Download Physics A - MrBrownNewlands

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Unit 1 – Harmony and structure in the Universe
Topic
Learning Objectives
AQA
Specification
Print Resources
(Subheadings)
Page
What is sound?
Detecting and measuring
the frequency of sound
4-5
Number
Electronic
Resources
Reference
1 – Recognising sound
Music and
sound
What is the relationship
between sound and music?
How can sounds be
described in terms of pitch
and quality?
3.1.1A
Unique properties of
sound found in music
How science works –
Tuning fork
demonstration
HSW - Sound and
noise
Key diagram –
Compression pulse
moving down slinky
spring
Simulation Oscilloscope
Equipment
Tuning forks
Bowels of water
Slinky
Signal generator and oscilloscope
Some musical instruments
Plan
Using a tuning fork and bowel of water show that sound is made from vibrations.
Show longitudinal and transverse waves on a slinky. Write a definition of each.
Show how the pitch and loudness of a sound change with frequency and amplitude. Pupils draw diagrams of high and low pitched, loud
and quiet sounds.
Show the different wave shapes produced by different instruments. Pupils complete the sheet with the definitions of musical terms.
Using C = fλ find the wave speed of a number of waves.
H/W
Read pages 4 and 5. Answer questions 1 – 4
Jan ’05 no.2
Listening to
sounds
How are sound waves
represented?
What is the difference
between light and sound?
3.1.1A
What are the implications of
the speed of sound for
music?
Representing sound
waves
Light waves
- Polarisation
Measuring the speed of
sound
Music and the speed of
sound
How science works –
Accuracy
How science works –
Better acoustics
6-7
Key diagram Displacement
against distance
graph
Key diagram Displacement
against time graph
Practical - Speed of
sound in a solid
Practical - Speed of
sound
Equipment
Slinky
Polaroid’s
3 sets of picoscope, 2X microphone, tray and hammer for measuring the speed of sound.
Plan
Revise the effect of frequency and amplitude on pitch and loudness.
© Nelson Thornes 2008
2
Using the slinky show the difference between a displacement - distance graph and a displacement – time graph
Discuss the properties of waves – reflection, refraction, diffraction,
Show the effect of polarisation on light waves. Explain what is happening and why.
Complete the experiment to find the speed of sound in air.
H/W
Read pages 6 and 7 answer the questions
June ’05 no.6
Sound
production
How are stationary waves
produced?
How do different musical
instruments produce
sounds?
What are the harmonics
produced on strings and in
pipes?
3.1.1A
The principle of
superposition
Musical instruments and
standing waves
- String instruments
- Standing waves on
strings
- Harmonics on strings
Key diagram Superposition of
pulses
Practical - Stationary
Waves
Extension material Understanding
Standing Waves
How science works –
Bowed strings
Practical - Frequency
in a stretched wire
- Wind instruments
- Standing waves in pipes
- Beats
Animation - Standing
waves on stringed
instruments
How science works –
Tuning instruments using
beats
8-11
Key diagram Harmonics on a
string
Key diagram Standing waves in
pipes
Maths Skills Standing (or
stationary) waves on
strings
3
Equipment
Slinky
Vibrator and elastic set up to make a standing wave.
Guitar or other stringed instrument
Thin Elastic
Electric scales
Masses
Plan
Using the slinky show two waves superposing and a wave being reflected back. Show how this can lead to a standing wave.
Show the standing waves created by the vibrator.
Show how a standing wave is set up on the guitar. Explain how the string make the guitar body vibrate which increases the volume of
the sound.
Ask which three factor alter the pitch of the note (mass of string, tension, length)
Use the elastic to find the fundamental frequency according to the equation f = 1/2l √T/ų
Practice some calculations using this equation.
Explain how waves superpose to make standing waves, pupils draw the waves.
Explain the first second and third harmonics – pupils draw.
H/W
June 07 no.8
Lesson 2
Equipment
Test tubes to blow into
Flute / recorder or other wind instrument
Plan
Blow into test tubes with different heights of water.
Discuss the harmonics formed with one open and one open end.
Show the flute (open at both ends)
Discuss the harmonics set up with two open ends.
