.
•Under the Schlieffen Plan, Germany could not mobilize it ___________ solely against Russia.
•Therefore, it declared war on France on____________.
•Germany issued an _____________ demanding the right of German troops to pass through Belgian territory.
•Belgium, however, was a______________ .
•On______________, Great Britain declared war on Germany, for______________________.
•By______________, all the great powers of Europe were at war…
The War
Section 2
THE WAR
_________________ is the spreading of ideas to influence public opinion for or against a cause.
Government propaganda had worked in stirring up _______________________ before the war.
Now, that the war has started (1914), European governments urged for _________________ against
________________________.
The news fell on _______________________ in every nation at war.
Most people seemed genuinely convinced that their nation’s cause was just.
Page
THE WESTERN FRONT
By using their military plan (___________________), the Germans hoped for a quick end to the war.
As they moved to surround France through ________________ they were close down at the First Battle of
the Marne.
To stop the Germans, French military leaders loaded two thousand __________________________ with
fresh troops and sent them to the front line.
3
ILLUSION’S OF THE WAR
All European wars since ____________ had ended in a matter of weeks.
In August ______________, everyone believed that the war would be over in a few weeks.
Both _________________ who boarded the train for the war front and proud ____________________
believed that the warriors would be home by _______________.
Ch-23 WW I Guided Notes
Taxicabs line up to carry French troops to battle. During the First Battle of the Marne in September 1914, the
Allies attacked the German armies and pushed them north and away from Paris. French troops were rushed
from Paris to the battle by any available means.
TRENCH WARFARE
The war quickly turned into a _____________________, as neither the Germans nor the French could
dislodge each other from the trenches they had dug for shelter.
These trenches were ___________________ protected by barbed wire.
The Western Front had become bogged down in _______________________ that kept both sides in virtually
the same position for four years.
THE EASTERN FRONT
The war at the eastern front was marked by ____________________. Many lives were lost.
The Russian army was defeated at the Battle of _________________________ on August 30 and at the
Battle of _________________________ on Sept. 15th.
As a result of these defeats, the Russians were not longer a threat to German territory.
BATTLE OF TANNENBERG
German soldiers in trenches stand by their machine guns during the Battle of Tannenberg. Germany and
Russia fought the battle in August 1914. German troops crushed the Russian army in what became one of the
most decisive battles of World War I.
NEW ALLIANCES
The _________________ were defeated by the _________________________ and thrown out of Serbia.
______________ betrayed their German and Austrian allies in the Triple Alliance by attacking Austria in may
1915.
Italy thus joined France, Great Britain, and Russia, who formed the Triple Entente, but now were called the
________________________ or Allies.
The triple alliance now was called the _____________________________ and included: Bulgaria, Germany,
Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire.
Page
TRENCH WARFARE
Trenches were cut through battlefield fronts in Europe to protect troops from deadly artillery and machinegun fire. Firing trenches were backed by cover trenches, which provided a second line of defense in case
enemies overran the firing trench. Each was about 1.8 to 2.5 m (6 to 8 ft) deep. Off-duty troops lived in
dugouts in the support trenches. Supplies, food, and fresh troops moved to the front through a network of
reserve and communications trenches. Between the trenches of opposing forces lay no-man’s-land. Crossing
no-man’s-land often resulted in death, because it was strewn with barbed wire and open to the sights of
4
THE GREAT SLAUGHTER
Troops lived in holes in the ground, separated from each other by a strip of territory known as
________________________________.
To _________________________________ an offensive order was given which started with an
_______________________ to flatten the enemy’s barded wire and leave the enemy in a state of shock.
After “________________________” the enemy in this fashion, a mass of soldiers would climb out of their
trenches with fixed ____________________ and hope to work their way toward the
______________________.
Ch-23 WW I Guided Notes
enemy guns.
WAR OF ATTRITION
The attacks to breakthrough enemy lines rarely worked because men advancing
_________________________ across open fields could be fired at by the enemy’s
__________________________________.
In 1916 and 1917, millions of young men died in the search for the ______________________________.
WW I became a war of attrition, a war based on __________________ the other side by constant
____________________ and heavy losses.
WW I WEAPONS
A variety of ____________________ and new ____________________ was used during WW I such as, boltaction rifles, machine guns, mustard gas, tanks and torpedoes.
________________ were used to spot the enemy’s position. Soon they were used to attack
_______________________. Targets were fired with handheld pistols. Later, machine guns were mounted on
the ____________________________________.
The German used giant airships, _________________________, to bomb London and eastern England.
These caused little ___________________ but frightened many people.
UNITED STATES ENTERS
 United States tried to remain ______________.
 The immediate cause of U.S. involvement grew out of the _______________________ between Germany
and Great Britain.
Britain had set up a ___________________________ of Germany preventing war materials and other goods
from reaching Germany by sea.
