Download Chapters 1-22 Parts I-III Key Terms Glossary

Chapters 1-22 Parts I-III Key Terms Glossary
Compiled by Sarah Scull
Chapter 1 Key Terms
Australopithecus Catal Huyuk
Homo erectus
Homo sapiens
Natufians
Neanderthal
Chinook
Homo sapiens sapiens
Paleolithic
Cro-Magnon
Jericho
Prehistory
Hominids
Jomon
Venus figurines
Australopithecus: "Southern ape," oldest known ancestor of humans; it lived from around four
million down to around one million years ago, and it could walk on hind legs, freeing up hands
for use of simple tools.
Catal Huyuk: Important Neolithic settlement in Anatolia (7250--6150 B.C.E.).
Chinook: Permanent Paleolithic settlement in the Pacific Northwest region of North America.
Cro-Magnon: Homo sapiens sapiens who appeared forty thousand years ago during the
Paleolithic age and were the first human beings of the modern type.
Hominids: A creature belonging to the family Hominidae, which includes human and humanlike
species.
Homo erectus: "Upright-walking human," which existed from 1.5 million to two hundred
thousand years ago; Homo erectus used cleavers and hand axes and learned how to control fire.
Homo sapiens: "Consciously thinking human," which first appeared around two hundred fifty
thousand years ago and used sophisticated tools.
Homo sapiens sapiens: First human being of the modern type, which appeared roughly one
hundred thousand years ago; Cro-Magnon falls into this category.
Jericho: Earliest known Neolithic village.
Jomon: Paleolithic settlement located in central Japan.
Natufians: Permanent Paleolithic settlement in the eastern Mediterranean.
Neanderthal: Early humans (100,000 to 35,000 years ago) who were prevalent during the
Paleolithic period.
Paleolithic: Old Stone Age, a long period of human development before the development of
agriculture.
Prehistory: The period before the invention of writing.
Venus figurines: Small Paleolithic statues of women with exaggerated sexual features.
Chapter 2 Key Terms
Ancestor Worship
Bronze
Hammurabi's Code
Iron
Patriarchy
Torah
Aryans
City-state
Hanging Gardens
Lex talionis
Phoenicians
Urdu
Assyrians
Cuneiform
Hittites
Mesopotamia
Sumerians
Yahweh
Babylon
Gilgamesh
Indo-Europeans
Monotheism
Ten Commandments
Ziggurats
Ancestor Worship: Belief that dead ancestors can influence one's fortunes in life. Those who
practice often conduct rituals and ceremonies to the memory or remains of their ancestors.
Aryans: European tribes who settled in India after 1500 B.C.E.; their union with indigenous
Dravidians formed the basis of Hinduism.
Assyrians: Southwest Asian people who built an empire that reached its height during the eighth
and seventh centuries B.C.E.; it was known for a powerful army and a well-structured state.
Babylon: Mesopotamian empire with a centralized bureaucracy and Law Code centered around
its capital, Babylon.
Bronze: Material made from copper and tin used for weapons and agricultural tools.
City-state: Urban areas that controlled surrounding agricultural regions and that were often
loosely connected in a broader political structure with other city-states.
Cuneiform: Written language of the Sumerians, probably the first written script in the world.
Gilgamesh: Legendary king of the Mesopotamian city-state of Uruk (ca. 3000 B.C.E.), subject of
the Epic of Gilgamesh, world's oldest complete epic literary masterpiece.
Hammurabi’s Code: Sophisticated law code associated with the Babylonian king Hammurabi (r.
1792-1750 B.C.E.).
Hanging Gardens: Gardens at the palace of the New Babylonian empire (600-550 B.C.E.) that
showed off its great wealth and luxury.
Hittites: Group that settles in central Anatolia around 2000 B.C.E., establishes powerful
kingdoms, conquers the Babylonian empire in 1595 B.C.E., and dissolves about 1200 B.C.E.
Technological feats include iron metallurgy and light horse-drawn chariots.
Indo-Europeans: Series of tribes from southern Russia who, over a period of millennia, embarked
on a series of migrations from India through western Europe; their greatest legacy was the broad
distribution of Indo-European languages throughout Eurasia.
Iron: Material used for weapons and tools that became cheap and more widely available around
1000 B.C.E.
Lex talkionis: "Law of retaliation," laws in which offenders suffered punishments similar to their
crimes; the most famous example is Hammurabi's Laws.
Mesopotamia: Term meaning "between the rivers," in this case the Tigris and Euphrates; Sumer
and Akkad are two of the earliest societies.
Monotheism: Belief in only one god, a rare concept in the ancient world.
Patriarchy: System of social organization in which males dominate the family and where public
institutions, descent, and succession are traced through the male line.
Phoenicians: A maritime civilization of the Mediterranean that developed extensive trade and
communication networks as well as an early alphabetical script (1500 B.C.E).
Sumerians: Earliest Mesopotamian society.
Ten Commandments: Moral and ethical standards for followers of Moses.
Torah: Compilation of teachings that guide Judaism.
Urdu: A language that is predominant in Pakistan.
Yahweh: God of the monotheistic religion of Judaism that influenced later Christianity and
Islam.
Ziggurats: Mesopotamian temples.
Chapter 3 Key Terms
Amosis
Amon-Re
Ancestor Worship
Bronze
Cult of Osiris Hieroglyphics
Kush
Nubia
Osiris
Aten
Hykos
Patriarchy
Bantu
Iron
Pharaohs
Amosis: Egyptian pharaoh (c. 1500 B.C.E.), founder of the New Kingdom.
Amon-Re: Egyptian god, combination of the sun god Re and the air god Amon.
Ancestor Worship: Belief that dead ancestors can influence one's fortunes in life. Those who
practice often conduct rituals and ceremonies to the memory or remains of their ancestors.
Aten: Monotheistic god of Egyptian pharaoh Akhenaton (r. 1353-1335 B.C.E.) and arguably the
world's first example of monotheism.
Bantu: African peoples who originally lived in the area of present-day Nigeria; around 2000
B.C.E. they began a centuries-long migration that took them to most of sub-Saharan Africa; the
Bantu were very influential, especially linguistically.
Bronze: Material made from copper and tin used for weapons and agricultural tools.
Cult of Osiris: Osiris becomes associated with the Nile, crops, mortality, and immortality after
his wife, Isis, gathers his fallen body and allows the gods to restore him to life in the underworld.
Hieroglyphics: Ancient Egyptian written language.
Hykos: Invaders who seized the Nile delta and helped bring an end to the Egyptian Middle
Kingdom.
Iron: Material used for weapons and tools that became cheap and more widely available around
1000 B.C.E.
Kush: Nubian African kingdom that conquered and controlled Egypt from 750 to 664 B.C.E.
Nubia: Area south of Egypt; the kingdom of Kush in Nubia invaded and dominated Egypt from
750 to 664 B.C.E.
Osiris: Ancient Egyptian god that represented the forces of nature.
Patriarchy: System of social organization in which males dominate the family and where public
institutions, descent, and succession are traced through the male line.
Pharaohs: Egyptian kings considered to be gods on earth.