Discuss how beats occur using the equation fB = f2 – f1
H/W
Read pages 8 – 11 answer the summary questions
June 06 no.8
Loud and
soft
What determines how loud a
sound is?
What is the difference
between loudness and
intensity?
What is white noise and how
can it pollute the
environment?
3.1.1A
Intensity
Loudness
- The decibel
- Frequency effects on
loudness
How science works –
Common sounds and
their dB rating
Noise and sound
How science works –
Exposure to loud sounds
12-14
Animation - Power
loss as sound
radiates
Maths Skills Intensity
Key diagram Inverse square
relationship
4
Equipment
Signal generator and Pico scope
Plan
Demonstrate the change in loudness with amplitude. Explain that the loudness depends on the amount of energy transferred.
Energy proportional Amplitude 2. Demonstrate the range of hearing thresholds.
Explain what intensity is and how it can be calculated.
Explain how the ear detects pressure differences as loudness.
Explain the frequency effects of loudness. Show a high or low pitched sound seeming quieter than the same intensity sound at 1
– 4kHz.
Play the example of white noise from Wikipedia – observe on picoscope
Use ‘Noise Mapping’ on the DEFRA web site to find the noise volume that can be expected if you live at a variety of places.
End of Unit Test
Answer
Jan ’05 no.3
June 07 no.2
Jan’06 no. 11, 3, 5
June ’06 no.4
Jan ’07 no.7
Chapter Electronic Resources:
Chapter map
Test yourself – Revision quiz
On your marks
Answers to Exam questions
2 – Analogue or digital?
Recording
and
playback
How are sounds recorded
and stored?
What is the difference
between analogue and digital
signals?
How can an analogue signal
be digitised?
What are the advantages of
the two types of signal?
3.1.1B
What are analogue and
digital signals?
Stages in sound
recording and playback
Converting analogue
signals to digital signals
- Sampling analogue
signals
- Sampling rate
- Quantisation
- Compression
- Digital filters
- Advantages and
disadvantages of digital
signals
How science works –
Frequency response
How science works –
Binary
How science works –
Parity bit
How science works – Bit
rate
How science works – The
future’s digital
18-22
Key diagram Sampling an audio
signal
5
CD and DVD
What is interference and
diffraction?
What are the principle
components of a CD
system?
How is music stored and
played back?
3.1.1C
Diffraction and
interference
- Young’s double slit
experiment
- The diffraction grating
The compact disc
23-25
Practical - The
diffraction grating
Practical - Two
source interference
Simulation Diffraction grating
How science works DVDs
Maths Skills Interference
HSW - Two source
interference using
microwaves
Lesson 1
Equipment
Laser
Double slit
Ruler
Microwaves kit
W/S: Young’s Double Slit calculations
Two slit interference using microwaves
Plan
Show double slit interference. Using absorb physics explain why the dark patches occur.
Introduce the equation w = λD
S
Find w for a number of values of D. Using the wavelength from the laser find the value of w.
Complete the questions on young’s double slit. While pupils are doing this find the value of w for a range of values of D.
Pupils plot a graph to find a value of s.
H/W
Two slit interference using microwaves
Lesson 2
Equpment
Laser
Diffraction grating
Ruler
CD and microscope
Plan
Show interference from the diffraction grating. Using absorb physics explain how this happens.
Introduce the equation nλ = d sin θ
Complete questions on diffraction grating calculations.
Explain activity on presenting how a CD player works.
H/W
Plan a presentation on how a CD player works
Electromag
netic waves
used for
wireless
communicat
ion
What frequencies of the
electromagnetic spectrum
are used for communication?
What is meant by the
modulation of a carrier
wave?
How can pulse code
modulation and time division
multiplexing techniques be
used?
3.1.1D
Properties of
electromagnetic waves
Difference between e-m
waves
Uses of e-m waves
Windows for e-m waves
Modulation and carrier
waves
- Bandwidths and
sidebands
Pulse code modulation
Time division multiplexing
26-28
HSW
- Secure
data transmission
Practical - Properties
of microwaves
Key diagram - The
electromagnetic
spectrum
Animation - Sampling
and multiplexing
6
Radio
transmissio
n
Why is it not possible to
receive FM signals in some
places?
