Download 1 - The Design Line

1.Impact of CAD on the design process.
 Advantages/disadvantages of CAD
 Animation and virtual reality
 Input and output devices
2.Global communication systems
 Optical fibre (and how they work), analogue signal and digital signal
 Satellite communication and how they work
 Comparison
 The internet and market research/design development
3.Invention and innovation
 Invention and innovation
 Market pull and technology push
 Dominant design, diffusion into the market place
 Why most inventions fail to become innovation
 How scientific research leads to invention
4.Impact of CAD/CAM on manufacturing
 Numerically controlled machines, CNC, CAD, CAM, XYZ axis.
 Computer integrated manufacturing-advantages/disadvantages
 CNC lathes, milling machine
5. Impact of CAD/CAM on the consumer
 Improved type and range of products to consumer e.g. kitchen design.
6. CAD/CAM-mass customisation
 Mass customisation
7.Global production systems
 Flexible manufacturing system (FMS)
 Design for manufacture (DFM)
 Design for disassembly
 Lean production
 Design for material/process/assembly-matching the design to these things.
8.Forces
 External and body load
 Weight(kg) and mass(N)
 Equilibrium and balance
 Compressive load and tensile load
 Stress and strain: stress=force
strain=extension
Area
orig. length
9.The Global manufacturer
 Difficulties experienced by western manufacturers
 Multi-national company- disadvantages/advantages
10.Invention
 Lone inventor, product champion, entrepreneur
 Thomas Edison-must know about him. Lightbulb/phonograph/projectoscope
 Example of incremental design based on light-eg fluorescent lamp.
11.Markets and innovation
 Technophile, technocautious, technophobe
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Love technology
hate technology
Resistance to innovation by companies (r+d costs)
Corporate strategies, pioneering, imitative
2 examples where technological innovations have been abused- nuclear
energy/internet
12.The Designer in the Global Marketplace
 Market research important because risk of failure greater
 Easy, fast travel + economic trade agreements add to the growth of global
society
 More responsibilities on designer as consequences of failure greater
 R&D leads to more innovation
 As pace of innovation increases, product life cycle decreases
 National boundaries, world-wide policing, different cultures, legislation all
issues
13.Global Strategies for Innovation
 Market penetration - advertising, market development – eg Nylon originally used
for parachutes, product development – move from mechanical to
microelectronics and diversification – different types of a similar product
 These strategies used at different times and circumstances
 Market sector and segmentation – income, age group, lifestyle etc.
 Robust design and Design family: example, personal stereo as robust design that
has evolved into a product family
14.Global Consumer
 Internet shopping = wider range of products. Good: Increased choice, cheaper,
opens up market to the disabled. Bad: Difficult to return goods, no contact with
sales staff
 Global consumerism leads to breakdown of traditional shopping centres and local
market, but increased cross-cultural influences
 For developed countries, increased wealth, power and influence
 For developing countries, political stability, investment although western culture
dominant and environmental impact.
15.Structure of Matter
 Atom, molecule, ion. Bond; a force of attraction between particles.
 Element, compound, pure substance, mixture, alloy and composite.
16.Bonding
 Primary bonds: In order of strength, Ionic bond, metallic bond, covalent bond.
 Network covalent (giant) structure with reference to Diamond and sand
(carbon/silica atoms tetrahedrally arranged which makes them very hard).
 Crystal; regular arrangement of particles.
 Amorphous materials – no regular structure
 Fibre structures – length-to-thickness ratio of >80
 Melting, boiling – what happens to the particles?
 Pure substances = fixed melting points
 Mixtures soften over a range of temperatures before melting.
17.IB Properties/Bonding Matrix
18.Young’s Modulus – Stress and Strain
 Stress (load) force per unit area
 Strain (ratio of extension to original length)
 Yield Stress - Point at which material will ‘plastically’ deform
 Ultimate Tensile Stress – Point at which material breaks
 Difference between elastic and plastic deformation
 Y.M. = Stress
Strain
19.Properties of Metals
 Pure or alloyed.
 Grain size – controlled by rate of cooling. Slow cooling = larger grains, rapid
cooling = smaller grains.
 Work hardening of materials occurs when plastically deformed.
 Tensile strength increased by alloying. Malleability and ductility reduced due to
the presence of ‘foreign’ atoms which interfere with movements of the atoms.
 Metals good conductors of heat and electricity because of the ‘see of electrons’.
20.Strength and Stiffness of Structures
 Stiffness = Load
Deflection
Bending moment = Load x Distance from pivot
 Factor of Safety = Design Load
Normal Maximum Load
21.Composite Materials
 Two or more materials bonded together to improve their properties in some way.
 Wood a natural example – Cellulose fibres in a lignin matrix
 Wattle-and-daub, mortar, reinforced concrete, GRP, CRP.
 Kevlar – hydrocarbon chains that behave like rigid rods; v.high tensile strength
used in rope (sailing boats), sheets (sails) because it doesn’t absorb water and is
minimum stretch.
YEAR 13
1.Invention, Innovation and the Environment
 Technological innovation replaces damaging processes and products with more
benign products. Eg. Non-CFC gasses in fridges, Toyota Prius.
 Companies like The Body Shop very pro-active environmental policies
 Life-cycle analysis; energy used in the design and manuf. of a product, energy
consumed when using it, waste produced when it’s disposed.
2.Properties of Thermoplastics and Thermosets
 Structure & bonding. Elastic/plastic deformation of plastics; what happens to the
polymer chains?
 Heating causes plastic deformation in thermoplastics but increases number of
permanent cross-links in thermosets. What does this mean for product design
and recycling?
 Polypropylene; properties and uses.
 Polyurethane: properties and uses.