Chapter 4 Key Terms
Aryans
Brahmins
Kshatriyas Lawbook of Manu
Sati
Shudras
Dravidians Harappan
Moksha
Neolithic
Upanishads Vaishyas
Indra
Prakit
Varna
Jati
Samsara
Varuna
Karma
Sanskrit
Vedas
Aryans: European tribes who settled in India after 1500 B.C.E.; their union with indigenous
Dravidians formed the basis of Hinduism.
Brahmins: Hindu caste of priests.
Dravidians: Peoples who produced the brilliant Harappan society in India, 3000-1500 B.C.E.
Harappan: Early brilliant Indian society centered around Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro.
Indra: Early Indian god associated with the Aryans; Indra was the king of the gods and was
associated with warfare and thunderbolts.
Jati: Indian word for a Hindu subcaste.
Karma: Hindu concept that the sum of good and bad in a person's life will determine his or her
status in the next life.
Kshatriyas: Hindu caste of warriors and aristocrats.
Lawbook of Manu: A moral code prepared in the first century B.C.E. in India dictating the role
of women in Indian society.
Moksha: Hindu concept of the salvation of the soul.
Neolithic: New Stone Age (10,000-4000 B.C.E.), which was marked by the discovery and
mastery of agriculture.
Prakit: Daily-use language of the early Aryans.
Samsara: Hindu term for the concept of transmigration, that is, the soul passing into a new
incarnation.
Sanskrit: Sacred language of the early Aryans.
Sati: Also known as suttee, Indian practice of a widow throwing herself on the funeral pyre of
her husband.
Shudras: Hindu caste of landless peasants and serfs.
Upanishads: Indian reflections and dialogues (800-400 B.C.E.) that reflected basic Hindu
concepts.
Vaishyas: Hindu caste of cultivators, artisans, and merchants.
Varna: Hindu word for caste.
Varuna: Aryan god who watched over the behavior of mortals and preserved the cosmic order.
Vedas: "Wisdom," early collections of prayers and hymns that provide information about the
Indo-European Aryans who migrated into India around 1500 B.C.E.; Rig Veda is most important
collection.
Chapter 5 Key Terms
Ancestor Worship Book of Changes
Bronze
Indo-Europeans
Shang dynasty
Tian
Yangzi
Yellow River
Book of History
Mandate of Heaven
Xia
Yu
Book of Rites
Oracle Bones
Xinjiang
Zhou
Book of Songs
Patriarchy
Yangshao
Ancestor Worship: Belief that dead ancestors can influence one's fortunes in life. Those who
practice often conduct rituals and ceremonies to the memory or remains of their ancestors.
Book of Changes: Example of Zhou literature, this book serves as a manual of diviners.
Book of History: A book detailing the history of the Zhou dynasty.
Book of Rites: Zhou book explaining the rules of etiquette and rituals required of aristocrats in
China under the Zhou dynasty.
Book of Songs: The most notable example of Zhou literature, this work is a collection of verses.
Bronze: Material made from copper and tin used for weapons and agricultural tools.
Indo-Europeans: Series of tribes from southern Russia who, over a period of millennia, embarked
on a series of migrations from India through western Europe; their greatest legacy was the broad
distribution of Indo-European languages throughout Eurasia.
Mandate of Heaven: Chinese belief that the emperors ruled through the mandate, or approval, of
heaven contingent on their ability to look after the welfare of the population.
Oracle Bones: Chinese Shang dynasty (1766-1122 B.C.E.) means of foretelling the future.
Patriarchy: System of social organization in which males dominate the family and where public
institutions, descent, and succession are traced through the male line.
Shang dynasty: Chinese kingdom (1766-1122 B.C.E.) in which agricultural surpluses supported
large armies and a large network of walled towns.
Tian: Chinese term for heaven.
Xia: Chinese dynasty (2200-1766 B.C.E.) that is known mainly from legend.
Xinjiang: Western Chinese province.
Yangshao: Early Chinese society (2500-2200 B.C.E.).
Yangzi: River in central China.
Yellow River: Important river in ancient China named for the loess soil carried by the river.
While "China's Sorrow" has flooded extensively, the loess provided rich soil to work.
Yu: Legendary founder of the Xia dynasty (ca. 2200 B.C.E.).
Zhou: Chinese dynasty (1122-256 B.C.E.) that was the foundation of Chinese thought formed
during this period: Confucianism, Daoism, Zhou Classics.
Chapter 6 Key Terms
Ancestor Worship
Maya
Teotihuacan
Austronesians
Mochica
Tikal
Chavín cult
Olmecs
Venta, La
Lapita
Popol Vuh
Yucatan
Ancestor Worship: Belief that dead ancestors can influence one's fortunes in life. Those who
practice often conduct rituals and ceremonies to the memory or remains of their ancestors.
Austronesians: People who, by as early as 2000 B.C.E., began to explore and settle islands of the
Pacific Ocean basin.
Chavín cult: Mysterious but very popular South American religion (1000--300 B.C.E.).
Lapita: Society from New Guinea to Tonga (1500-500 B.C.E.) with agricultural villages,
networks of trade and communication, and hierarchical chiefdoms.
Maya: Brilliant Central American society (300-1100) known for math, astronomy, and a
sophisticated written language.
Mochica: Pre-Incan South American society (300-700) known for their brilliant ceramics.
Olmecs: Early Central American society (1200-100 B.C.E.) that centered around sites at San
Lorenzo, La Venta, and Tres Zapotes and that influenced later Maya.
Popol Vuh: Mayan creation epic.
Teotihuacan: Central American society (200 B.C.E.-750 C.E.); its Pyramid of the Sun was the
largest structure in Mesoamerica.
Tikal: Maya political center from the fourth through the ninth centuries.
Venta, La: Early Olmec center (800-400 B.C.E.).
Yuctan: Peninsula in Central America, home of the Maya.
Chapter 7 Key Terms
Achaemenid empire
Avesta
Macedon
Parsis
Qanat
Seleucids
Ahura Mazda
Gathas
Magi
Parthians
Sasanids
Zarathustra
Ancestor Worship
Indo-Europeans
Medes
Perseopolis
Satraps
Zoroastrianism
Achaemenid empire: First great Persian empire (558-330 B.C.E.), which began under Cyrus and
reached its peak under Darius.
Ahura Mazda: Main god of Zoroastrianism who represented truth and goodness and was
perceived to be in an eternal struggle with the malign spirit Angra Mainyu.
Ancestor Worship: Belief that dead ancestors can influence one's fortunes in life. Those who
practice often conduct rituals and ceremonies to the memory or remains of their ancestors.
Avesta: Book that contains the holy writings of Zoroastrianism.
Gathas: Zoroastrian works believed to be compositions by Zarathustra.
Indo-Europeans: Series of tribes from southern Russia who, over a period of millennia, embarked
on a series of migrations from India through western Europe; their greatest legacy was the broad
distribution of Indo-European languages throughout Eurasia.
Macedon: A frontier state north of the Greek peninsula.
Magi: Those who preserved the teachings of Zarathustra in writing.
Medes: Indo-European branch that settled in northern Persia and eventually fell to another
branch, the Persians, in the sixth century.
Parsis: Indian Zoroastrians.