How do the different
frequencies travel from
transmitters to receivers?
3.1.1D
What are the main features
of a communication satellite
system?
How does radiation spread
from a satellite dish?
29-31
How science works –
Digital audio
broadcasting
Radio aerials
Why do aerials need to be
correctly aligned?
Satellite
communicat
ion
Transmission paths
- Ground waves
- Sky waves
AM versus FM radio
- Bandwidth limitations
within the e-m spectrum
3.1.1D
What is meant by a satellite’s
footprint?
Communication satellites
- Geosynchronous orbits
- The satellite dish
- Diffraction and the
satellite dish
- The footprint of a
satellite
32-34
How science works –
Loudspeakers
How science works –
Space debris
Fibre Optics
What are the laws of
reflection and refraction?
3.1.1D
How does total internal
reflection occur in a
transparent sustance?
What factors affect the
design and use of optical
fibres?
Ray optics
- Laws of reflection and
refraction of light
- Speed and refractive
index
- Total internal reflection
How science works –
Variation in refractive
index
35-37
Key diagram Reflection and
refraction
Maths Skills Refraction
Practical - Refraction
Practical Investigating the
refractive index of
water
Key diagram - Total
internal reflection
40-41
Key diagram Apparatus to
demonstrate
Brownian motion
42-43
Key diagram Deflection of
electrons
Optical fibres used for
communication
- Attenuation of the signal
Comparison of optical
fibre with copper
Chapter Electronic Resources:
Chapter map
Test yourself – Revision quiz
On your marks
Answers to Exam questions
3 – Modelling matter
Why believe
in atoms?
What evidence is there for
the existence of atoms?
How small is an atom?
3.1.2A
Creating models
- From Democritus to
Dalton
- Evidence for atoms and
molecules from gas
behaviour
- Diffusion
- Brownian motion
- How large are atoms?
How science works –
Changing ideas
How science works –
Discovering DNA
Electrons
and nuclei
How were electrons
discovered?
What is the evidence for a
nuclear atom?
How small is a nucleus?
3.1.2A
Discovering electrons
Models of the atom
- Geiger and Marsden’s
alpha particle scattering
experiment
- Size of the nucleus
Key diagram - Bohr's
model of the atom
HSW - Development
of the atomic model
7
Inside the
nucleus
How were the proton and
neutron discovered?
What is the difference
between the nuclei of
different elements?
What happens to a nucleus
when it emits an alpha or
beta particle?
3.1.2A
Rutherford ‘splits the
atom’ and discovers the
proton
Chadwick discovers the
neutron
How science works –
Chadwick keeps an open
mind
44-46
Nuclear structure
Radiation from the
nucleus
Probing
nucleons
What is deep inelastic
scattering?
What are quarks?
What is the evidence for their
existence?
3.1.2C
Deeper and deeper
47-48
Deep inelastic scattering
Particle accelerators
Dicovery of quarks
How science works – Are
particle accelerators
worth it?
Chapter Electronic Resources:
Chapter map
Test yourself – Revision quiz
Answers to Exam questions
4 – Waves or particles?
Why
photons?
What is the evidence for a
photon model of
electromagnetic radiation?
3.1.2B
What is the energy of a
photon?
The ultraviolet
catastrophe
The photoelectric effect
52-54
Animation - The
Photoelectric Effect
Einstein’s explanation of
the photoelectric effect
- Explaining the
observations in the gold
leaf electroscope
experiment
- Work functions
How are the wave and
photon models used to
predict the behaviour of
radiation?
Key diagram Practical curve for a
blackbody
Maths Skills - Photon
Energy
Maths Skills Photoelectric Effect
Why does the wave
theory fail to explain the
photoelectric effect?
Wave-particle duality
Matter
waves
Fundamenta
l particles
What is the evidence that
particles have wave
properties?
What determines the
wavelength of the wave?
How has the wave-particle
model been applied in
practice?
Which particles are thought
to be fundamental?
How were neutrinos
discovered?
