Download AP Big Outline Review

The AP Euro Big Review Outline
This review covers – quite broadly – the basic topics that you should be familiar with based on our
studies this year. This review is by no means comprehensive – it is in your best interest to use it as a
guideline for more in-depth studying.
What can you describe/define about the topics?
What is their significance?
Try using word / date association for various topics and specifics.
What BIGGER THEMES transcend the individual topics?
I.
The Middle Ages (pre-1450)
a. Contrast with Renaissance
b. Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453)
c. Black Death (1348-53)
d. Life in the Middle Ages
e. Dante’s Divine Comedy
II. The Renaissance (approx 1400 – 1600)
a. Italian Renaissance
i. Rise of the Italian city-states
1. Florence
2. Milan
3. Venice
ii. Decline of the city-states
iii. Machiavelli’s The Prince
b. Humanism
c. Northern Renaissance
i. Christian Humanism
ii. Thomas More
iii. Erasmus
iv. Printing Press
d. Women in the Renaissance
e. Italian art vs. Northern art (painting, sculpture, literature)
III. The New Monarchies
a. Characteristics, formation
b. France
c. England
d. Spain
i. Ferdinand and Isabella
ii. Habsburgs
IV. Reformations (approx 1517 to 1555 or 1600)
a. Causes of the Protestant Reforms
i. Decline in Papacy
ii. Criticism of the church (dating to middle ages)
iii. Corruption
iv. Humanism
b. Luther
i. 95 Theses (1517), Diet of Worms
ii. Impact of Lutheranism on women
iii. Luther’s view of peasantry, reform
iv. Spread of Lutheranism
c. Calvin
i. Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536)
ii. His background
iii. Predestination, Protestant work ethic
iv. Development of Geneva
v. Spread of Calvinism
d. England
i. John Wycliffe
ii. Henry VIII – divorce, creation of the church
iii. Early actions of the English church
iv. Mary Tudor
v. Elizabeth I (1558-1603)
e. Anabaptists
i. Beliefs
ii. Views of other sects
f. Catholic Reform
i. Causes
ii. Council of Trent (1545-1563)
iii. Jesuits and Ignatius Loyola
iv. Holy Roman Empire, Peace of Augsburg (1555)
V. Age of Exploration (1450’s to 1600)
a. Learning and new technology
b. Portuguese exploration (1450’s-1500)
c. Spanish exploration
d. “Old Imperialism”
i. Africa, India and Asia
ii. The New World
iii. Dutch East Indies (Dutch dominance)
iv. French colonies in America
v. English colonies in Americas
VI. Commercial Revolution (approx 1550 to 1650)
a. Causes
b. Impact
i. “Price Revolution”
ii. New industries (cloth, mining, printing, weaponry)
iii. New goods (sugar, tea, rice, tobacco, cocoa)
iv. Mercantilism
v. Enclosure movement (early Agricultural Rev?)
VII. Religious Warfare (approx 1550’s to 1648)
a. Catholic Crusades, Inquisitions (Philip II of Spain, 1556-98)
b. French Civil Wars (late 1500s)
i. Edict of Nantes
ii. Catherine de Medicis (Henry II and Henry III)
iii. Henry IV; Henry of Navarre
iv. St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
c. Netherlands
i. History of Toleration
ii. Conflict with Spain
1. Duke of Alba, Council of Blood
2. Treaty of Utrecht (1579)
3. Pacification of Ghent (1573)
d. Spain vs. England (Armada)
e. Denmark, Sweden, Poland and Russia
f. Thirty Years War (1618-1648)
i. Causes
ii. Holy Roman Empire
iii. Development of war
iv. Treaty of Westphalia (1648)
v. Major outcomes
VIII. Age of Absolutism (approx 1600 to 1750)
a. Philosophy (Hobbes, Bodin, James I)
b. England (1600-1660)
c. France (Richelieu, Mazarin, Louis XIV)
d. Eastern Europe
i. Contrast with West?
