Download the chronology of ancient and classical chinese civilization

THE CHRONOLOGY OF ANCIENT AND CLASSICAL AMERICAS
13,000 BCE
9,500 BCE
9000 – 7000 BCE
4000 BCE
3000 BCE
3000 – 1500 BCE
2500 – 2000 BCE
1700 BCE
1500 – 800 BCE
1200 – 900 BCE
900 BCE
850 – 250 BCE
1 – 650 CE
200 – 500 CE
200 – 700 CE
200 – 1300 CE
300 – 900 CE
300 – 900 CE
4th Century CE
600 – 800 CE
750 CE
800 – 1300 CE
900 CE
900 – 1465 CE
900 – 1200 CE
950 – 1000 CE
1000 – 1450 CE
800 – 1500 CE
1150 CE
1200 – 1441 CE
c. 1250 CE
1345 CE
1350 CE
14th Century CE
1434 CE
1438 CE
1440 CE
c. 1450 CE
15th Century CE
15th Century CE
1493 – 1527 CE
Earliest migration of humans from Asia in small, hunting-gathering nomadic bands
Humans reach southern South America; first evidence of permanent settlements in Chile, Mexico
Clovis, Folsom spear points appear in North America; mass extinctions of large mammals
Maize domesticated in Central Mexico; animism begins to give way to deities of fertility, climate
Agricultural villages growing chilis, beans, avocados, squash common in Mesoamerica
Evidence of cotton cultivation, metallurgy, ceramics in Mesoamerica; deities of craft, trades develop
Potatoes, beans, squash, maize, cotton, peanuts, sweet potatoes grown in Peru; irrigation in dry, coastal valleys
Agriculture is the dominant form of economy in Central Mexico; development of pottery, cloth, artifacts
Olmec civilization; ceremonial cities of priests, elites who rule tropical farmers; extensive trade over region
Mesoamerican religion polytheist, hierarchical; gods often in animal form; human sacrifice to appease gods
San Lorenzo (Olmec capital): earthen mounds, palaces, temples; authoritarian state, many local chiefdoms
Olmec society favored artisans, art of snarling jaguars, animal humans, large basalt heads, jade figures
Olmec society, trade spread advanced culture to Mayans of Yucatan, Monte Albans of Oaxaca
Chavin cult in Peru: irrigated agriculture in valleys grow corn; cities = religious centers; worship of corn god
Teotihuacan flourishes in Central Mexico: ruled by elite of powerful nobles; influence due to trade, artifacts
Nazca culture in Peru produces monumental earth sculptures, purpose unknown
Mohica culture in Peru: militaristic society, rulers, warrior priests rule maize farmers, fishermen, craftsmen
Vast irrigation, temples; traded cotton, textiles; first mastery of metallurgy
Anasazi culture in US Southwest; pueblos, cliff cities; wide irrigation projects, vast trade networks
Mayan civilization: city-states ruled by priests, aristocratic families; constant warfare over trade, prestige
Mayan religion was polytheistic with many gods, five hells, thirteen different heavens, human sacrifice
Mayan classical script to record statistics, events, inventories; symbols ideographic, phonetic; many books
Tiwanaku culture around Lake Titicaca, Bolivia: copper working, trade center; important shrines
Mayans build terraces to trap silt, produces agricultural surpluses; intricate calendars, hieroglyphic script
Tikal dominant Mayan city: paved plazas, pyramids, public buildings; city population near 40,000
Collapse of Teotihuacan: exploitation of commoners led to revolt; drought cycles destroys crops
Mississippian culture: cities, mound temples; agriculture, hunting, trade network; elaborate earthen tombs
Chichen Itza ends Mayan wars of sacrifice, integrates Mayans into state; creates loose empire
Chimu in Peru: Chan-Chan capital of aristocrats; each palace became burial place for ruler, old wealth to
support temples to dead; this split inheritance led to constant wars to acquire lands; roads link empire
Toltec Empire in Central Mexico: Capital Tula; large army, fortresses, campaigns create tribute empire
Quetzalcoatl: Toltec hero favoring people, driven from power; becomes feathered serpent god of crafts
Tula conquers Chichen Itza; overworking of land, drought cause collapse of classical Mayan civilization
Imperial Mayan culture; chief worship pf benevolent god Kukulcan (Queztalcoatl)
Iroquois in New York: farm corn, live in fortified villages; women led society; men responsible for wide world
Toltecs fall to migration of nomads called Chichimecs; nomads came from Northern Mexico, New Mexico
Mayan culture developed ruling class of warriors; city of Mayapan conquered, ruled all of Yucatan
Aztecs arrive in Central Valley of Mexico; brutality led to war; success in war way to raise social status
Aztecs share Mesoamerican religion including calendar, ball court, ritual bloodletting; priests read omens
Aztecs build Tenochitlan on island; build floating agricultural islands (chinampas), seven yearly harvests
Inca established in Peruvian city of Cuzco; wealth, goods regulated by state; strong social relief system
Inca religion centered around creator sun god Viracocha; strong ideas of sin, heaven, hell and forgiveness
Aztecs ruled by elected, non-divine monarch, aristocratic families, priests;
Local power exercised through clans; nobles assist emperor as officials, merchants, diplomats
Aztecs form Triple Alliance of cities in order to exact tribute, force trade; tribute given to merchants to trade
No Aztec bureaucracy, emperor rules through native elites; no permanent army; all males serve in army
Incas dominate Central Peruvian highlands; Incan ruler was absolute monarchy, supported by royal spies
People divided into ten classes according to age and type of work to be done; all people paid taxes of service
Incas never developed market economy; no opportunity for merchants; craftsmen rare; state exchanges goods
Aztecs conquer Oaxaca: establish Aztec colonies to control distant areas, populations
Collapse of Mayapan; civil war in Yucatan between city-states, rapid decline of Mayan culture
Aztec hierarchy dominated by military elite; free peasants, serfs work land for elite; domestic slaves
Patriarchal: women were homemakers, mothers, prominent in marketplaces; artisans, merchants are elite
Inca empire linked by runners, roads, quipu; Incas formed administrative, military, merchant, religious elite
Inca empire reaches height ruling Ecuador, Chile, Peru, Bolivia; Inca colonists settled amongst conquered