3.1.2B
Electron diffraction
- Calculating wavelength
55-57
Seeing small objects
Problem with the Bohr
model
Simplified view of the
quantum mechanical
model
- Calculating electron
energies
How science works – The
wave particle duality
model
3.1.2C
The standard model
Leptons
Discovery of neutrinos
Quark family
How science works –
Creating theories
Extension material Waves or particle surely we know by
now?
Simulation - Electron
diffraction
HSW
Acceptance or
rejection?
Maths Skills - Waveparticle duality
Key diagram - de
Broglie waves
around a nucleus
58-59
Animation - Beta
decay
Key diagram Energy spectrum for
beta decay
Key diagram Particles in beta
decay
8
Particles
and their
interaction
Forces of
nature
What are the main groups of
particles?
What is the difference
between a baryon and a
meson?
What are the rules that
govern the result of
interactions between
particles?
3.1.2C
What holds the particles
together?
3.1.2D
Forces between particles
- Exchange forces
- Strong force
- Electromagnetic force
- Weak nuclear force
- Gravitational force
- Unifying theory
62-63
3.1.2E
Summary of the evidence
for the Big Bang
- Red shift
- Chemical composition
of the galaxies
- Cosmic microwave
background radiation
- Discovery of CMB
radiation
- Black-body radiation
64-66
Extension material Is it sensible to
spend so much
money on
discovering new
particles?
Animation Annihilation and pair
production
HSW - Classifying
particles
HSW
- Discovery
of new particles
What is meant by an
exchange particle?
What evidence is there that
the Universe began with a
‘Big Bang’?
60-61
Baryons and mesons
Conservation rules
- Conservation of
strangeness
What are the four forces of
nature?
Big Bang
and big
questions
Particles and antiparticles
What do physicists think
happened following the big
bang?
What could happen to the
Universe in the future?
What are the big questions
facing scientists at present?
The ‘eras’ of the Universe
Big questions
- Are quarks and leptons
really fundamental?
- What is mass?
- What is dark matter?
- Why is there only matter
in the Universe?
- Will the Universe
expand forever?
How science works –
Colliders at CERN
Chapter Electronic Resources:
Chapter map
Test yourself – Revision quiz
Answers to Exam questions
5 – Stellar radiation
Light from
the
stars/stellar
spectra
What can be learned from a
study of spectra from stars?
How do astronomers classify
stars?
3.1.2E
Classifying stars by
brightness
- Luminosity
- Magnitude of a star
Classifying stars by
temperature
How science works –
Using the inverse square
law
How science works –
Effect of the atmosphere
70-71
HertsprungRussell
Diagram
What are red giants and
white dwarfs?
How did the Sun form?
3.1.2E
Types of stars
Formation of a star
Lives of Sun-like stars
72-73
What is likely to happen to
the Sun in the future?
How science works –
Challenging existing
theories
Key diagram - Green
line shows possible
future of Sun
9
Continuous
spectra
What is black body radiation?
3.1.2E
Black body radiation
- Wien’s law
Experiments with black
bodies
- Effect of temperature on
radiated power
- Calculating the
luminosity of stars
74-75
Key diagram Temperature
changes the colour
of stars
3.1.2E
Emission spectra
Atomic energy levels
- Energy of bound
electrons
- Definition of an
electron-volt
- Production of an
emission line spectrum
- The hydrogen spectrum
76-79
Maths Skills - Energy
levels
How does the spectrum of a
hot body depend on
temperature?
What is the relation between
temperature and power
emitted?
Line spectra
Why are only certain
frequencies emitted by
atoms?
What is the process that
leads to an emission
spectrum?
How does an absorption
spectrum occur?
HSW - Absorption
spectra
Animation - The line
spectrum of a
hydrogen atom
Key diagram Emission and
absorption spectrum
formed by interstellar
gas
Key diagram - Solar
spectrum
Key diagram Producing an
absorption spectrum
in the laboratory
How science works –
Developing theories
Absorption spectra
- Formation of an
absorption spectrum
- Absorption spectra in
the laboratory
The
expanding
Universe
What is the Doppler effect?
How does the red shift
suggest an expanding
Universe?
How old is the Universe
according the Hubble law?