ii. Austrian Empire (Habsburgs)
iii. Prussia (Fredericks)
iv. Russia (Peter)
1. Differences from theWest
2. Westernization
3. Table of Ranks
v. Declines in Poland, Ottoman, Holy Roman Empire
e. Thirty Years War (1618-1648)
f. Reflections in art
i. Baroque Period
ii. Versailles
iii. Rembrandt, Bernini
IX. Constitutionalism (approx 1640s to 1700)
a. England and Civil War
i. Parliament vs. James I and Charles I
ii. Causes of Civil War (1642-49)
iii. Oliver Cromwell (1653-58)
iv. Restoration of the Crown
v. Glorious Revolution (1688)
vi. English Bill of Rights, Toleration Acts
b. The Netherlands (Dutch Republic)
i. Struggle with Spain
ii. Religious toleration
iii. Commercial Revolution/advantage
iv. Economic decline
X. Scientific Revolution
a. 16th to 17th Centuries
i. Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo (astronomy)
ii. Bacon (scientific method)
iii. Descartes (skepticism)
iv. Newton and other advances
b. Effects and consequences
i. Science vs. religion
ii. Royal Societies
iii. Changes to daily life
XI. The Enlightenment (approx 1650 to 1800)
a. World view: reason, natural science
b. Impact on society
c. Locke, constitutionalism
d. Philosophes, salons (Voltaire, Diderot, Montesquieu)
e. Economic theory (Smith)
f. Impact on life
g. Women in the Enlightenment
XII. The Enlightened Despots
a. Frederick the Great
i. War of Austrian Succession, Silesia
ii. Codification of Laws
b. Catherine the Great
i. Attempts at Reform
ii. Charter of the Nobility
iii. Pugachev’s Revolt
c. Maria Theresa and Joseph II
i. Pragmatic Sanction
ii. Austrian Succession, Silesia
d. Napoleon (arguable?)
e. Similarities, characteristics
XIII. French Revolution (1789 to 1815)
a. The Ancien Regime
b. Long-term and short-term causes
c. Part One: (1789-91)
i. Estates-General
ii. Great Fear
iii. Declaration of the Rights of Man
iv. Legislative Assembly and Constitution of 1791
d. Part Two: (1791-99)
i. Louis’ flight from Paris
ii. National Convention
iii. Jacobins, Sans-Culottes, Girondists
iv. Reign of Terror
v. Thermidorian Reaction
vi. Directory
e. Napoleon (1799-1815)
i. Rise and Fall
ii. Reforms
f. Congress of Vienna, Restoration of France (1814-15)
XIV. Industrializing (approx 1700 to 1850)
a. Roots of Industrialization
b. Agricultural Revolution
c. Why England?
d. Important Inventions, industries affected
e. Impact on transportation, production
f. Continental Europe – after 1815
g. Social Implications
i. Urbanization
ii. Labor struggles
iii. Working conditions
iv. Economics, Capitalism
v. Reforms
XV. The Political 19th Century (approx 1815 to 1856)
a. Conservatism
i. Characteristics and supporters
ii. Responses between 1815-48
iii. Congress of Vienna
iv. Concert of Europe (Metternich System)
v. Carlsbad Decrees, Peterloo Massacre
b. Liberalism
i. Characteristics and supporters
1. Classical
2. Utilitarianism
ii. France (1830, 48); Louis Napoleon
iii. England (Reform Bills, 1832; Chartists)
iv. Italy
v. Germany
vi. Austria
vii. Russia (Alexander II)
c. Nationalism
i. National unity
ii. Revolutions 1815-1848
iii. Greece (1825)
iv. Germany (1860s-70s)
v. Italy (1850s-70s)
vi. Austria-Hungary (skewed?)
d. Socialism
i. Utopian Socialism
ii. Marxism, 1848
iii. Response to economics or politics?
e. Crimean War
f. Romanticism
i. Characteristics
ii. Relation to nationalism?
iii. Literature, art, music
XVI. Later 19th Century Society
a. Living conditions (improving)
b. Second Industrial Revolution
c. Urban redevelopment (Paris)
d. Changes in family
e. New Intellectualism
i. Science: Darwin, Freud
ii. Realism: art, literature
iii. Impressionism
iv. Philosophy (Nietzsche)
XVII. Mass Politics (approx 1860s to 1914)
a. German Empire
i. Otto von Bismarck (1871-90)
ii. Wilhelm I and Wilhelm II
iii. Social Democratic Party
iv. Welfare State (liberal reform)
b. Third French Republic
i. Paris Commune (1871)
ii. National Assembly
iii. Dreyfus Affair
c. Great Britain
i. Gladstone and Disraeli
ii. Reform Bills (1867)
iii. “Irish Question”
d. Austria-Hungary
i. Dual Monarch (Ausgliech)
ii. Nationalism dividing
e. “Eastern Question”
i. Decline of Ottomans
ii. Rivalry in Balkans
iii. Crimean War (1856)
iv. Congress of Berlin (1878)
f. Russia
i. Reason for reform?
