Download 1 - Norcross High School

Study Guide for the Spring Performance Final
MITOSIS, MEIOSIS and GENETICS
1. List the five phases of mitosis in the order in which they occur. Write the letter of the picture that
matches each phase.
__C__ PROPHASE
b.
a.
__D__ METAPHASE
__B__ ANAPHASE
d.
c.
__E__ TELOPHASE
e.
___A__ CYTOKINESIS
2. Which type of cell goes through mitosis? BODY CELL (SOMATIC)
How many daughter cells are produced? 2
3. Which type of cell goes through meiosis? SEX CELL (GAMETE)
How many daughter cells are produced? 4
How does the process of meiosis differ from that of mitosis? NEW CELLS CONTAIN ONLY HALF OF
THE GENETIC INFORMATION
4. During which phase does DNA replicate itself? PROPHASE
5. Does replication happen during mitosis, meiosis or both? BOTH
6. Define genotype and give an example. GENETIC MAKEUP; EX. ALLELES FOR BLUE EYES
7. Define phenotype and give an example. PHYSICAL APPEARANCE; EX. CURLY HAIR
8. What does it mean if an organism is homozygous? Give an example of a homozygous genotype.
THEIR ALLELES ARE BOTH THE SAME; EX. bb or BB
9. What does it mean if an organism is heterozygous? Give an example of a heterozygous
genotype.
THEIR ALLELES ARE DIFFERENT; EX. Bb
10. Directions: For each of the following problems,



List the genotypes of the parents.
Diagram and complete a Punnett square.
Give the phenotype percentages of the offspring.
a. In peas, yellow color (Y) is dominant to green (y). What will be the results of a cross-pollination
of a heterozygous female and a heterozygous male?
b. In humans, straight toes (T) is dominant over curled toes (t). What would be the result of a cross
between a recessive male and a heterozygous female?
11. Mitosis vs. Meiosis Overview: Check the correct box or boxes that apply.
Mitosis
Meiosis
BODY
SEX
Type of cells it occurs
2
46
PMAT
Nuclear mem, cell mem,
centromere, chromosomes
NO
1
DIPLOID
2
Number of cells created
Number of Chromosomes
Phases
Structures
Does crossing over occur
Number of Divisions
Creates (haploid vs.
diploid)
Number of Daughter Cells
4
23
P1,M1,A1,T1, P2, M2, A2, T2
Nuclear mem, cell mem,
centromere, chromosomes
YES
2
HAPLOID
4
Definition
12. What information does a karyotype give you? PICTURE OF CHROMOSOMES THAT CAN TELL YOU
THE SEX OF THE ORGANISM AND IF IT HAS ANY GENETIC DISEASES.
13. How many chromosomes do human somatic cells have? 46
14. How many chromosomes do human sex cells have? 23
15. What are the sex chromosomes for males? XY
16. What are the sex chromosomes for females? XX
Be able to read and understand a karyotype.
17. What sex is this person? MALE
18. Do they have a genetic disorder?
NO
DNA and Protein Synthesis
19. What is the role of DNA? CONTAINS OUR GENETIC INFORMATION/CODE
20. What is the role of mRNA? TO TAKE THE MESSAGE OUT OF THE NUCLEUS TO MAKE PROTEINS
21. What is the role of tRNA? TRANSFERS AMINO ACIDS
22. DNA contains information for making what macromolecule? PROTEIN
23. Explain the process of transcription shown below. Label A and B. (A) IS THE NUCLEUS (B) IS mRNA.
TRANSCRIPTION IS WHERE DNA IS COPIED INTO mRNA SO THE GENETIC MESSAGE CAN LEAVE
THE NUCLEUS AND BE MADE INTO PROTEIN.
s
Step 1
24. Where does transcription take place in the cell? NUCLEUS
25. Explain the process of transcription below as shown in step 2. Label C, D, E, F, G. (C) IS THE
RIBOSOME, (D) IS tRNA, (E) AN ANTICODON, (F) IS A CODON, (G) IS Mrna
TRANSLATION IS WHERE mRNA ATTACHES TO THE RIBOSOME AND THE RIBOSOME READS THE FIRST
CODON TO BRING IN THE CORRECT tRNA WITH AN ANTICODON. THE tRNA BRINGS IN THE CORRECT
AMINO ACID AND THE AMINO ACIDS LINK TOGETHER TO FORM A PROTEIN.
s
s
Step 2
26. Where does translation take place in the cell? CYTOPLASM
27. Transcribe the following DNA into mRNA:
TAC CAC TAC GGC ACT
AUG GUG AUC CCG UGA
28. Circle the codons in the mRNA above.
29. Translate the mRNA strand into amino acids
Met, Val, Iso, Pro, Stop
EVOLUTION
30. What is evolution? CHANGE IN A SPECIES OVER TIME.
31. Explain artificial selection. SPECIFIC TRAITS ARE SELECTED FOR WHEN BREEDING ANIMALS (EX.
DOG BREEDING – A POODLE + A GOLDEN LAB = A GOLDEN DOODLE)
32. Explain natural selection. ORGANISMS WITH THE BEST TRAITS FOR SURVIVAL WILL CONTINUE ON TO
REPRODUCE AND PASS ON THEIR BENEFICIAL TRAITS TO THEIR OFFSPRING.