3.1.2E
The red shift
The Doppler effect
- Calculating velocity
change using the Doppler
effect
- Binary stars, rotating
stars and galaxies
- Existence of dark matter
Hubble law
- Age of the Universe
Quasars
How science works –
Developing scientific
theories
How science works –
Distances in astronomy
Chapter Electronic Resources:
Chapter map
Test yourself – Revision quiz
Answers to Exam questions
80-83
Key diagram Effects of a moving
source
Extension material Space-age dating,
Hubble style
10
Unit 2 – Physics keeps us going
Topic
Learning Objectives
AQA
Specification
Print Resources
(Subheadings)
Page
Number
Electronic
Resources
Reference
6 – Reaching the goal
Record
breakers
What is the difference
between scalar and vector
quantities?
Into which category do speed
and velocity fit?
How are vectors added and
subtracted when they are in
the same straight line?
3.2.1A
Scalar and vector
quantities
- Describing a vector
- Vector quantities in the
same straight line
- Head-winds and tailwinds
- Airspeed and ground
speed
How science works –
Changing the rules with
javelins
How science works –
Have you flown
supersonically?
94-95
Going in the
right
direction
How can a scale drawing be
used to add perpendicular
vectors?
How is the resultant of two
perpendicular vectors
calculated?
3.2.1A
Adding vectors using a
scale diagram
96-97
Key diagram - Adding
two perpendicular
vectors
Getting the
angle
How can vectors be split up?
How are components of
velocities and forces
calculated and used?
What is a free-body
diagram?
3.2.1A
98-99
Key diagram - Skier
on drag lift showing
components of force
on the tow rope
Animation - Inclined
plane
Maths Skills Equilibrium - check &
prune!
102-104
Key diagram - Three
forces in equilibrium
Practical - Coplanar
forces
Key diagram Equilibrium
demonstration;
Addition of tension
Calculating the resultant
of perpendiculr vectors
- Try or no try?
- Cross-winds and crosscurrents
- Lift, weight, thrust and
drag
Review of sine and
cosine
Resolving velocities
Components of forces
Free-body diagrams
- Forces shown on a freebody diagram
- Climber in chimney
Chapter Electronic Resources:
Chapter map
Test yourself – Revision quiz
Answers to Exam questions
7 – Forces and motion
Keeping
balanced
What are the conditions for
equilibrium of two or three
forces acting through a
point?
How can the force necessary
to keep an object in
equilibrium be found by a
scale drawing or calculation?
How are the component
forces calculated when an
object is on a slope?
3.2.1B
Forces in equilibrium
- Finding the force
needed to ensure
equilibrium
- How is equilibrium
identified?
Equilibrium in sport
- Rock climber
- Downhill skier moving at
constant velocity
- Gymnast on rings
Key diagram Downhill skier; freebody diagram for
skier
Maths Skills Equilibrium
Extension material Putting one’s foot
down
11
Reaching
top speed
and slowing
down
What is the significance of
gradients in distance-time
and velocity-time graphs ?
3.2.1C
What are the ‘equations of
motion’ and how are they
used?
Velocity and acceleration
Gradients and areas
Equations of motion
- Acceleration of cars
- Stopping distances
105-107
Animation - Velocitytime graphs and
equations of motion
Practical Acceleration
HSW - Equation of
Motion
How science works –
THINK! Road safety
Key diagram Thinking and braking
distance
Athletes
who run or
swim
How is motion analysed
when acceleration is not
constant?
3.2.1C
What is the meaning of
instantaneous and average
values?
Using graphs
- The story board
- Using areas
- The reverse process
When is knowledge of
the average value
useful?
108-109
Key diagram - Motion
of cyclist
Extension material Motion
112-114
Video - Apollo 16
feather & hammer
video
Maths Skills - F=ma
How science works –
Speed or safety
cameras?
How science works –
Scientific models
Chapter Electronic Resources:
Chapter map
Test yourself – Revision quiz
On your marks
Answers to Exam questions
8 – Going faster and faster
Diving
How do objects move under
the influence of gravity?
3.2.1D
How is the equation F=ma
applied?
How science works – Is
the acceleration of gravity
really constant on the
Earth’s surface?
Why do all bodies fall at the
same acceleration in a
vacuum?
