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Ch. 7 Notes continues…………….
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The Skull
o 8 Cranial bones
 protect brain & house ear ossicles
 muscle attachment for jaw, neck & facial muscles
o 14 Facial bones
 protect delicate sense organs -- smell, taste, vision
 support entrances to digestive and respiratory systems
o The ears consist of 6 auditory ossicles
o Floating in the throat is the Hyoid bone.
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Thoracic (Rib) cage is composed of:
o 12 pairs of ribs
 True ribs—rib pairs 1 through 7
 False ribs—rib pairs 8 through 10
 Floating ribs—rib pairs 11 and 12
o Sternum or breastbone
 The vertebral column consists of :
o Cervical vertebrae (7) – Your neck.
o Thoracic vertebrae (12) – Attaches to your ribs.
o Lumbar vertebrae (5) – Your lower back.
o Sacrum and coccyx – Part of your hip and tail bone.
Appendicular skeleton consists of the
o Shoulder girdle (pectoral girdle)
o Arms (upper limbs)
 Pectoral Girdle also known as the shoulder girdle
o Supports upper limbs
o Clavicle (2)
o Scapulae (2)
 Upper Limbs consist of:
 Pelvic Girdle
o Coxal Bones (2)
o Supports trunk of body
o Protects viscera
o Forms pelvic cavity
 Differences Between Male Female Pelves
o Female pelvis
o Iliac bones more flared
o Broader hips
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o Hip girdle (pelvic girdle)
o Legs (lower limbs)
Humerus (2)
Radius (2)
Ulna (2)
Carpals , Metacarpals, Phalanges (54)
o Pubic arch angle greater
o Lighter bones
Lower Limb
o Femur (2)
o Patella (2)
o Tibia (2)
o Fibula (2)
o Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges (52)
Joint (Articulations)
A. Every bone except hyoid (which anchors the tongue) connects to at least one other bone
B. Joint types classified by degree of movement
1. Synarthrosis (no movement)—fibrous connective tissue grows between articulating bones (e.g., sutures of
skull)
2. Amphiarthrosis (slight movement)—cartilage connects articulating bones (e.g., symphysis pubis)
3. Diarthrosis (free movement)—most joints belong to this class
a. Structures of freely movable joints—joint capsule and ligaments hold adjoining bones together but
permit movement at joint
b. Articular cartilage—covers joint ends of bones and absorbs jolts
c. Synovial membrane—lines joint capsule and secretes lubricating fluid
d. Joint cavity—space between joint ends of bones
C. Freely movable joints
– Ball-and-socket
– Hinge
– Pivot
– Saddle
– Gliding
– Condyloid
• Skeletal Disorders
A. Bone fractures
1. Open (compound) fractures pierce the skin and closed (simple) fractures do not
2. Fracture types include complete and incomplete, linear, transverse and oblique
• How does a broken bone heal?
• Skeletal Disorders
B. Joint disorders
1. Noninflammatory joint disorders—do not usually involve inflammation of the synovial membrane; symptoms
tend to be local and not systemic
a. Osteoarthritis, or degenerative joint disease (DJD)
1) Most common noninflammatory disorder of movable joints—often called “wear and tear”
arthritis
2) Symptoms: joint pain, morning stiffness, Bouchard nodes (at proximal interphalangeal
joints), Heberden nodes (at distal interphalangeal joints) of the fingers
3) Most common cause for partial and total hip and knee replacements
• Skeletal Disorders
• Joint disorders
1. Noninflammatory joint disorders
b. Traumatic injury
1) Dislocation or subluxation—articular surfaces of bones in joint are no longer in proper
contact
2) Sprain—acute injury to ligaments around joints (e.g., whiplash type injuries)
3) Strain—acute injury to any part of the “musculotendinous unit” (muscle, tendon, junction
between the two, and attachments to bone)
• Skeletal Disorders
• Joint disorders
2. Inflammatory joint disorders
• Arthritis: general name for several inflammatory joint diseases that may be caused by infection,
injury, genetic factors, and autoimmunity
• Inflammation of the synovial membrane occurs, often with systemic signs and symptoms
• Skeletal Disorders
– Inflammatory joint disorders: Arthritis
• Rheumatoid arthritis
Systemic autoimmune disease—chronic inflammation of synovial membrane with involvement of other tissues such
as blood vessels, eyes, heart, and lungs
a. Gouty arthritis
synovial inflammation caused by gout, a condition in which sodium urate crystals (URIC ACID) form in joints and
other tissues
a. Infectious arthritis
arthritis resulting from infection by a pathogen, as in Lyme arthritis and ehrlichiosis, caused by two different bacteria
that are transmitted to humans by tick bites
• Skeletal Disorders
C. Tumors of bone and cartilage
1. Osteosarcoma
a. Most common and serious malignant bone neoplasm
b. Frequent sites include distal femur and proximal tibia and humerus
2. Chondrosarcoma
c. Cancer of skeletal hyaline cartilage
d. Second most common cancer of skeletal tissues
e. Frequent sites include medullary cavity of humerus, femur, ribs, and pelvic bones
D. Metabolic bone diseases
1. Osteoporosis
a. Characterized by loss of calcified bone matrix and reduction in number of trabeculae in spongy bone
b. Bones fracture easily, especially in wrists, hips, and vertebrae
c. Treatment includes drug therapy, exercise, and dietary supplements of calcium and vitamin D
2. Rickets and osteomalacia—both diseases characterized by loss of bone minerals related to vitamins
a. Rickets
– Loss of bone minerals occurs in infants and young children before skeletal maturity
– Lack of bone rigidity causes gross skeletal changes (bowing of legs)
– Treated with vitamin D
2. Rickets and osteomalacia
b. Osteomalacia
– Mineral content is lost from bones that have already matured
– Increases susceptibility to fractures
– Treated with vitamin D
3. Paget disease (osteitis deformans)
• Faulty remodeling results in deformed bones that fracture easily
• Cause may be genetic or triggered by viral infections
4. Osteogenesis imperfecta (also called brittle bone disease)
• Bones are brittle because of lack of organic matrix
• Treatment may include splinting to reduce fracture and drugs that decrease cell activity
E. Bone infection
1. Osteomyelitis
• General term for bacterial (usually staphylococcal) infection of bone
• Treatment may involve surgery, drainage of pus, and IV antibiotic treatment—often over prolonged periods
About Spinal Curvature
• At birth your spinal Column is shaped like a C
• When baby is about to crawl the cervical region curves towards posterior.
• As toddler begins to walk, another curve sets in the lumber area in the same direction…resulting in its characteristic S
shape.
Spinal Maladies
• Kyphosis or Hunchback- When too much thoracic curvature (usually a result of osteoporosis)
• Lordosis- Exaggerated Lumbar curvature ( may result from too much weight in pregnancy or obesity)
• Scolliosis- A developmental abnormality in thoracic region (abnormal lateral curvature): can be corrected w/ a
back brace.
• Herniated Disk
• What do you think happens if you have a “blown disc”?
– Your cartilage is located between your vertebrae.
• When the tissue surrounding your disc ruptures, it allows your cartilage to move.
– “Herniated disc”
• This movement can pinch surrounding nerves, causing back pain.