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Final Review
Anatomy and Physiology
Unit 2: Cytology
1. ______________ provide the structural foundation for cell membranes.
2. The basic unit of structure and function in the human body is a(n)
3. Functions of the cell membrane
4. The structure in white blood cells associated with the enzymatic breakdown of foreign material is the
5. The major function of ribosomes is to synthesize
6. The area of cytoplasm that coordinates the building and breaking of mictrotubules is called the
7. The nucleolus is composed chiefly of
8. In the cell membrane, the __________________ part of the phospholipid molecule is in the center of the phospholipids
9. The presence of this substance in the cell membrane keeps it from breaking too easily.
10. The identification function of the cell membrane is carried out by the
11. List the cell fibers in order from largest to smallest
12. _______ proteins are needed in facilitated diffusion in order to transport large polar molecules
13. State whether the following are examples of passive or active transport
1. Facilitated diffusion
2. Osmosis
3. Endocytosis
4. Dialysis
5. Phagocytosis
14. A saline solution that contains a higher concentration of salt than a red blood cell would be
15. Materials can be moved from areas of low concentration to high concentration via
16. If a 35% glucose solution is separated from a 15% glucose solution by a semi-permeable membrane that is impermeable to
glucose, what would happen?
17. The location on an enzyme where it binds to the substance it acts on is called the
18. List facts about enzymes
19. Identify the correct path for the formation of a protein as it travels through the cell
20. Anabolism vs. catabolism
21. Which type of cellular disease is a result of chloride ions not being pumped across the cell membrane and causes frequent lung
infections?
Unit 3: Histology
1. The study of tissues is referred to as
2. Keloids effect this tissue
3. Most widespread and abundant tissue
4. Lines body cavities and protects body surfaces
5. Tissue that has the best regeneration
6. Type of cartilage found in intervertebral discs
7. Type of cartilage present in outer ear
8. most abundant cartilage
9. _____ is the formation of blood cells.
10. What epithelial function is a primary activity of glandular epithelium?
11. List functions of epithelial tissue.
12. Keratinized stratified squamos epithelium is found in the
13. Oil-producing glands that self destruct in order to release their product are referred to as
14. List functions of connective tissue.
15. List functions of adipose tissue.
16. What are neuroglia?
17. The structural and functional unit of bone is a(n)
18. All cartilaginous tissue has what type of cells
Unit 4: Integumentary System
1. Prolonged exposure to the sun causes melanocytes to
2. What tissue type primarily makes up the dermis?
3. The layer of skin that lacks blood vessels
4. What does your body need in order to absorb calcium?
5. An accumulation of nerve endings that allow the skin to feel deep pressure and vibration are known as
6. The dermal papillae are responsible for
7. The body compensates for the increase in core body temperature by
8. The order of epidermal layers from superficial to deep are
9. What is the area of skin that receives “sub-Q” injections?
10. Smooth muscles that produce goose bumps when they contract are the
11. Hair growth is influenced by what factors?
12. What skin accessory organ contains the most keratin?
13. What are the ABCDs to detect skin cancer?
14. Rule of Nines
15. Gland that produces ear wax
16. Gland that produces sweat with odor
17. Gland that produces secretes sebum to lubricate hair
18. acne is a result of an infection in this gland
19. most common type of skin cancer
20. least common and most deadly skin cancer
21. Characteristics of each degree of burns
22. Layer of epidermis that contains a eleiden
23. Layer of epidermis that contains keratohyalin
24. Layer of epidermis that gradually sheds through bathing
25. Layer of epidermis that undergoes active mitosis
26. Layer of epidermis closest to blood supply
27. Layer of dermis that contains Meissner corpuscles
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38.
Layer of dermis that contains collagen and elastin
Skin disorder that has a bluish color caused by lack of oxygen
Skin disorder that has redness due to heat, inflammation, fever, embarrassment
Skin disorder where melanocytes do not produce any melanin
Skin disorder that has blood accumulated under skin
Fungal infection characterized with reddish discoloration, scaling, crusting
Sores created by tissue damage due to lack of blood flow
Cutaneous inflammation triggered by stress, trauma, or infection
Contagious benign neoplasms
Bacterial infection in children that could be life threatening.