Ski jumping
The effects
of changing
forces
HSW - Falling Mass
Practical Investigating the
motion of a freelyfalling object
Newton’s second law of
motion and gravity
Equations of motion
under gravity
- Motion under gravity
graphs for the diver
Acceleration of free-fall or
gravitational field
strength?
How is the motion on a slope
analysed?
What is the path of an object
when projected?
What is meant by the
independence of two motions
at right angles?
3.2.1D
What are the effects of
frictional forces?
3.2.1D
What is meant by terminal
velocity?
How do objects reach
terminal velocity?
Diving or jumping?
Motion under gravity
The sport of ski jumping
Perpendicular motions
Ramps at different angles
Extension material From Galileo to
Newton
HSW - Galileo to
Newton
115-116
Animation Projectiles
Maths Skills Projectiles
Key diagram Parabolic trajectory
117-118
Practical - Force and
Mass
Why is the landing hill
made to slope?
Other ‘projectile’ sports
Frictional forces
How science works –
Another model to explain
friction
Drag forces
Skydivers and
parachutists
Lift forces
Changing resultant forces
Projectiles when air
resistance is not
negligible
Extension material Projectiles
Key diagram Terminal speed
Key diagram - Car
reaching top speed
12
Chapter Electronic Resources:
Chapter map
Test yourself – Revision quiz
Answers to Exam questions
9 – Looking at energy changes
Energy
changes in
sport
How are the kinetic and
potential energy calculated?
How do kinetic and potential
energy change as bodies
move?
What is the difference
between work, energy and
power?
3.2.1E
Conservation of energy
122-125
Potential energy
How science works –
Potential energy
Kinetic energy
Power
Key diagram - Forcedisplacement graph
for a constant force
Key diagram - Forcedisplacement graph
for a varying force
Practical - Energy
stored in a stretched
wire
The sprinter
How science works – The
spring stiffness k
The pole vaulter or highjumper
The weight lifter
Practical - Table
tennis ball
Animation - Engine
power
Maths Skills - Work,
energy and power
The archer
The bungee jumper
How science works –
Performance-enhancing
drugs
Stopping
safely
What is the link between
impulse and momentum?
What factors affect the force
experienced in a collision?
How can the force
experienced in a collision be
reduced?
3.2.1E
Momentum and impulse
What energy changes
occur when a car is
brought to rest?
- Crumple zones
- Seat belts
- Air bags
Other impulsive matters
How science works –
Euro NCAP
Chapter Electronic Resources:
Chapter map
Test yourself – Revision quiz
On your marks
Answers to Exam questions
Key diagram - Work
done by the
component of a force
126-127
Practical - Terminal
velocity
Animation - Stopping
distance.
HSW - Safe driving
Extension material Vehicle safety
Maths Skills Stopping safely
Practical - Sports
shoes
13
10 – Energy in and energy out
Renewable
energy
What are renewable and
non-renewable energy
sources?
Which sources are
renewable?
3.2.2A
What is the Sun’s role in
providing our energy?
Non-renewable
resources
- Nuclear and geothermal
energy
Renewable sources
- Wind energy
- Wave energy
- Energy in rivers
- Tidal energy
130-132
How science works –
Conversation of energy
How science works Isobars
Energy in
How much energy is
available from nonrenewable sources in the
UK?
Where are the major nonrenewable sources
internationally?
3.2.2A
How much energy is
produced by renewable
sources in the UK?
Energy out
What factors lead to
increasing demand for
energy?
Energy
- Energy from the Sun
How science works –
Sankey diagrams
Energy from nonrenewable resources
Available non-renewable
energy resources in the
UK
133-135
Key diagram - Energy
from the Sun
Key diagram - Proved
coal reserves
Key diagram - Proved
oil reserves
Key diagram - Proved
gas reserves
136-138
Extension material Energy in and out
HSW - Energy
sources
142-143
Key diagram -Solar
radiation
Key diagram - The
electromagnetic
spectrum
Energy production in the
UK
3.2.2A
How is energy used in the
UK?
How does energy use affect
carbon emissions?