Parthians: Parthians Persian dynasty (247 B.C.E.-224 C.E.) that reached its peak under
Mithradates I.
Perseopolis: New capital of the Persian Empire established under the reign of Darius in 520
B.C.E.
Qanat: Persian underground canal.
Sasanids: Later powerful Persian dynasty (224-651) that would reach its peak under Shapur I and
later fall to Arabic expansion.
Satraps: Persian administrators, usually members of the royal family, who governed a satrapy.
Seleucids: Persian empire (323-83 B.C.E.) founded by Seleucus after the death of Alexander the
Great.
Zarathustra: Persian prophet (ca. 628-551 B.C.E.) who founded Zoroastrianism.
Zoroastrianism: Persian religion based on the teaching of the sixth-century-B.C.E. prophet
Zarathustra; its emphasis on the duality of good and evil and on the role of individuals in
determining their own fate would influence later religions.
Chapter 8 Key Terms
Analects
Confucianism
Legalism
Li
Wuwei
Xianyang
Dao
Daoism
Patriarchy Qin
Xiao
Yellow Turban Uprising
Han Dynasty
Ren
Zhuangzi
Analects: The teachings of Confucius (551-479 B.C.E.) compiled by his disciples.
Confucianism: Philosophy, based on the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Kong Fuzi (551479 B.C.E.), or Confucius, that emphasizes order, the role of the gentleman, obligation to
society, and reciprocity.
Dao: Key element in Chinese philosophy that means the "way of nature" or the "way of the
cosmos."
Daoism: Chinese philosophy with origins in the Zhou dynasty; it is associated with legendary
philosopher Laozi, and it called for a policy of inaction.
Han Dynasty: Chinese dynasty that ruled an expanding empire with a large bureaucracy based
upon Legalist and Confucian values. The empire taxed agriculture and trade and raised large
armies to colonize Vietnam, Korea, and the Xiongnu territory.
Legalism: Chinese philosophy from the Zhou dynasty that called for harsh suppression of the
common people.
Li: Confucian concept, a sense of propriety.
Patriarchy: System of social organization in which males dominate the family and where public
institutions, descent, and succession are traced through the male line.
Qin: Chinese dynasty (221-207 B.C.E.) that was founded by Qin Shihuangdi and was marked by
the first unification of China and the early construction of defensive walls.
Ren: The Confucian value of propriety, courtesy, respect, and deference to elders.
Wuwei: Daoist concept of a disengagement from the affairs of the world.
Xianyang: Capital city of Qin empire.
Xiao: Confucian concept of respect for one's parents and ancestors.
Yellow Turban Uprising: A revolt against the land distribution policies of the Han dynasty (25220 C.E.).
Zhuangzi: A compendium of Daoist philosophy.
Chapter 9 Key Terms
Ahimsa
Bhagavad-Gita
Caste
Hinduism
Mahayana
Sanskrit
Stupas
Artha
Bodhisattvas
Four Noble Truths
Jainism
Mauryan empire
Shudras
Upanishads
Arthashastra
Buddha
Gupta
Jati
Noble Eightfold Path
Siddhartha Gautama
Vaishyas
Bactria
Buddhism
Hinayana
Mahabharata
Ramayana
Silk roads
White Huns
Ahimsa: Jain term for the principle of nonviolence to other living things or their souls.
Artha: Hindu concept for the pursuit of economic well-being and honest prosperity.
Arthanshastra: Ancient Indian political treatise from the time of Chandragupta Maurya; its
authorship was traditionally ascribed to Kautalya, and it stressed that war was inevitable.
Bactria: The ancient region stretching from the Hindu Kush mountain range to the ancient
Ganhara region of the Indian subcontinent.
Bhagavad-Gita: "Song of the lord," an Indian short poetic work drawn from the lengthy
Mahabharata that was finished around 400 C.E. and that expressed basic Hindu concepts such as
karma and dharma.
Bodhisattvas: Buddhist concept regarding individuals who had reached enlightenment but who
stayed in this world to help people.
Buddha: The "enlightened one," the term applied to Siddhartha Gautama after his discoveries
that would form the foundation of Buddhism.
Buddhism: Religion, based on Four Noble Truths, associated with Siddhartha Gautama (563-483 B.C.E.), or the Buddha; its adherents desired to eliminate all distracting passion and reach
nirvana.
Caste: Social class system in which distinctions and restrictions on marriage, occupation,
handling of food, and other matters are transferred through generations or through class. The
term usually refers to the social system of India.
Four Noble Truths: The foundation of Buddhist thought: (1) life is pain, (2) pain is caused by
desire, (3) elimination of desire will bring an end to pain, (4) living a life based on the Noble
Eightfold Path will eliminate desire.
Gupta: Indian dynasty (320-550 C.E.) that briefly reunited India after the collapse of the earlier
Mauryan dynasty.
Hinayana: Branch of Buddhism known as the "lesser vehicle," also known as Theravada
Buddhism; its beliefs include strict, individual path to enlightenment, and it is popular in south
and southeast Asia.
Hinduism: Main religion of India, a combination of Dravidian and Aryan concepts; Hinduism's
goal is to reach spiritual purity and union with the great world spirit; its important concepts
include dharma, karma, and samsara.
Jainism: Indian religion associated with the teacher Vardhamana Mahavira (ca. 540-468 B.C.E.)
in which every physical object possessed a soul; Jains believe in complete nonviolence to all
living beings.
Jati: Indian word for a Hindu subcaste.
Mahabharata: Indian epic that tells of war between two family branches.
Mahayana: The "greater vehicle," a more metaphysical and more popular northern branch of
Buddhism.
Mauryan empire: Indian dynasty (321-185 B.C.E.) founded by Chandragupta Maurya and
reaching its peak under Ashoka.
Noble Eightfold Path: Final truth of the Buddhist Four Noble Truths that called for leading a life
of balance and constant contemplation.
Ramayana: Ancient Indian masterpiece about the hero Rama that symbolized the victory of
dharma (order) over adharma (chaos).
Sanskrit: Sacred language of the early Aryans.
Shudras: Hindu caste of landless peasants and serfs.
Siddhartha Gautama: Indian kshatriya who achieved enlightenment and became known as the
Buddha, the founder of Buddhism.
Silk roads: Ancient trade routes that extended from the Roman empire in the west to China in the
east.
Stupas: Buddhist shrines.
Upanishads: Indian reflections and dialogues (800-400 B.C.E.) that reflected basic Hindu
concepts.
Vaishyas: Hindu caste of cultivators, artisans, and merchants.
White Huns: Invaders who weakened the empire of the Guptas.
Chapter 10 Key Terms
Aeschylus Alexandria Antigonid Empire Battle of Marathon Cult of Dionysus
Delian League Dionysus
Epicureans
Hellenic Era
Linear A
Linear B
Macedon
Marathon
Minoan
Mycenaean
Patriarchy
Peloponnesian War Perseopolis
Persian War
Phoenicians
Polis
Ptolemaic
Seleucids
Skeptics
Stoics
Aeschylus: Greek tragedian, author of the Oresteia.
Alexandria: Capital of the Ptolemaic empire, situated at the mouth of the Nile river and home of
the famous Alexandria Museum and Alexandria Library.
