Download US HISTORY

US HISTORY
Part 1
Dictatorships Emerge
Unit 8
WWII
Fascism
•Nationalistic philosophy that glorifies the state & its leader.
•Emphasized Militarism (build up of military)
•Hated Communists
•Fascists took power in Italy and Germany.
Benito Mussolini
•Dictator of Italy
•Gained power with his “March on Rome”
•Hitler modeled his dictatorship after Italy.
Adolf Hitler
•Failed attempt at a revolution in 1923.
–(Munich Beer Hall Putsch)
•Wrote Mein Kampf while in jail.
–Ideas
–Expansion (living space)
–Aryan supremacy
–Blamed Jews for Germany’s problems.
•Born in Austria but joined the German army in WWI.
•His hatred of Jews grew while he was a failed homeless art student.
Hitler takes power
•Used the People’s fear of Communism
–Reichstag fire on the eve of the election.
•Legally appointed Chancellor
•Made Fuhrer (leader) when President von Hindenburg died.
•Third Reich (Empire) – proclaimed it would last 1000 years.
Great Depression
•Germany experienced Hyperinflation.
•Hitler created jobs (building weapons & roads)
•Unemployment dropped & his popularity soared.
Treaty of Versailles
•Hitler continually ignored the Treaty
–Rearmament
–Rearming the Rhineland (on French border)
–Occupying the Polish Corridor
•The international community did little.
Hitler’s Germany
Totalitarianism
•A government that controls all parts of society.
–Books
–News
–Schools
Movement against the Jews
•Documentation (1933-35)
•Discrimination
–1935 Nuremburg Laws
•Killing Squads
•Ghettos (1939 -)
–Warsaw, Poland
•Concentration Camps (1933-45)
•1936, Berlin hosted the Olympics.
–Poverty & Discrimination was hidden from the world.
•1938, Hitler was named Time’s Man of the Year
–(Economic Reforms)
Other Dictatorships
•Emperor Hirohito - Japan
•JAPAN INVADED MANCHURIA (CHINA) IN 1931 AND FRENCH
INDOCHINA IN 1940.
•JAPAN HOPED TO CREATE AN IMPERIALISTIC EMPIRE.
•Joseph Stalin – Soviet Union
–Replaced Lenin upon his death.
PART 2
THE ROAD TO WAR
Hitler & Mussolini were brought together during the Spanish Civil War. (AXIS
POWERS) Hitler tested his new war technique
Hitler Begins his plan to Take over Europe
Austria
•Takes over his home country without firing a single shot.
–March 1938
•Many Austrians welcomed him.
Munich Conference 1938
•Allied agreement to give Hitler the Sudetenland (area of Czechoslovakia)
•Policy of Appeasement. (prevent war)
•Hitler promised this was all he wanted.
•British Prime Minister Chamberlin
•SIX MONTHS LATER HITLER TOOK ALL OF
CZECHOSLOVAKIA.
Poland
•Hitler demanded the return of the Polish Corridor.
Non Aggression Pact
•Germany & Soviets agreed not to attack each other. (Germany can
avoid 2 Front War)
•This signaled the war would soon begin.
–Communists & Fascists hate each other.
•Secretly the two agreed to divide Poland.
•SEPTEMBER 1, 1939
–GERMANY INVADED POLAND
•SEPTEMBER 3
–BRITAIN AND FRANCE DECLARED WAR ON GERMANY.
•
•
Axis -
Germany, Japan, Italy
Allies -
Britain, France, Later - US, Soviets
Blitzkrieg
•“Lightning War” of planes, tanks, & troops.
•GERMANY QUICKLY CONQUERED POLAND. ALL WAS STILL FOR
THE NEXT SEVEN MONTHS.
Blitz Phase II
•AUGUST 1940
–DENMARK, NORWAY, LUXEMBOURG, THE NETHERLANDS.
BELGIUM
•GERMANY ATTACKED FRANCE AND QUICKLY DEFEATED THEM.
•300,000 ALLIED TROOPS WERE SAVED AT THE EVACUATION FROM
DUNKIRK.
JUNE 22, 1940 - FRANCE SURRENDERED.
•GERMANY ESTABLISHED A PUPPET STATE KNOWN AS VICHY.
•HITLER NOW CONTROLLED MOST OF THE EUROPEAN CONTINENT.
•BRITAIN REMAINED HIS ONLY ENEMY.
Battle of Britain (3 months)
•Hitler’s aerial attempt to defeat Britain.
•The Blitz would not work in Britain because……
•British military targets turned to civilian targets.
British Leader Winston Churchill
•THE RAF (Royal Air Force) EVENTUALLY TURNED BACK THE
ATTACK AND HITLER DELAYED HIS INVASION OF BRITAIN.
The “biggest blunder in the history of man.”
aka – Germany invaded the Soviet Union. (1941)
•THE SOVIETS RETREATED & WAITED FOR THEIR BEST ALLY,
WINTER.
PART 3 - THE US GOES TO WAR
Attempts to Avoid War
•Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)
–Countries agreed not to use war to further their goals.
•US
–Neutrality Acts – Isolationist Congress passed pledging not to join a
war.
FDR believed they might hamper US efforts (if needed)
FDR SPEECHES
•Quarantine Speech (1937)– Condemned “aggressor nations” & called for
embargos.
–(Isolationist worried it might lead to war.)