Electrical energy
production in the UK
Energy use and carbon
emissions
- Carbon dioxide
emissions
- Carbon footprints
How science works –
Positive feedback
How science works –
Government decision
making
How science works –
Energy and ethics
How science works –
Carbon footprints
Chapter Electronic Resources:
Chapter map
Test yourself – Revision quiz
Answers to Exam questions
11 – Energy and the environment
Energy from
the Sun
How does energy from the
sun reach the Earth?
How is energy distributed in
the Sun’s spectrum?
3.2.2B
Solar energy
The electromagnetic
spectrum
- Relation between
frequency and
wavelength
- Effects of
electromagnetic radiation
- Black body radiation
and Wien’s law
How science works –
Mobile phones
14
What is the inverse square
law?
How much energy reaches
the Earth from the Sun?
What happens to the Sun’s
energy when it arrives at the
Earth?
3.2.2D; 3.2.2B
Rising
temperature
s
Why doesn’t the energy
arriving on the Earth radiate
away?
What is meant by thermal
equilibrium?
What is the greenhouse
effect and how is it affecting
the environment?
3.2.2B
Explaining
some
effects of
global
warming
Why are sea levels rising?
What is Archimedes
Principle?
3.2.2B
Energy
reaching the
Earth
Inverse square law
Energy at the Earth’s
surface
- Ultraviolet radiation
- Infrared radiation
144-145
Key diagram Raising the Earth's
temperature
Equlibrium temperature
Global warming and the
effect of carbon dioxide
How science works –
Cause and effect
How science works –
Planning for the future
146-147
Key diagram - Rising
global temperatures
Rising sea levels
How science works –
Possible disasters
148-151
Key diagram Changes in sea level
for the UK
How science works –
Stabilising the ozone
layer
How science works –
Space travel
How can Archimedes
Principle help us explain
environmental changes?
Key diagram Archimedes principle
Melting ice
- Archimedes Principle
- Principle of Flotation
Convection currents
Practical - Density of
a floating block
Breezes, thunderstorms
and hurricanes
How science works –
Simplifying explanations
Chapter Electronic Resources:
Chapter map
Test yourself – Revision quiz
Answers to Exam questions
12 – Using electrical energy
Making
charge flow
What makes charge flow?
What is an electrical current?
3.2.2C
Mains supplies, cells and
batteries
- Alternating power
supplies
- What is electric current?
- Rechargeable cells and
batteries
154-155
Currents in
circuits
What factors affect the
current in a component?
How are the conductive
properties of materials
compared?
How is the effective
resistance of resistors in
series and parallel
calculated?
3.2.2C
Ohm’s law
- Finding resistance from
graphs
Electrical resistivity
- Heater elements and
lamp filaments
156-158
Lamps in parallel
- Formula for resistors in
parallel
Lamps in series
- Formula for resistors in
series
Key diagram Measuring resistance
Practical - Resistivity
Simulation Resistivity
Maths Skills Resistance
Maths Skills - More
about resistance
Practical Investigating resistors
Practical Conservation of
energy in a circuit
Key diagram - Lamps
in parallel
15
Energy
transfer
How is power in a circuit
component calculated?
How is energy consumption
related to power?
What is meant by potential
difference?
3.2.2C
Energy transfer in a lamp
filament
Practical energy unit
159-161
Power use in electric
motors
- Efficiency of energy
transfer
Problems in circuits
How science works –
Mobile phones
How science works –
Household wiring
Modelling
electric
current
How is electricity conducted
through solids, liquids and
gases?
How does electrical energy
become thermal energy?
How does the resistance of
metals and thermistors
changes when temperature
changes?
3.2.2C
Conductors and
insulators
- Metallic conductors
- Effect of temperature on
resistance of metals
- Explaining the effect
- Thermistors
How science works –
Models
162-164
Extension material How fast do electrons
travel?
165-167
Practical - V-I
characteristics for a
filament lamp
Practical - Rheostat
Conduction in liquids and
gases
Controlling
and varying
voltages
and
currents
How can a potential divider
be used to produce a low
voltage from a high voltage
supply?
3.2.2C
How can a temperaturedependent voltage be
produced using a thermistor?
How can current be
controlled in an electrical
circuit?