Industrial Melanism is a term used to describe the adaptation of a population in response to pollution.
One example of rapid industrial melanism occurred in populations of peppered moths in the area of
Manchester, England from 1845 to 1890. Before the industrial revolution, the trunks of the trees in the
forest around Manchester were light grayish-green due to the presence of lichens. Most of the
peppered moths in the area were light colored with dark spots. As the industrial revolution
progressed, the tree trunks became covered with soot and turned dark. Over a period of 45 years,
the dark variety of the peppered moth became more common.
33. Explain why the dark variety of peppered moths became more common. A MUTATION
OCCURRED THAT ALLOWED THE DARK MOTH TO SURVIVE WHEN POLLUTION BEGAN TO CHANGE THE
COLOR OF THE TREES, SO THOSE MOTHS WERE MOST FIT TO SURVIVE AND PASSED BEING “DARK”
COLORED TO THEIR OFFSPRING.
34. What genetic process caused the first dark gene to appear? A MUTATION
Classification
35. Why are dichotomous keys helpful?
HELP US FIGURE OUT THE SCIENTIFIC NAME OF AN
ORGANISM BY IDENTIFYING THEIR INDIVIDUAL
TRAITS.
36. Use the following dichotomous key
1. Has green colored body ......go to 2
Has purple colored body ..... go to 4
2. Has 4 legs .....go to 3
Has 8 legs .......... Deerus octagis
3. Has a tail ........ Deerus pestis
Does not have a tail ..... Deerus magnus
4. Has a pointy hump ...... Deerus humpis
Does not have a pointy hump.....go to 5
5. Has ears .........Deerus purplinis
A. Deerus magnus
Does not have ears ......Deerus deafus
B. Deerus pestis
C. Deerus octagis
D. Deerus purplinis
E. Deerus deafus
F. Deerus humpis
37. List three characteristics of a virus.
 NON-LIVING, NOT A CELL
 PROTEIN COAT AROUND DNA OR RNA
 NEED CELLS TO REPRODUCE
 VERY SMALL, ABOUT 100,000 VIRUSES CAN FIT ON A .
38. List three reasons why a virus is considered non-living.
 NOT A CELL
 HAS NO METABOLISM
 CAN’T REPRODUCE WITHOUT A HOST
39. Explain the lysogenic cycle
1. ATTACHMENT - OF VIRUS TO HOST
2. ENTRY - NUCLEIC ACID INTO HOST CELL
3. PROVIRUS FORMATION – VIRAL NUCLEIC ACID (DNA OR RNA) BECOMES PART OF HOST
CHROMOSOME
4. CELL DIVISION – CELL DIVIDES & PROVIRUS IS REPLICATED
5. ASSEMBLY & LYSIS – VIRAL NUCLEIC ACID BECOMES ACTIVE, TAKES OVER CELL MACHINERY,
MAKES NEW VIRUS, CELL LYSES (BREAKS OPEN)
6. VIRUS SHIFTS TO LYTIC CYCLE
7. DORMANT PHASE
40. Explain the lytic cycle.
1. ATTACHMENT - OF VIRUS TO HOST CELL.
2. ENTRY - OF NUCLEIC ACID INTO HOST CELL
3. REPLICATION – VIRAL NUCLEIC ACIDS & PROTEINS ARE MADE
4. FORMATION – OF NEW VIRUS.
5. LYSIS AND RELEASE – THE CELL BREAKS OPEN AND RELEASES VIRUS.
(CAN OCCUR AS QUICKLY AS EVERY 20 MINUTES.)
6. ACTIVE INFECTION PHASE
41. Why are they different?
THE LYTIC CYCLE CAUSES THE CELL TO LYSE (BURST). IN THE LYSOGENIC CYCLE COMBINES THE
VIRAL DNA WITH THE HOST DNA TO CREATE A NEW VIRAL DNA COPY EVERYTIME THE HOST CELL
REPLICATES.
42. Briefly describe what happens in each step of the lytic cycle.
1. ATTACHMENT - OF VIRUS TO HOST CELL.
2. ENTRY - OF NUCLEIC ACID INTO HOST CELL
3. REPLICATION – VIRAL NUCLEIC ACIDS & PROTEINS ARE MADE
4. FORMATION – OF NEW VIRUS.
5. LYSIS AND RELEASE – THE CELL BREAKS OPEN AND RELEASES VIRUS.
(CAN OCCUR AS QUICKLY AS EVERY 20 MINUTES.)
6. ACTIVE INFECTION PHASE
43. Draw and label each of the 5 steps of the lytic cycle below:
______________
______________
______________
______________
______________