Antigonid Empire: The portion of Alexander's realm that that included Greece and Macedon.
Battle of Marathon: Victory for Athens (490 B.C.E.) over Persia during the Persian War (500479 B.C.E.).
Cult of Dionysus: The most popular of Ancient Greek religious cults.
Delian League: The military and economic alliance between Greek poleis against the threat
presented by the Persian Empire.
Dionysus: Greek god of wine, also known as Bacchus; Greek plays were performed in his honor.
Epicureans: Philosophers who taught that pleasure- as in quiet satisfaction- was the greatest
good.
Hellenic Era: First phase in Greek history (ca. 2000-328 B.C.E.), which was highlighted by the
Golden Age of Athens in the fifth century B.C.E.
Linear A: Minoan written script.
Linear B: Mycenaean written script, adapted from the Minoan Linear A.
Macedon: A frontier state north of the Greek peninsula.
Marathon: Battlefield scene of the Athenian victory over the Persians in 490 B.C.E.
Minoan: Society located on the island of Crete (ca. 2000-1100 B.C.E.) that influenced the early
Mycenaeans.
Mycenaean: Early Greek society on the Peloponese (1600-1100 B.C.E.) that was influenced by
the Minoans; the Mycenaeans' conflict with Troy is immortalized in Homer's Odyssey.
Patriarchy: System of social organization in which males dominate the family and where public
institutions, descent, and succession are traced through the male line.
Peloponnesian War: A war between camps led by Athens and Sparta the ended in 404 B.C.E.
with the unconditional surrender of Athens.
Perseoplois: New capital of the Persian Empire established under the reign of Darius in 520
B.C.E.
Persian War: War (500-479 B.C.E.) sparked by the revolt of Greek cities on the Ionian coast
against Persia. After Persia fails to take Athens, the Persian army is forced to retreat back to
Anatolia.
Phoenicians: A maritime civilization of the Mediterranean that developed extensive trade and
communication networks as well as an early alphabetical script (1500 B.C.E).
Polis: Greek term for the city-state.
Ptolemaic: Term used to signify both the Egyptian kingdom founded by Alexander the Great's
general Ptolemy and the thought of the philosopher Ptolemy of Alexandria (second century
C.E.), who used mathematical formulas in an attempt to prove Aristotle's geocentric theory of the
universe.
Seleucids: Persian empire (323-83 B.C.E.) founded by Seleucus after the death of Alexander the
Great.
Skeptics: Hellenistic philosophers who sought equanimity, doubting the certainty of knowledge.
Stoics: Hellenistic philosophers who encouraged their followers to lead active, virtuous lives and
to aid others.
Chapter 11 Key Terms
Carthage
Cult of Isis
Latifundia
Mithraism
Patricians
Pax Romana
Strabo
Essenes
Pater familias
Plebians
Etruscans
Patriarchy
Stoics
Carthage: Northern African kingdom, main rival to early Roman expansion, that was defeated by
Rome in the Punic Wars.
Cult of Isis: A popular Roman religion of salvation in which an afterlife was promised to
followers.
Essenes: Jewish sect that looked for the arrival of a savior; they were similar in some of their
core beliefs to the early Christians.
Etruscans: Northern Italian society that initially dominated the Romans; the Etruscans helped
convey Greek concepts to the expanding Romans.
Latifundia: Huge state-run and slave-worked farms in ancient Rome.
Mithraism: Mystery religion based on worship of the sun god Mithras; it became popular among
the Romans because of its promise of salvation.
Pater familias: Roman term for the "father of the family," a theoretical implication that gave the
male head of the family almost unlimited authority.
Patriarchy: System of social organization in which males dominate the family and where public
institutions, descent, and succession are traced through the male line.
Patricians: Roman aristocrats and wealthy classes.
Pax Romana: Roman Peace, a term that relates to the period of political stability, cultural
brilliance, and economic prosperity beginning with unification under Augustus and lasting
through the first two centuries C.E.
Plebians: Roman common people.
Stoics: Hellenistic philosophers who encouraged their followers to lead active, virtuous lives and
to aid others.
Strabo: Greek geographer (first century C.E.).
Chapter 12 Key Terms
Bactria
Barracks Emperors
Christianity
Confucianism
Hinduism
Karakorum
Nestorian
Ptolemaic
Zoroastrianism
Bubonic Plague
Edict of Milan
Manichaeism
Sasanids
Buddhism
Han Dynasty
Mesopotamia
Silk roads
Byzantine
Hellenistic Era
Monotheism
Zen Buddhism
Bactria: The ancient region stretching from the Hindu Kush mountain range to the ancient
Ganhara region of the Indian subcontinent.
Carracks Emperors: Series of Roman generals who seized the throne between 235 and 284 C.E.
Bubonic Plague: Epidemic that swept Eurasia, causing devastating population loss and
disruption. Known as the Black Death in Europe after 1350 C.E.
Buddhism: Religion, based on Four Noble Truths, associated with Siddhartha Gautama (563-483 B.C.E.), or the Buddha; its adherents desired to eliminate all distracting passion and reach
nirvana.
Byzantine: Long-lasting empire centered at Constantinople; it grew out of the end of the Roman
empire and carried legacy of Roman greatness and was the only classical society to survive into
the early modern age; it reached its early peak during the reign of Justinian (483--565).
Christianity: Religion emerging from Middle East in the first century C.E. holding Jesus to be the
son of God who sacrificed himself on behalf of mankind.
Confucianism: Philosophy, based on the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Kong Fuzi (551479 B.C.E.), or Confucius, that emphasizes order, the role of the gentleman, obligation to
society, and reciprocity.
Edict of Milan: Emperor Constantine's 313 C.E. that Christianity was a legitimate religion.
Han Dynasty: Chinese dynasty that ruled an expanding empire with a large bureaucracy based
upon Legalist and Confucian values. The empire taxed agriculture and trade and raised large
armies to colonize Vietnam, Korea, and the Xiongnu territory.
Hellenistic Era: Second phase in Greek history (328-146 B.C.E.), from the conquest of Greece
by Philip of Macedon until Greece's fall to the Romans; this era was a more cosmopolitan age
facilitated by the conquests of Alexander the Great.
Hinduism: Main religion of India, a combination of Dravidian and Aryan concepts; Hinduism's
goal is to reach spiritual purity and union with the great world spirit; its important concepts
include dharma, karma, and samsara.
Karakorum: Capital of the Mongol empire.
Manichaeism: Religion founded by the prophet Mani in the third century C.E., a syncretic
version of Zoroastrian, Christian, and Buddhist elements.
Mesopotamia: Term meaning "between the rivers," in this case the Tigris and Euphrates; Sumer
and Akkad are two of the earliest societies.
Monotheism: Belief in only one god, a rare concept in the ancient world.
Nestorian: Early branch of Christianity, named after the fifth-century Greek theologian
Nestorius, which emphasized the human nature of Jesus Christ.
Ptolemaic: Term used to signify both the Egyptian kingdom founded by Alexander the Great's
general Ptolemy and the thought of the philosopher Ptolemy of Alexandria (second century
C.E.), who used mathematical formulas in an attempt to prove Aristotle's geocentric theory of the
universe.