ii. Alexander II (again)
iii. Slavophiles vs. Westernizers
iv. Nicholas II
1. Revolt of 1905
2. The Duma
XVIII. Imperialism (approx 1870 to 1914)
a. Causes of ‘new imperialism’
b. Economic Expansion
i. China
ii. Japan
iii. Egypt
c. Emigration worldwide
d. New Imperialism in Africa
e. New Imperialism vs. Old Imperialism
f. Criticism (Hobson, socialists)
g. Jingoism
XIX. World War I (1914 to 1919)
a. Long-term causes
i. Nationalism
ii. Eastern Question
iii. Russia
iv. Germany
b. Immediate Causes
c. Western Front
d. Eastern Front, Russian Withdrawal
e. Colonies, Middle East
f. ‘Total War’
g. ‘New’ War
h. Wilson’s Fourteen Points (1918)
i. Unrest in Germany, Austria
j. Treaty of Versailles (1919-1921)
k. Outcomes
XX. Russian Revolution (1905, 1917-1923)
a. 1905 Revolution (set-up)
b. Impact of WWI
c. February Revolution (1917)
d. October Revolution (1917)
e. Bolshevism; Lenin and Trotsky
f. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1917)
g. Civil War (1918-1923)
h. Results of the Revolution
i. New Economic Plan (1920s)
j. Early Communist Russia vs. Stalin’s Communist Russia
k. Role, impact on women
XXI. Early 20th Century Art and Society
a. New Philosophy (Freud, Nietzsche, ‘Lost Generation’)
b. New Sciences
c. New Art (surrealism, Picasso, Dadaism)
XXII. The Inter-War Period (1919 to 1939)
a. Germany
i. Weimar Republic (1919-1933)
1. Spartacists vs Freikorps
2. Versailles Treaty terms
3. Hyperinflation
ii. Nazism
1. Rise of Hitler, Mein Kampf
2. Comparison to other totalitarian states
3. Great Depression
4. Nuremberg Laws
b. Italy
i. Rise of Mussolini and Fascism
ii. Fascist Reforms
iii. Fascist Doctrine
c. Russia
i. Lenin (1917-24)
ii. Stalin (1924-53)
iii. New Economic Plan
iv. Collectivization
v. Purges
d. Totalitarianism vs. Conservatism
e. Democracies
i. Britain and France
ii. Great Depression, causes and impact
iii. Return to conservatism
iv. Deflation
f. Spanish Civil War (1936-39)
XXIII. World War II (1939 to 1945)
a. Causes
i. Failure of cooperation, security
ii. Hitler’s aggression (1935-39)
iii. Appeasement
iv. Spanish Civil War (Pre-War)
v. German-Soviet Non-Aggression (1939)
b. Course of the War
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Invasion/partition of Poland
Conquest of Western Europe, Vichy France
Failure of Operation Sea Lion (1940)
Operation Barbarossa (1941)
Allied Responses
1. Soviet counterattacks (Stalingrad)
2. D Day, Invasion of Sicily
c. Early Diplomacy (Yalta, Potsdam)
d. Consequences, outcomes
i. Post-war art and philosophy (existentialism)
e. United Nations
XXIV. Cold War (1945 to 1990)
a. Roots, end of WW2
b. Early
i. Iron Curtain
ii. Ideological Differences
iii. Marshall Plan, Truman Doctrine
iv. Division of Germany
v. Stalin’s “Satellites”
c. The Non-Fight
i. NATO vs Warsaw Pact
ii. Arms Races
iii. Khrushchev and Destalinization
iv. Berlin Wall
v. Détente
vi. Brezhnev
d. The Ends
i. Gorbachev
ii. Perestroika and Glasnost
iii. Disintegration
iv. Velvet Revolutions in the East
v. Reunification of Germany
XXV. European Recovery and Unity (1945 to present)
a. United Nations
b. Liberal Democracy
c. Decolonization
i. India
ii. Egypt
iii. Vietnam
iv. Israel, Middle East
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
v. Africa
vi. Continued Cultural Dominance
Food Shortages, economic recovery
European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC 1951)
European Economic Community (EEC 1957)
Treaty of Maastricht; European Union (1993)
Problems of Unity
i. Immigration
ii. National security
iii. Economic growth, currency
iv. Yugoslavia Crises (Serbia, Bosnia, Kosovo)