Germany enforced their own blockade against Britain with the use of
_____________________________________, which included the sinking of passenger liners.
LUSITANIA
The _____________________________ Lusitania departed from New York on its last trip in 1915.
During this voyage a German submarine _______________________ the ship off the Irish coast, causing it to
sink in 20 minutes. There were 1,198 civilian casualties, including over ________________________. The
Germans claimed the ship was carrying arms, a charge Britain and the United States ______________. The
sinking became pivotal in changing U.S. attitudes toward the war in Europe, and was a
____________________ in America’s decision to enter World War I.
Page
THE HOME FRONT
 WW I became a ____________________, involving a complete mobilization of resources and people.
5
SUSPENSION OF SUBMARINE WARFARE
 After the sinking of the Lusitania, the United States ________________ and urged for the
_____________________ of submarine warfare.
 Germany government suspended the submarine warfare in ____________________ but resumed it in
______________________.
 This brought the United States to enter the war in _______________________.
 U.S. _______________________ did not arrive in large numbers in Europe until 1918.
 The entry of the US gave the Allied Powers a ________________________________ and a new major
source of ___________________ and __________________________.



Ch-23 WW I Guided Notes
Government _____________________ and the ___________________________________ grew in efforts
to keep the war going.
Government within countries ______________ ten of millions of young men.
________________________________ were established in order to mobilize all the resources of their
nations for the war effort.
_____________________ were censored, and some publications were suspended. The
_____________________________ (DORA) allowed British government to arrest protestors as traitors.
WOMEN AND WAR
 Because so many men left to fight at the front, ____________________ were asked to take
___________________ that had not been available to them.
 These occupations included: chimney sweeps, truck drivers, farm laborers, and factory workers in heavy
industry.
 Approx. ____________ of the workers in the _____________________________ works in Germany in
1918 were women.
 The role played by women in wartime economies had a _________________________ on the women’s
movement for social and political emancipation.
 Immediately after the war, women in Germany, Austria, and the United States gained the
___________________________________.
End of the War
Section 4
The Last Year of the War
 During 1917 _______________ had been badly defeated in the___________________.
 The ______________________ had led to Russia’s withdrawal from the War.
 Germany was _________________________________ entirely on the Western Front. They were not
successful.
 With a million __________________________ entering France, Allied forces began a steady advance
toward Germany.
ARMISTICE
 German leaders were warned that they had_____________________.
 On November 11, 1918, the new German government signed an armistice
(___________________________________________________________).
Page
WILSON’S “FOURTEEN POINTS”
 ______________________________: no secret treaties between powers.
 ________________________: seas should be free in peace and in war to ships of all nations.
 __________________________: barriers to trade between countries should be removed.
 ___________________________: all countries should reduced their armed forces
 ___________________________: the idea whereby a nation had the right to self-government.
6
THE PEACE SETTLEMENTS
 In January 1919, representatives of 27 victorious Allied nations met in Paris to make a
__________________________ of the____________________.
 Wilson outlined “_________________________” to the United States Congress. This was Wilson’s
basis for a ____________________________that he believed justified the enormous military struggle
being waged.


Ch-23 WW I Guided Notes
__________________________;an international congress that would settle disputes between nations
Germany expected a _________________ based on these points. However, the
_______________were not happy and wanted more from Germany.
The Paris Peace Conference
 ________________________ met in Paris in early 1919 to determine the peace settlement.
 ________________________ complicated the deliberations of the Paris Peace Conference.
 Germany was _______________ and ______________________ in the making of the peace treaty.
Russian could not attend due to_____________________.
TREATY OF VERSAILLES
 The final peace settlement of Paris consisted of _______________________________ with the
defeated nations: Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey.
 The Germans considered it a __________________________ making them along with Austria
responsible for_____________________________ .
 The treaty ordered ___________________ to pay _____________________ for all the damage to
which the Allied governments and their people had been subjected as a result of the war.
Continuation
 Germany had to _________________________ to a hundred thousand men, cut back its navy, and
eliminate its air force.
 The ______________________________ complained but, unwilling to risk a renewal of the war,
they______________________________.
THE BIG FOUR
 David Lloyd George: prime minister of ______________________
 Orlando: from _______________
 Georges Clemenceau: primer of __________________
 Woodrow Wilson: president of ____________
CONCLUSION
 WW I ____________________ the liberal, rational society that had existed in the late 19th century
Europe. The death of almost____________________ , as well as the incredible destruction caused by
the war, undermined the whole idea of progress. World War I was a __________________ -one that
involved a complete ____________________ of recourses and people. As a result, the power of
governments over the lives of their citizens increased. _____________________ and speech were
limited in the name of________________________. WW I made the practice of strong central
authority a way of life.
Page
7
Discuss what you have learned about WWI and how it may be connected to current world conflicts?