Sasanids: Later powerful Persian dynasty (224-651) that would reach its peak under Shapur I and
later fall to Arabic expansion.
Silk roads: Ancient trade routes that extended from the Roman empire in the west to China in the
east.
Zen Buddhism: Japanese version of Chinese Chan Buddhism, with an emphasis on intuition and
sudden flashes of insight instead of textual study.
Zoroastrianism: Persian religion based on the teaching of the sixth-century-B.C.E. prophet
Zarathustra; its emphasis on the duality of good and evil and on the role of individuals in
determining their own fate would influence later religions.
Chapter 13 Key Terms
Arianism
Byzantine
Corpus iuris
Council of
civilis
Nicaea
Caesaropapism
Crusades
Hagia Sophia
Saljuqs
Mt. Athos
Theme
Iconoclasts
Sasanids
Christianity
Eastern
Orthodox
Christianity
Muslim
Third Rome
Constantinople
Greek Fire
Patriarch
Arianism: Early Christian heresy that centered around teaching of Arius (250-336 C.E.) and
contained the belief that Jesus was a mortal human being and not coeternal with God; Arianism
was the focus of Council of Nicaea.
Byzantine: Long-lasting empire centered at Constantinople; it grew out of the end of the Roman
empire and carried legacy of Roman greatness and was the only classical society to survive into
the early modern age; it reached its early peak during the reign of Justinian (483--565).
Caesaropapism: Concept relating to the mixing of political and religious authority, as with the
Roman emperors, that was central to the church versus state controversy in medieval Europe.
Christianity: Religion emerging from Middle East in the first century C.E. holding Jesus to be the
son of God who sacrificed himself on behalf of mankind.
Constantinople: Capital of the Byzantine empire and a cultural and economic center.
Corpusiuris: Capital of the Byzantine empire and a cultural and economic center.
Council of Nicaea: Meeting of the Byzantine church (325 C.E.) at which Arianism was declared
heresy.
Crusades: Campaigns by Christian knights to seize the holy lands that led to trade with Muslims
and the importation of Muslim ideas regarding science and mathematics.
Eatern Orthodox Christianity: Eastern branch of Christianity that evolved following the division
of the Roman Empire and the subsequent development of the Byzantine Empire in the east and
the medieval European society in the west. The church recognized the primacy of the patriarch
of Constantinople.
Greek Fire: Flammable substance used by Byzantine empire to repel Muslim attacks.
Hagia Sophia: Greek orthodox temple constructed by the Byzantine emperor Justinian and later
converted into a mosque.
Iconoclasts: Supporters of the movement, begun by the Byzantine Emperor Leo III (r. 717-741),
to destroy religious icons because their veneration was considered sinful.
Mt. Athos: Monastery in northern Greece that has existed from the ninth century to the present.
Muslim: A follower of Islam.
Patriarch: Leader of the Greek Orthodox Church, which in 1054 officially split with the Pope and
the Roman Catholic Church.
Saljuqs: Turkish tribe that gained control over the Abbasid empire and fought with the Byzantine
empire.
Sasanids: Later powerful Persian dynasty (224-651) that would reach its peak under Shapur I and
later fall to Arabic expansion.
Theme: Byzantine province under the control of generals.
Third Rome: Concept that a new power would rise up to carry the legacy of Roman greatness
after the decline of the Second Rome, Constantinople; Moscow was referred to as the Third
Rome during the fifteenth century.
Chapter 14 Key Terms
Abbasid
Al-Andalus
Hadith
Hajj
Ka'ba
Madrasas
Qadis
Qu'ran
Bedouins
Hijra
Mecca
Rubaiyat
Caliph
Islam
Muhammad
Sakk
Shari'a
Shia
Sufis
Ulama
Five Pillars of
Islam
Umayyad
Dar al-Islam
Jizya
Muslim
Seal of the
Prophets
Sunni
Umma
Abbasid: Cosmopolitan Arabic dynasty (750-1258) that replaced the Umayyads; founded by Abu
al-Abbas and reaching its peak under Harun al-Rashid.
Al-Andalus: Islamic Spain.
Bedouins: Nomadic Arabic tribespeople.
Caliph: "Deputy," Islamic leader after the death of Muhammad.
Dar al-Islam: The "house of Islam," a term for the Islamic world.
Five Pillars of Islam: The foundation of Islam; (1) profession of faith, (2) prayer, (3) fasting
during Ramadan, (4) alms, and (5) pilgrimage, or hajj.
Hadith: The sayings and deeds of Muhammad.
Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca.
Hijra: Muhammad's migration from Mecca to Medina in 622, which is the beginning point of the
Islamic calendar and is considered to mark the beginning of the Islamic faith.
Islam: Monotheistic religion of the prophet Muhammad (570-632); influenced by Judaism and
Christianity, Muhammad was considered the final prophet because the earlier religions had not
seen the entire picture; the Qu'ran is the holy book of Islam.
Jizya: Tax in Islamic empires that was imposed on non-Muslims.
Ka’ba: Main shrine in Mecca, goal of Muslims embarking on the hajj.
Madrasas: Islamic institutions of higher education that originated in the tenth century.
Mecca: City conquered by Muhammed in 630. He destroyed pagan shrines and erected
mosques.
Muhammad: Prophet of Islam (570-632).
Muslim: A follower of Islam.
Qadis: Islamic judges.
Qu’ran: Islamic holy book that is believed to contain the divine revelations of Allah as presented
to Muhammad.
Rubaiyat: "Quatrains," famous poetry of Omar Khayyam that was later translated and
transformed by Edward Fitzgerald.
Sakk: Letters of credit that were common in the medieval Islamic banking world.
Seal of the Prophets: Muhammad's name for himself, signifying that he was the final prophet of
Allah.
Shari’a: The Islamic holy law, drawn up by theologians from the Qu'ran, and accounts of
Muhammad's life.
Shia: Islamic minority in opposition to the Sunni majority; their belief is that leadership should
reside in the line descended from Ali.
Sufis: Islamic mystics who placed more emphasis on emotion and devotion than on strict
adherence to rules.
Sunni: "Traditionalists," the most popular branch of Islam; Sunnis believe in the legitimacy of
the early caliphs, compared to the Shiite belief that only a descendent of Ali can lead.
Ulama: Islamic officials, scholars who shaped public policy in accordance with the Qu'ran and
the sharia.
Umayyad: Arabic dynasty (661-750), with its capital at Damascus, which was marked by a
tremendous period of expansion to Spain in the west and India in the east.
Umma: Islamic term for the "community of the faithful."
Chapter 15 Key Terms
Buddhism
Bushido
Dharma
Dunhuang
Nara era
Neo-Confucianism
Shintoism
Shogun
Tang Taizong
Uigher Turks
Chan Buddhism
Equal-field system
Nirvana
Song
Uighurs
Confucianism
Grand Canal
Samurai
Sui
Xuanzang
Dao
Heian
Seppuku
Tale of Genji
Zhu Xi
Buddhism: Religion, based on Four Noble Truths, associated with Siddhartha Gautama (563-483 B.C.E.), or the Buddha; its adherents desired to eliminate all distracting passion and reach
nirvana.