Red, itchy skin caused by allergens
Unit 5: Skeletal System
1. Functions of the skeletal system
2. What type of cartilage is found on the ends of long bones?
3. What is the scientific name for a mature bone cell?
4. In bone formation, the cells that produce the matrix are the
5. The primary ossification center of a long bone is located _______ and responsible for bone ________.
6. Steps to heal a fracture
7. ___________ossification produces most of the skeletal system and forms bone from hyaline cartilage
8. Bones of appendicular and axial skeleton
9. Number of bones in appendicular and axial skeleton
10. Which skull bone articulates with the first vertebrate?
11. The layman’s name for the clavicle is the
12. The longest and heaviest bone in the body is the
13. A hunchback appearance of the thoracic region is likely due to
14. Exaggerated lumber curve is due to what disorder?
15. frontal bone classification
16. vertebrate classification
17. metatarsal classification
18. carpal classification
19. Type of marrow found everywhere in infants
20. Type of marrow responsible for hematopoiesis
21. Hormone that decreases the amount of blood calcium levels
22. Hormone responsible for growth spurts and epiphyseal plate closure
23. Hormone that is produced by the pituitary gland and promotes cell growth
24. concentric rings of compact bone
25. cavities that house osteocytes
26. central canal of each osteon that houses blood vessels
27. little canals that connect lamellae
Unit 7: Muscular System
1. The skeletal muscle fiber characteristic of excitability directly results in these cells being capable of
2. The correct order of arrangement of parts of skeletal muscle from largest to smallest is
3. List all the myofilament proteins
4. The contractile unit of a myofibril is the
5. The chief function of the T tubule is to
6. During muscle contraction, Ca2+ is released from
7. The principal component(s) of a motor unit is/are:
8. The staircase phenomenon is known as
9. Physiological muscle fatigue is caused by
10. Increase in muscle size is called
11. Endurance training is also called
12. Pushing against a wall is an example of which type of contraction?
13. What happens when a given muscle cell is stimulates by a threshold stimulus?
14. What is a quick, jerky response of a given muscle to a single stimulus called?
15. The neurotransmitter(s) secreted at the motor end-plate is
16. The ion needed for cross-bridging is
17. The first event to occur in muscle relaxation is
18. body movements are what type(s) of contraction
19. After it is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the calcium combines with which protein?
20. The covering of individual muscle fibers is
21. The covering of the entire muscle
22. The covering of a fascicle
23. Muscle fiber directional terms
24. Antagonists are muscles that
25. A fixed point about which a rod moves is called a
26. List the rotator cuff muscles
27. The muscle that shrugs the shoulders is the
28. The posterior arm muscle that extends the forearm is the
29. The muscles of the hamstring include
30. The origin of a muscle is on the femur, and the insertion is on the tibia. When it contracts, it bends the knee. The fibers run
parallel. List all facts about this situation.
31. The thick myofilament is _____, whereas the _______ is the thin myofilament.
32. A T tubule sandwiched between sacs of sarcoplasmic reticulum is called a _______
33. Rigor mortis is caused because of the lack of ______ to “turn off” muscle contraction.
34. The cell membrane of a muscle fiber is called the ___________
35. ______________ respiration is the first choice of the muscle cell for the production of ATP.
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The longer a muscle is stretched prior to contraction, the ________ it will be able to generate.
Muscles with more tone than normal are ________
The point of contact between the nerve ending and the muscle fiber is called a __________
The biceps brachii is a _______ muscle.
The external oblique _________ the abdomen.
Characteristics of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle
Viral infection of the nerves that control skeletal movement and can cause paralysis and death
Group of genetic diseases characterized by atrophy of skeletal muscle tissue
Muscle pain
Autoimmune disorder involving widespread muscle and connective tissue pain
Weakening of abdominal muscles that can cause organ protrusion, obstruction, gangrene, and severe pain.
Muscle involved in chewing
Muscle involved in laughing
Muscle involved in raising the eyebrows
Muscle involved in puckering