Supplied for electronic
circuits
- Potential divider formula
- Volume and balance
controls
Temperature-dependent
voltages
Key diagram Volume control
Key diagram Balance control
Practical - Thermistor
Using a series resistor
Simulation - Potential
Divider
Power
supplies
What are the important
characteristics of a power
supply?
What is meant by internal
resistance and how does it
affect circuit current?
3.2.2C
Power supply
characteristics
- emf
- Internal resistance
168-170
Summary
- In a series circuit
- In a parallel circuit
- emf and total resistance
- Cell in series
Car batteries
How are rechargeable
batteries rated?
Electrical safety
Transmittin
g energy
Why is energy transmitted at
high voltages?
What causes energy loss
during transmission of
electrical energy?
How can superconductors
improve the efficiency of
energy transfer?
3.2.2C
The National Grid
Power losses in cables
- Effect of transformers
- Use of superconductors
How science works –
Problem with buried
cable
How science works –
Trials with
superconductors
Practical - Internal
Resistance
Practical Measurement of the
e.m.f. and the internal
resistance of a
battery
Practical Investigating different
number of cells
Maths Skills - Internal
Resistance
Simulation - Internal
Resistance
171-173
Key diagram - The
National Grid
HSW Superconductivity
16
Chapter Electronic Resources:
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On your marks
Answers to Exam questions
13 – Renewable energy
Solar power
How do solar cells convert
solar energy to electrical
energy?
How is the Sun’s energy
used to provide heating
directly?
3.2.2D
Solar cells
Solar panels
- Characteristics of solar
panels
- Uses of panels and
arrays
Direct heating using solar
radiation
176-178
Key diagram - Hot
water system using
solar collector panel
Key diagram - Solar
heating collector
panel
Wind
turbines
What factors affect a wind
turbine when it converts the
kinetic energy of the wind
into electrical energy?
How much kinetic energy is
available from the wind?
3.2.2D
Energy in the wind
- Factors affecting wind
speed
179-180
Key diagram Variation of power
available with wind
speed
Hydroelectri
c power and
pumped
storage
How can electricity be
produced using potential
energy stored by water?
How is off-peak electricity
‘saved’ for use during peak
periods?
3.2.2D
Hydroelectric power
- Energy conversion
- Energy and power
available
- Advantages and
disadvantages
Pumped storage system
181-182
Key diagram - A
hydroelectric scheme
Tidal and
wave power
How much energy is
available from a tidal
barrage?
What are the alternative
methods of capturing energy
from the sea?
3.2.2D
Tidal barrage
- Energy available
- Power developed
- Power generation time
183-186
Maths Skills - Tidal
and wave power
Harnessing the energy
Land or sea turbines
Key diagram - A tidal
barrage
Tidal lagoons
Using the tidal stream
Key diagram - A
'duck' for generating
wave power
Key diagram Changes in air
pressure drive the
generator
How science works –
Barrage or no barrage?
Wave power
- Harnessing the power
Making a
choice
What factors govern the
choice between different
power generation systems?
3.2.2D
Factors that govern
choice
What are the options?
187-189
HSW - The electric
car
3.2.2D
Transfer processes
- Conduction
- Factors affecting
conduction
- Radiation
- Convection
- Forced convection
192-194
Practical - Cooling
What options are available?
What are the advantages
and disadvantages of power
generating systems?
Chapter Electronic Resources:
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14 – Using energy efficiently
Energy
transfer
How is energy transferred?
What factors affect transfer
of energy by conduction?
What is Newton’s law of
cooling?
Newton’s law of cooling
- Comparison with
radioactive decay
17
Energy
efficiency in
the home
How can the energy required
from the mains electricity
supply be reduced?
How does a house lose
thermal energy?
How can less energy be
used in the home?
How can energy losses be
reduced?
Chapter Electronic Resources:
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Answers to Exam questions
3.2.2D
Generation of power
locally
Reducing energy
requirements
- U-values
- Double glazing
- Cavity walls
- Draught exclusion
- Energy-efficient lighting
195-197
Maths Skills - Heat
transfer
Extension material Conduction in series
Key diagram - Double
glazing and boundary
layers
Key diagram Temperature
variation across
double glazing