Bushido: The "way of the warrior," the code of conduct of the Japanese samurai that was based
on loyalty and honor.
Chan Buddhism: Most popular branch of Buddhism in China, with an emphasis on intuition and
sudden flashes of insight instead of textual study.
Confucianism: Philosophy, based on the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Kong Fuzi (551479 B.C.E.), or Confucius, that emphasizes order, the role of the gentleman, obligation to
society, and reciprocity.
Dao: Key element in Chinese philosophy that means the "way of nature" or the "way of the
cosmos."
Dharma: Hindu concept of obedience to religious and moral laws and order.
Dunhuang: Chinese city located on Silk Road that transmitted Mahayana Buddhism to China.
Equal-field system: Chinese system during the Han dynasty in which the goal was to ensure an
equitable distribution of land.
Grand Canal: Project that integrated the economies of northern and southern China.
Heian: Japanese period (794-1185), a brilliant cultural era notable for the world's first novel,
Murasaki Shikibu's The Tale of Genji.
Nara era: Japanese period (710-794), centered around city of Nara, that was the highest point of
Chinese influence.
Neo-Confucianism: Philosophy that attempted to merge certain basic elements of Confucian and
Buddhist thought; most important of the early Neo-Confucianists was the Chinese thinker Zhu
Xi (1130-1200).
Nirvana: Buddhist concept of a state of spiritual perfection and enlightenment in which
distracting passions are eliminated.
Samurai: A Japanese warrior who lived by the code of bushido.
Seppuku: A Japanese term for ritual suicide committed by the samurai when he had been
dishonored.
Shintoism: Indigenous Japanese religion that emphasizes purity, clan loyalty, and the divinity of
the emperor.
Shogun: Japanese military leader who ruled in place of the emperor.
Song: Chinese dynasty (960-1279) that was marked by an increasingly urbanized and
cosmopolitan society.
Sui: Dynasty (589-618) that constructed Grand Canal, reunified China, and allowed for the
splendor of the Tang dynasty that followed.
Tale of Genji: Literary work of ancient Japan, written by Murasaki Shikibu.
Tang Taizong: Chinese emperor (r. 627-649) who founded the Tang dynasty (618-907).
Uigher Turks: Clerks, secretaries, and administrators for the Mongol Empire.
Uighurs: Turkish tribe.
Xuanzang: Seventh-century Chinese monk who made a famous trip to India to collect Buddhist
texts.
Zhu Xi: Neo-Confucian Chinese philosopher (1130-1200).
Chapter 16 Key Terms
Angkor
Chola
Jati
Sufis
Bhakti
Dhow
Monotheism
Sultanate of Delhi
Buddhism
Funan
Shiva
Vijayanagar
Caste
Hinduism
Srivijaya
Vishnu
Angkor: Southeast Asian Khmer kingdom (889-1432) that was centered around the temple cities
of Angkor Thom and Angkor Wat.
Bhakti: Indian movement that attempted to transcend the differences between Hinduism and
Islam.
Buddhism: Religion, based on Four Noble Truths, associated with Siddhartha Gautama (563-483 B.C.E.), or the Buddha; its adherents desired to eliminate all distracting passion and reach
nirvana.
Caste: Social class system in which distinctions and restrictions on marriage, occupation,
handling of food, and other matters are transferred through generations or through class. The
term usually refers to the social system of India.
Chola: Southern Indian Hindu kingdom (850-1267), a tightly centralized state that dominated sea
trade.
Dhow: Indian, Persian, and Arab ships, one hundred to four hundred tons, that sailed and traded
throughout the Indian Ocean basin.
Funan: An empire spanning the first to the sixth century C.E. in present-day Cambodia and
Vietnam that adopted Sanskrit as its official language.
Hinduism: Main religion of India, a combination of Dravidian and Aryan concepts; Hinduism's
goal is to reach spiritual purity and union with the great world spirit; its important concepts
include dharma, karma, and samsara.
Jati: Indian word for a Hindu subcaste.
Monotheism: Belief in only one god, a rare concept in the ancient world.
Shiva: Hindu god associated with both fertility and destruction.
Srivijaya: Southeast Asian kingdom (670-1025), based on the island of Sumatra, that used a
powerful navy to dominate trade.
Sufis: Islamic mystics who placed more emphasis on emotion and devotion than on strict
adherence to rules.
Sultanate of Delhi: Islamic state in northern India established by Mahmud's successors in 1206
C.E. that began to establish the presence of Islam on the Indian subcontinent.
Vijauanagar: Southern Indian kingdom (1336-1565) that later fell to the Mughals.
Vishnu: Hindu god, preserver of the world, who was often incarnated as Krishna.
Chapter 17 Key Terms
Aachen
Carolingians
Heavy Plow
Missi dominici
Arianism
Christianity
Holy Roman Empire
Serfs
Benefice
Clovis
Magyars
Carolingian Empire
Franks
Manor
Aachen: The capital of the Carolingian Empire.
Arianism: Early Christian heresy that centered around teaching of Arius (250-336 C.E.) and
contained the belief that Jesus was a mortal human being and not coeternal with God; Arianism
was the focus of Council of Nicaea.
Benefice: Grant from a lord to a vassal, usually consisting of land, which supported the vassal
and signified the relationship between the two.
Carolingian Empire: Royal clan established by Charlemagne, who expanded the Carolingian
Empire into Spain, Bavaria, and Northern Italy.
Carolingians: Germanic dynasty that was named after its most famous member, Charlemagne.
Christianity: Religion emerging from Middle East in the first century C.E. holding Jesus to be the
son of God who sacrificed himself on behalf of mankind.
Clovis: Leader of the Franks whose conversion to Roman Christianity resulted in the Frankish
conversion to Christianity.
Franks: Germanic people who controlled Gaul following Roman decline and collapse.
Heavy Plow: Device of the sixth century permitting the turning of heavy northern soils, rotating
crops, and increased agricultural production.
Holy Roman Empire: Central and western European kingdom created at the Treaty of Verdun in
in 843 and lasting until 1806.
Magyars: Hungarian invaders who raided towns in Germany, Italy, and France in the ninth and
tenth centuries.
Manor: Large estates of the nobles during the European middle ages, home for the majority of
the peasants.
Missi dominici: "Envoys of the lord ruler," the noble and church emissaries sent out by
Charlemagne.
Serfs: Peasants who, while not chattel slaves, were tied to the land and who owed obligation to
the lords on whose land they worked.
Chapter 18 Key Terms
Abbasid
Chaghatai
Golden Horde
Lamaist Buddhism
Patriarch
Sultanate of Delhi
Yuan
Bubonic Plague
Confucianism
Ilkhanate
Muslim
Saljuqs
Timur-i lang
Yurts
Buddhism
Daoism
Islam
Nestorian
Shamanism
Uigher Turks
Byzantine
Ghaznavids
Istanbul
Ottoman empire
Song
Ulaanbaatar
Abbasid: Cosmopolitan Arabic dynasty (750-1258) that replaced the Umayyads; founded by Abu
al-Abbas and reached its peak under Harun al-Rashid.