•Four Freedoms –
–Speech & expression
–From want
–Religion
–From fear
Lend-Lease Act
•The US gave supplies to Britain & USSR
–(Beginning to favor Allies & end neutrality)
•
1940 – AMERICA INITIATED ITS FIRST PEACE TIME DRAFT.
Pearl Harbor
(site of US naval base in Hawaii)
December 7, 1941
“A day which will live in infamy.”
---FDR
Surprise attack of US forces.
Reasons
•US condemned Japan’s invasion of China.
•US stopped exporting oil & metal.
•Japan could expand without the US to interfere. (imperialism)
•Japan wanted to be the master “Asian” race.
•2,500 SOLDIERS DIED.
–½ THE DEATHS WERE ON THE USS ARIZONA
•FDR ASKED CONGRESS TO DECLARE WAR.
The Attack of the Philippines
•Gen. Douglas MacArthur fled the island as Japan easily took over.
–“I shall return”
•Captured US soldiers were forced on the Bataan Death March.
Life on the Home front
•WITH THE US NOW IN THE WAR THE ENTIRE COUNTRY TURNED TO
HELP IN THE WAR EFFORT.
Women Contributions
•1. Work in Factories
–Symbolized by Rosie the Riveter
•2. Join the army
–WACS – (women’s army corps)
•3. Conserve
•4. Buy War bonds
War Productions Board
•Factories produced war materials
•Rationing of consumer supplies
–Gas
–Food
US Military
•Selective Service Act
–draft
•Gen. George Patton
–Africa & Europe
•Admiral Chester Nimitz
–Pacific Navy
•Gen. Dwight Eisenhower
–Europe
•Gen. Douglas MacArthur
–Pacific
•16 MILLION AMERICANS SERVED IN THE ARMED FORCES DURING WWII.
•Again utilized the Draft but many volunteered.
Internment Camps
•100,000 JAPANESE AMERICANS WERE PLACED IN INTERMENT
CAMPS
–(2/3 OF THESE INDIVIDUALS WERE BORN IN THE US)
KOREMATSU V. US
•IT IS LEGAL TO RESTRICT FREEDOMS IN WARTIME
Part 4 - Kicking Axis
Allied Strategy
•Conferences (1943)
–Casablanca
–Tehran – plan 2nd Front (Italy or France?)
•Stalin was the only one fighting the Germans at that point.
•Air Drops
–Propaganda to enemy civilians
American Forces
•1. Campaigns in Africa
–El Alamein
•2. Invasion of Italy
•3. Invasion of France
Stalingrad
•Soviet Turning Point against the Germans.
D-Day - June 6, 1944
The Invasion of France
•HITLER KNEW IT WAS COMING.
HE JUST DIDN’T KNOW WHEN AND
WHERE.
•150,000 TROOPS LANDED ON THE NORMANDY (50 mile beach) COAST
OF FRANCE.
•AUGUST 25, 1944 - THE ALLIES MARCHED INTO PARIS.
•THE ALLIES NOW MARCHED TOWARDS BERLIN FROM THE EAST AND
WEST.
Battle of the Bulge
•Hitler’s last counteroffensive (failed)
•Patton helped hold the line
•Hitler exhausted his reserves
Hitler Gives Up
•APRIL 30, 1945
•ADOLF HITLER GOT MARRIED, THEN POISONED HIS WIFE AND DOG.
•HE ALSO DRANK POISON BUT FINALLY SHOT HIMSELF.
•SOLDIERS BURNED HIS BODY.
VE DAY
•MAY 7 – (VICTORY IN EUROPE)
–GERMANY SURRENDERED.
The Holocaust
•As Allied Troops marched into German & Occupied countries they saw
“unspeakable horrors”
•JOURNALISTS SENT BACK WORD.
–MANY STORIES WEREN’T PUBLISHED
–TOO UNBELIEVABLE
•Genocide – the killing of a race
–6 million Jews
–6 million – Slavs, Gypsies, Disabled, Homosexuals
PART 5 - THE WAR IN THE PACIFIC
Characteristics
•NAVAL & AERIAL COMBAT
•INTENSE ISLAND FIGHTING BY US MARINES.
Strategy
•Defeat Japan
•Island Hopping
–Conquer islands closer & closer to Japan, using each as a base to launch
the next attack.
Midway
•TURNING POINT IN THE PACIFIC
OKINAWA
•SERVED AS A LAUNCHING POINT TO BOMB JAPAN
Fire Bombing of Tokyo
Invasion of Japan ?
•JAPAN HAD AN ARMY OF 2 MILLION MEN TO DEFEND THEIR
COUNTRY.
•Military Estimates concluded Japan might fight for 10 years
–Women, children, men would fight to the death.
•1 million US casualties might result.
Harry S Truman
•FDR dies in April
•Truman Becomes President (1945)
Manhattan Project
•J. Robert Oppenheimer
–Led the project
–Developed the Atomic Bomb
Potsdam Conference
•1945
•Allies planned end of the war
•Truman warned Japan to surrender or risk “prompt & utter destruction.”
Hiroshima
•AUGUST 6, 1945
–1st Atomic bomb dropped
•Within 5 months 140,000 of the cities 350,000 Residents were Dead
Nagasaki
•2nd bomb dropped
VJ Day
•JAPAN SURRENDERED ON AUGUST 14, 1945.
•50 MILLION PEOPLE DIED IN WWII
–½ WERE CIVILIANS.
•405,399 AMERICANS DIED IN BATTLE.
The Nuremburg Trials
•NAZIS TRIED FOR “CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY.”