Bubonic Plague: Epidemic that swept Eurasia, causing devastating population loss and
disruption. Known as the Black Death in Europe after 1350 C.E.
Buddhism: Religion, based on Four Noble Truths, associated with Siddhartha Gautama (563-483 B.C.E.), or the Buddha; its adherents desired to eliminate all distracting passion and reach
nirvana.
Byzantine: Long-lasting empire centered at Constantinople; it grew out of the end of the Roman
empire and carried legacy of Roman greatness and was the only classical society to survive into
the early modern age; it reached its early peak during the reign of Justinian (483--565).
Changhatai: One of Chinggis Khan's sons, whose descendants ruled central Asia through the
Chaghatai khanate.
Confucianism: Philosophy, based on the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Kong Fuzi (551479 B.C.E.), or Confucius, that emphasizes order, the role of the gentleman, obligation to
society, and reciprocity.
Daoism: Chinese philosophy with origins in the Zhou dynasty; it is associated with legendary
philosopher Laozi, and it called for a policy of inaction.
Ghaznavids: Turkish tribe under Mahmud of Ghazni who moved into northern India in the
eleventh century and began a period of greater Islamic influence in India.
Golden Horde: Mongol tribe that controlled Russia from the thirteenth to the fifteenth centuries.
Ilkhanate: Mongol state that ruled Persia after abolition of the Abbasid empire in the thirteenth
century.
Islam: Monotheistic religion of the prophet Muhammad (570-632); influenced by Judaism and
Christianity, Muhammad was considered the final prophet because the earlier religions had not
seen the entire picture; the Qu'ran is the holy book of Islam.
Istanbul: The new name of Constantinople after it is sacked by Sultan Mehmed II in 1453.
Lamaist Buddhism: Branch of Buddhism that was similar to shamanism in its acceptance of
magic and supernatural powers.
Muslim: A follower of Islam.
Nestorian: Early branch of Christianity, named after the fifth-century Greek theologian
Nestorius, that emphasized the human nature of Jesus Christ.
Ottoman empire: Powerful Turkish empire that lasted from the conquest of Constantinople
(Istanbul) in 1453 until 1918 and reached its peak during the reign of Süleyman the Magnificent
(r. 1520-1566).
Patriarch: Leader of the Greek Orthodox church, which in 1054 officially split with the Pope and
the Roman Catholic church.
Saljuqs: Turkish tribe that gained control over the Abbasid empire and fought with the Byzantine
empire.
Shamanism: Belief in shamans or religious specialists who possessed supernatural powers and
who communicated with the gods and the spirits of nature.
Song: Chinese dynasty (960-1279) that was marked by an increasingly urbanized and
cosmopolitan society.
Sultanate of Delhi: Islamic state in northern India established by Mahmud's successors in 1206
C.E. that began to establish the presence of Islam on the Indian subcontinent.
Timur-i lang: "Timur the Lame," known in English as Tamerlane (ca. 1336-1405), who
conquered an empire ranging from the Black Sea to Samarkand.
Uigher Turks: Clerks, secretaries, and administrators for the Mongol Empire.
Ulaanbaatar: Mongolian city.
Yuan: Chinese dynasty (1279-1368) that was founded by the Mongol ruler Khubilai Khan.
Yurts: Tents used by nomadic Turkish and Mongol tribes.
Chapter 19 Key Terms
Age grades
Christianity
Islam
Kilwa
Mali
Mansa Musa
Solomonic Dynasty Songhay
Zimbabwe
Diviners
Kingdom of Kongo
Mecca
Stateless societies
Ghana
Kongo
Muslim
Sundiata
Griot
Koumbi-Saleh
Niani
Swahili
Age grades: Bantu concept in which individuals of roughly the same age carried out communal
tasks appropriate for that age.
Christianity: Religion emerging from Middle East in the first century C.E. holding Jesus to be the
son of God who sacrificed himself on behalf of mankind.
Diviners: Mediators between humanity and supernatural beings.
Ghana: Kingdom in West Africa during the fifth through the thirteenth centuries whose rulers
eventually converted to Islam; its power and wealth was based on dominating trans-Saharan
trade.
Griot: An African musician-storyteller essential to oral storytelling tradition of sub-Saharan
Africa.
Islam: Monotheistic religion of the prophet Muhammad (570-632); influenced by Judaism and
Christianity, Muhammad was considered the final prophet because the earlier religions had not
seen the entire picture; the Qu'ran is the holy book of Islam.
Kilwa: City-state on the east coast of Africa that exported gold across the Indian Ocean.
Kingdom of Kongo: Kingdom dominating small states along the Congo River that maintained
effective centralized government and a royal currency until the seventeenth century.
Kongo: Central African state that began trading with the Portuguese around 1500; although their
kings, such as King Affonso I (r. 1506-1543), converted to Christianity, they nevertheless
suffered from the slave trade.
Koumbi-Saleh: Important trading city along the trans-Saharan trade route from the eleventh to
the thirteenth centuries.
Mali: African kingdom founded in the thirteenth century by Sundiata; it reached its peak during
the reign of Mansa Musa.
Mansa Musa: The grandnephew of Sundiata who made a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324. Upon his
return, he built mosques and Islamic schools in Mali.
Mecca: City conquered by Muhammed in 630. He destroyed pagan shrines and erected
mosques.
Muslim: A follower of Islam.
Niani: The prosperous capital of the Malian Empire that was linked to north Africa by a system
of caravan routes.
Solomonic Dynasty: Group in Ethiopia (1300s) claiming descent from Israelite kings.
Songhay: Empire that replaced Mali in the late fifteenth century.
Stateless societies: Term relating to societies such as those of sub-Saharan Africa after the Bantu
migrations that featured decentralized rule through family and kinship groups instead of strongly
centralized hierarchies.
Sundiata: Founder of the Mali empire (r. 1230-1255), also the inspiration for the Sundiata, an
African literary and mythological work.
Swahili: African city-state society that dominated the coast from Mogadishu to Kilwa and was
active in trade.
Zimbabwe: Former colony of Southern Rhodesia that gained independence in 1980.
Chapter 20 Key Terms
Aachen
Al-Andalus
Cathars
Fief
Cathedral
Schools
Guilds
Investiture
Sacraments
Teutonic Knights
Islam
Schism
Three Estates
Albigensian
Crusade
Chivalry
Capetian
Carolingians
Christianity
Crusades
Hanseatic
League
Muslim
Scholasticism
Troubadours
Heavy Plow
Holy Roman
Empire
Relics
Table of Ranks
Waldensians
Oprichnina
St. Petersburg
Vinland
Aachen: The capital of the Carolingian Empire.
Al-Andalus: Islamic Spain.
Albigensian Crusade: The attack and systematic killing of Cathars.
Capetian: Early French dynasty that started with Hugh Capet.
Carolingians: Germanic dynasty that was named after its most famous member, Charlemagne.
Cathars: Medieval heretics, also known as the Albigensians, who considered the material world
evil; their followers renounced wealth and marriage and promoted an ascetic existence.
Cathedral Schools: Schools organized by bishops and archbishops in France and northern Italy
whose liberal arts curricula often offered instruction in law, medicine, and theology.
Chivalry: European medieval concept, a code of conduct for the knights based on loyalty/honor.
Christianity: Religion emerging from Middle East in the first century C.E. holding Jesus to be the
son of God who sacrificed himself on behalf of mankind.
Crusades: Campaigns by Christian knights to seize the holy lands that led to trade with Muslims
and the importation of Muslim ideas regarding science and mathematics.
Fief: A grant of land from a lord to a vassal.
Guilds: Socially significant groups of craftspeople who regulated the production, sale, and
quality of manufactured goods.
Hanseatic League: Association of trading cities in northern Europe linked by major rivers to the
Mediterranean.
Heavy Plow: Device of the sixth century permitting the turning of heavy northern soils, rotating
crops, and increased agricultural production.
Holy Roman Empire: Central and western European kingdom created at the Treaty of Verdun in
in 843 and lasting until 1806.
Investiture: One aspect of the medieval European church versus state controversy, the granting of
church offices by a lay leader.
Islam: Monotheistic religion of the prophet Muhammad (570-632); influenced by Judaism and
Christianity, Muhammad was considered the final prophet because the earlier religions had not
seen the entire picture; the Qu'ran is the holy book of Islam.
Muslim: A follower of Islam.
Oprichnina: A Russian term meaning the "land apart," Muscovite territory that the Russian Tsar
Ivan IV (r. 1533-1584) demanded to control; the tsar created a new class of nobles called the
oprichniki for this territory.
Relics: Revered artifacts from saints that inspired pilgrimages to cities such as Rome,
Compostela, and Jerusalem.
Sacraments: Christian rite mediating or symbolizing divine grace.
Schism: Divide that occurs between Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches in 1054 as
a result of political tensions and ritual and doctrinal differences.
Scholasticism: Medieval attempt of thinkers like St. Thomas Aquinas to merge the beliefs of
Christianity with the logical rigor of Greek philosophy.
St. Petersburg: New capital built by Peter the Great in 1703. Known as the "window on the
west," the city served as headquarters for the navy and government.
Table of Ranks: Bureaucratic reform enacted by Peter the Great allowing social mobility for civil
servants by merit and service.
Teutonic Knights: Crusading European order that was active in the Baltic region.
Three Estates: Term for the social classes of the spiritual estate (clergy), the military estate
(feudal nobles), and the estate of peasants and serfs.
Troubadours: Minstrels and storytellers, often patronized by aristocratic women, who drew
inspiration from the love poetry of Muslim Spain.
Vinland: The area of modern Newfoundland colonized by Vikings led by Leif Ericsson.
Waldensians: Twelfth-century religious reformers who criticized the Roman Catholic church and
who proposed that the laity had the right to preach and administer sacraments; they were
declared heretics.
Chapter 21 Key Terms
Aliæi nui
Aztec empire
Chucuito
Huitzilopochtli
Métis
Oceania
Toltecs
Yucatan
Cahokia
Inca empire
Quetzalcoatl
Chimu
Iroquois
Quipu
Chinampas
Marae
Tenochtitlan
Aliæi nui: Hawaiian class of high chiefs.
Aztec empire: Central American empire constructed by the Mexica and expanded greatly during
the fifteenth century during the reigns of Itzcoatl and Motecuzoma I.
Cahokia: Large structure in modern Illinois that was constructed by the mound-building peoples;
it was the third largest structure in the Americas before the arrival of the Europeans.
Chimu: Pre-Incan South American society that fell to Incas in the fifteenth century.
Chinampas: Style of agriculture used by Mexica (Aztecs) in which fertile muck from lake
bottoms was dredged and built up into small plots.
Chucuito: Pre-Incan South American society that rose in the twelfth century and fell to the Incas
in the fifteenth century.
Huitzilopochtli: Sun god and patron deity of the Aztecs.
Inca empire: Powerful South American empire that would reach its peak in the fifteenth century
during the reigns of Pachacuti Inca and Topa Inca.
Iroquois: Eastern American Indian confederation made up of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga,
Cayuga, and Seneca tribes.
Marae: Polynesian temple structure.
Métis: Canadian term for individuals of mixed European and indigenous ancestry.
Oceania: Term referring to the Pacific Ocean basin and its lands.
Quetzalcoatl: Aztec god, the "feathered serpent," who was borrowed originally from the Toltecs;
Quetzalcoatl was believed to have been defeated by another god and exiled, and he promised to
return.
Quipu: Incan mnemonic aid comprised of different colored strings and knots that served to
record events in the absence of a written text.
Tenochtitlan: Capital of the Aztec empire, later Mexico City.
Toltecs: Central American society (950-1150) that was centered around the city of Tula.
Yucatan: Peninsula in Central America, home of the Maya.
Chapter 22 Key Terms
Bubonic Plague
Christianity
Hundred Years War Ibn Battuta
Melaka
Ming
Sufis
Yongle
Confucianism
Islam
Muslim
Eunuchs
Mali
Qadis
Humanists
Mandate of Heaven
Spanish Inquisition
Bubonic Plague: Epidemic that swept Eurasia, causing devastating population loss and
disruption. The plague was known as the Black Death in Europe after 1350 C.E.
Christianity: Religion emerging from Middle East in the first century C.E. holding Jesus to be the
son of God who sacrificed himself on behalf of mankind.
Confucianism: Philosophy, based on the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Kong Fuzi (551479 B.C.E.), or Confucius, that emphasizes order, the role of the gentleman, obligation to
society, and reciprocity.
Eurnuchs: Castrated males, originally in charge of the harem, who grew to play major roles in
government; eunuchs were common in China and other societies.
Humanists: Renaissance scholars interested in moral philosophy, history, and literature, drawing
inspiration from classical texts.
Hundred Years War: Conflict between France and England (1337-1453) over control of lands in
France.
Ibn Battuta: An Islamic Scholar (1304-1369) who served as qadi to the sultan of Delhi and
offered counsel to Muslim rulers in west Africa.
Islam: Monotheistic religion of the prophet Muhammad (570-632); influenced by Judaism and
Christianity, Muhammad was considered the final prophet because the earlier religions had not
seen the entire picture; the Qu'ran is the holy book of Islam.
Mali: African kingdom founded in the thirteenth century by Sundiata; it reached its peak during
the reign of Mansa Musa.
Mandate of Heaven: Chinese belief that the emperors ruled through the mandate, or approval, of
heaven contingent on their ability to look after the welfare of the population.
Melaka: Powerful Islamic state of the fifteenth century in southeast Asia.
Ming: Chinese dynasty (1368-1644) founded by Hongwu and known for its cultural brilliance.
Muslim: A follower of Islam.
Qadis: Islamic judges.
Spanish Inquistion: Institution organized in 1478 by Fernando and Isabel of Spain to hunt out
heretical or contrary opinions; subjects of persecution included Protestants, Jews, Muslims, and
witches.
Sufis: Islamic mystics who placed more emphasis on emotion and devotion than on strict
adherence to rules.
Yongle: Chinese Ming emperor (r. 1403-1424) who pushed for foreign exploration and promoted
cultural achievements such as the Yongle Encyclopedia.